Magneto-hydrodynamics: computational issues and sample applications

Magneto-hydrodynamics: computational issues and sample applications
G. Degrez ULB
Collège Belgique
Nouvelles méthodologies multidisciplinaires pour la simulation des écoulements 25 Novembre 2009
Introduction
What is magneto-hydrodynamics or (probably better) magneto- fluid dynamics?
2
Introduction
What is magneto-hydrodynamics or (probably better) magneto- fluid dynamics? Magneto- fluid dynamics (MFD) deals with flows of electrically conducting fluids, such as electrolytes, liquid metals or plasmas in presence of an electromagnetic field Interaction between flowfield (velocity & thermodynamic variables) and electromagnetic field.
2
Examples
S N
F
http://web.mit.edu
The liquid jet is deviated by the electromagnetic (Lorentz) force.
3
Examples
S N
F
http://web.mit.edu
The liquid jet is deviated by the electromagnetic (Lorentz) force.
3
Examples (cont.)
electromagnetic agitation
N
liquid metal solidified steel
S
magnetic field
Steel production
N
S
electromagnetic pump
Geomagnetism
4
Examples (cont.)
Nuclear fusion Nuclear fusion reactor
Basic principle
Magnets
Blanket
Plasma
ITER
5
Governing equations
• Electromagnetics
·E 1 µ0 ·B ∂E ×B− 0 ∂t ×E = ηc
0
= 0 = J ∂B = − ∂t
with J = σ E + u × B
6
Approximations:
• Quasi-neutral medium ( • Displacement current (
ηc ≈ 0 ) fp )
electrostatic oscillations neglected ( f
0 ∂ E/∂t
) negligible
electromagnetic waves neglected With these approximations, Maxwell’s law reduces to Faraday’s law
1 J= µ0
7
×B
• Flowfield ∂ρ
∂t ∂ρu + ∂t ∂ρE + ∂t +
· ρu =
0 ·τ +J ×B ·q+J ·E · u) + µv I ·u
· ρu ⊗ u = − p + · ρuH =
· (τ · u) − 2 ⊗u − I 3
T
with
τ q = µ( = −λ T ⊗u+
8
Dimensionless parameters • Define dimensionless quantities
• Then,
E xi xi = , ˜ L = Ut ˜ t= , L ui ui = , ˜ U B ˜ B= B0 J 1 −u×B = σ µ0 σ ×B−u×B
= U B0
˜ ×B ˜ 1 ˜ ˜ B×u+ σr µ0 U L σ ˜
and Rm = σr µ0 U L is the magnetic Reynolds number
9
• Lorentz force
FL = J × B = =
2 σr U B0 σ ˜
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ E+u×B ×B
2 σr U B0 ˜ ˜ ˜ ( × B) × B Rm
∂ρu ˜ + ˜ · ρu ⊗ u ˜ ˜ ˜ ∂t
• momentum equation
1 ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ = ˜p + ˜ τ +N E+u×B ×B ˜ Re N ˜ 1 ˜ ˜ ˜ τ+ ˜ ( × B) × B = ˜p + ˜ Re Rm 2 σr B0 L where N = is the magnetic ρr U
interaction parameter
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• Induction equation [☜,☚]
˜ ∂B +˜× ˜ ∂t
˜ 1 ˜ ×B ˜ ˜ B×u+ Rm σ ˜
=0
• Joule heating
PJ = J · E = =
2 B0 U
˜ ˜ ×B ˜ ∂B 1 ˜ ˜ ˜ + ˜ · (u ⊗ B − B ⊗ u) = − ˜ ˜ × ˜ Rm σ ˜ ∂t
2 B0 U ˜ ˜ ( × B) · Lµ0
˜ ×B ˜ ˜ ˜ B×u+ Rm
˜ × B)2 ˜ ( ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ((B ⊗ u − u ⊗ B) · · ˜ ⊗ B + ) Lµ0 Rm
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• energy equation [☜,☚]
∂ ρ(˜ + ˜e ˜ ∂t
u ·u ˜ ˜ Ec 2 )
u·u ˜ ˜ Ec + ˜ · ρu(h + Ec ˜˜ ˜ )= 2 Re
· (τ · u)− ˜ ˜
˜ × B)2 ˜ 1 ˜ N Ec ˜ ( ˜ ·q+ ˜ ((B ⊗ u − u ⊗ B) · · ˜ ⊗ B + ˜ ˜ ˜ ) Re Rm Rm
where Ec = U 2 /∆hr is the Eckert number. The reference enthalpy variation ∆hr is at least equal to U 2, so that Ec ≤ 1.
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Additional remarks :
•
2 2 N B0 B0 pr 4 = = = for P. G., Rm ρr U 2 µ0 pr µ0 ρr U 2 γM 2 β where M is the Mach number and β is the socalled magnetic β .
•
number. It typically takes very small values for liquid metal, electrolytes and plasmas, which implies Rm Re .
Rm = νσr µ0 = P rm is the magnetic Prandtl Re
13
Flow regimes & simplifications • Re, R 1 : ideal MHD (astrophysics)
The dissipative terms ( ∝ 1/Re or 1/Rm ) are neglected (but not the terms ∝ N/Rm ). Induction equation [☞]
∂B + ∂t · (u ⊗ B − B ⊗ u) = 0
m
Taking the scalar product of this equation by B/µ0 and adding to the energy equation [☞], one gets
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∂ρE +
B2 2µ0
∂t B · µ0
+
· ρuH+ ⊗B =0 µ0
· (u ⊗ B − B ⊗ u) + (u ⊗ B − B ⊗ u) · ·
B 1 = ·( µ ·(u⊗B−B⊗u))= µ 0 0
·(B 2 u−(u·B)B)
√ or, defining ˆ = B/ µ0 , b ∂ρE + ∂t
ˆ2 b 2
+
or else (with ρE = ρE
∂ρE + ∂t
· (u(ρH + ˆ2 ) − (u · ˆ ˆ = 0 b b)b)
ˆ2 + b2 ˆ2
)
b · (u(ρE + p + ) − (u · ˆ ˆ = 0 b)b) 2
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Since
( × B) × B = (B · ∂ρu + ∂t )B −
the momentum equation can be rewritten as so that the complete system reads finally
ˆ2 b · (ρu ⊗ u − ˆ ⊗ ˆ + (p + )I) = 0 b b 2 
B2 = 2
·B⊗B−
B2 2
ρ ∂  ρu   + ∂t  ˆ  b ρE


ρu  ˆ2  ρu ⊗ u − ˆ ⊗ ˆ + (p + b2 )I b b ·  u⊗ˆ−ˆ⊗u b b  ˆ2 u(ρE + p + b2 ) − (u · ˆ ˆ b)b
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
  =0  
• constant density flows (liquid metals &
·u = 0
electrolytes) with Re 1, Rm ≥ O(1) . Assuming constant viscosity & electrical conductivity,
∂u + ∂t ∂b + ∂t · (u ⊗ u − b ⊗ b) · (u ⊗ b − b ⊗ u) = − P +ν = νm
2 2
u
b
with
ˆ b b= √ , ρ p b2 P = + , ρ 2
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νm
1 = . σµ0
• constant density flows with Re
1, Rm
1.
Decomposing the magnetic field into a uniform externally imposed field B0 and a fluctuation B much smaller than B0 , the system simplifies to (quasi-static approximation)
∂u + ∂t · (u ⊗ u − b0 ⊗ b ) − ·u = 0
2
= − P +ν = νm
2
u
p with P = + b0 · b ρ
· (b0 ⊗ u)
b
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• low speed (small Ec), very small R
Induction equation [☞]
∂B + ∂t ×B × =0 σµ0
variable density flows (e.g. IC thermal plasmas): fully resistive MHD.
m
or alternatively (taking the curl of this eqn),
∂σµ0 E + ∂t ×( × E) = 0
☞
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Energy equation [☞] With Ec 1 , the kinetic energy contribution and the power of the viscous stresses can be neglected. But the Joule heating contribution 2 scaling as N Ec/Rm cannot.
∂ρe + ∂t · ρuh = − ·q+J ·E
=σE 2
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ρ ∂  ρu   + ∂t  ˆ  b ρE
• Ideal (compressible) MHD 
 
MHD waves
ρu  b ˆ ⊗ ˆ + (p + ˆ2 )I  ρu ⊗ u − b b 2  · u⊗ˆ−ˆ⊗u b b  ˆ2 u(ρE + p + b2 ) − (u · ˆ ˆ b)b 1 ωe = ∂s ρ − 2 ∂s p a
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
Hyperbolic system with 7 eigen modes: entropy wave
λe = u s ,
  =0  
-
bs λA = us ± √ , ρ
- Âlfvén waves -
ô b ωA = −ô ∂s un + ˆn ∂s uo ± √ ∂sˆn b b b ρ
ˆn b b √ ∂sô ρ
Fast/slow magneto-acoustic waves λf,s =us ± cf,s with
cf,s = ρa2 + ˆ2 ± b (ρa2 + ˆ2 )2 − 4ρa2ˆ2 b bs 2ρ ρcf,sˆsˆn b b ∂s un ρc2 − ˆ2 b
f,s s
ωf,s =ρ∂s ρ ± ρcf,s ∂s us
ρc2 ˆn b ρc2 ô f,s f,s b ∂sˆn + b ∂sô + ∂s p b ρc2 − ˆ2 bs ρc2 − ˆ2 bs f,s f,s
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ρcf,sˆsô b b ∂s uo + ρc2 − ˆ2 b
f,s s
-
the 8th wave is degenerate. It has a 0 wave speed ( the jacobian matrix is singular) and its amplitude is
ω8 = ∂sˆs = 0 b
since for a 1D (plane) wave, the b solenoidal constraint imposes ∂sˆs = 0 . This is a source of numerical difficulties since numerically, the solenoidal constraint is not exactly satisfied.
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The solenoidal constraint
Numerical problem & solution techniques
• At the continuous level, the induction
∂B + ∂t ∂(
equation ensures that ∂t ( · B) = 0 . Indeed,
· B) ×E =0 ⇒ = − · ( × E) = 0 ∂t At the discrete level though, · ( × E) is not exactly 0. As a result, · B errors can
grow unboundedly unless some mechanism to control them is implemented.
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• Constrained transport technique
consists in applying a special discretization ensuring that · ( × E) = 0 exactly at the discrete level. For FDM/FVM, this generally implies the use of a staggered mesh with hydrodynamic variables, electric field and magnetic field evaluated at different locations. For FEM, this implies the use of mixed or hybrid elements such as Nédélec’s element.
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• Powell’s source term technique
S=−  ˆ · b  0 ˆ b u
Add to the RHS of the ideal MHD system the source term   In this way, the 8th degenerate wave transforms into
u·ˆ b    
so that flow (but may buildup in stagnation regions).
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∂ ·ˆ b ·ˆ b ( )+u·( )=0 ∂t ρ ρ · ˆ errors are swept away by the b
• Divergence cleaning techniques
∂B + ∂t
The basic idea of divergence cleaning techniques is to add a Lagrange multiplier to the induction equation
· (u ⊗ B − B ⊗ u) + ψ=0
and a differential equation for the Lagrange multiplier
D(ψ) +
• D(ψ) = 0 : This is the classical projection
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·B =0
⇔
∂D(ψ) − ∂t
2
ψ=0
scheme. Requires solving a Poisson eqn at each time step: expensive!
• D(ψ) = ψ/α : Then, the differential problem
for the Lagrange multiplier ψ reads i.e. a diffusion equation.
∂ψ =α ∂t
2
ψ
•
1 ∂ψ and the differential problem D(ψ) = 2 V ∂t for the Lagrange multiplier ψ reads ∂2ψ 2 2 =V ψ ∂t2
i.e. a wave equation. This is analogous to the artificial compressibility technique for incompressible flows (ACA).
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The ideal MHD system then transforms to
 ∂   ∂t    ρ ρu ˆ b ρE ψ    +   ρu  ρu ⊗ u − ˆ ⊗ ˆ + (p + ˆ2 )I b b b  2  u ⊗ ˆ − ˆ ⊗ u + ψI b b ·   ˆ2 b  u(ρE + p + 2 ) − (u · ˆ ˆ b)b V 2ˆ b ωd.c. = ∂sˆs ± b      =0   
This hyperbolic system has 2 additional eigen modes, the divergence cleaning waves with 1
λd.c. = ±V,
2
V Note that since the velocity V is a constant,
∂s ψ
errors may not build up.
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Sample applications
I. Space weather (ideal MHD) M.Yalim, D.Vanden Abeele & H. Deconinck
• Discretization: cell-centered finite volume, • Time-discretization: (implicit) backwardEuler (steady cases), (implicit) 3-point backward or 2-stage RK (unsteady test cases).
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2nd order TVD scheme or LF with reduced dissipation, Barth-Jespersen limiter with limiter freezing.
•
Validation 1: steady magnetic nozzle flow Flow conditions:
u M = = 2.54, a u MA = = 3, vA β=2
• Unstructured grid with 4972 triangles
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Validation 1: steady magnetic nozzle flow (cont.)
Density contours with magnetic field lines (ACA + TVD-LF)
Density contours with magnetic field lines (Powell + TVD-LF)
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Validation 1: steady magnetic nozzle flow (cont.)
Density distributions along wall/symmetry line
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Validation 1: steady magnetic nozzle flow (cont.)
Numerical scheme 1st order ACA-LF (∇⋅b)min (∇⋅b)max -6.90 10-8 2.84 10-7
→ →
idem with reduced (.1) dissipation -1.49 10-7 9.67 10-7 ACA-TVD/LF ACA-TVD/Roe Powell-TVD/LF
→
-7.49 10-7 2.34 10-7 -4.13 10-7 5.08 10-7 -0.37666 0.37173
(∇⋅b) errors with several schemes
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Validation 1I: supersonic Orszag-Tang vortex Unsteady test case: subiterations are b performed in order to achieve · ˆ = 0 at each time step.
Pressure contours at final time: (a) ACA, (b) const. transport
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Validation 1I: supersonic Orszag-Tang vortex (cont.)
Pressure distribution along y=1.93
→ →
Iterative scheme 3-point backward with subiterations RK2 without subiterations
(∇⋅b)min (∇⋅b)max -0.0771 -0.536 0.0785 0.675
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Solar wind/earth magnetosphere interaction
• For this application, the global magnetic
field is decomposed into the contribution of the earth magnetic field (B0 ) and a perturbation ( B1 ). steady dipole field
• The earth magnetic field is modelled as a
1 B0 = 3 (3(m · er )er − m) r
37
Solar wind/earth magnetosphere interaction (cont.)
• The ideal MHD system is rewritten in
ρ ∂  ρu   + ∂t  ˆ1  b ρE1    ·    
terms of the perturbation field B1 (Tanaka).  
ρu ˆ2  ˆ1 ⊗ ˆ1 + (p + b1 )I  ρu ⊗ u − b b 2  · u ⊗ ˆ1 − ˆ1 ⊗ u b b  ˆ2 b1 u(ρE1 + p + 2 ) − (u · ˆ1 )ˆ1 b b  0 ˆ0 · ˆ1 )I − (ˆ0 ⊗ ˆ1 + ˆ1 ⊗ ˆ0 )  (b b b b b b  =0  ˆ0 − ˆ0 ⊗ u u⊗b b  u(ˆ0 · ˆ1 ) − (u · ˆ1 )ˆ0 b b b b
  +  
• Powell’s source term approach and ACA
are appropriately adapted.
38
• earth magnetic field: m = −3e • Far field conditions: M = 6.2, M
u = uex
z A
= 8, β = 2 ,
• •
ˆ = −ˆ z (interplanetary magnetic field b be
aligned with earth dipole) opposite to earth dipole)
ˆ = ˆ z (interplanetary magnetic filed b be
• inner boundary = magnetosphere/ionosphere ˆ
boundary (at r = 3Rearth ): ρ = 1, p = 8, b · n = 0
39
• Unstructured grid with 1.220.758
tetrahedra
Mesh in the plane of symmetry (x-z)
40
Schematic of flow features (aligned IMF)
41
(a)
(b)
Pressure field contour & magnetic field lines in symmetry plane (aligned IMF) (a) ACA, (b) Powell’s source term (Powell et al.)
42
(a)
(b)
Pressure field contour & magnetic field lines in symmetry plane, close-up (aligned IMF) (a) ACA, (b) Powell’s source term (Powell et al.)
43
(a)
(b)
Pressure field contour & magnetic field lines in symmetry plane (opposite IMF) (a) ACA, (b) Powell’s source term (Powell et al.)
44
(a)
(b)
Pressure field contour & magnetic field lines in symmetry plane, close-up (aligned IMF) (a) ACA, (b) Powell’s source term (Powell et al.)
45
II. Incompressible MHD turbulence M. Kinet, B. Knaepen & D. Carati
•
Application 1: homogeneous turbulence very low magnetic Reynolds number quasi-static approximation
• Discretization: spectral (Fourier), pseudo• Time-integration: combination of analytic
integration (viscous terms) and 3-stage Runge-Kutta method (non-linear terms)
46
spectral treatment of non-linear terms and Rogallo’s phase-shift de-aliasing method
Application 1: homogeneous turbulence (cont.)
without magnetic field with magnetic field
B
zero vorticity
large vorticity
B
Main effects 1) “less turbulent” 2) anisotropy development
B
t
47
B
B
B
t
vertical vortices
Energy spectrum
48
E(k⊥ , k )
80 70 60 50 40 !8 30 20 10 0 0 k 0 !2 !4 80 70 60 50 !6 40 !10 30 !10 20 10 0 0 k 0 !2
Joule dissipation
-14.4
!4 !6 !8
-12.6 -9.8 -7
-10.8 -7.2
20 40 k⊥ 60 80
!12 !14 !16 !18
!12 20 40 k⊥ 60 80 !14
without magnetic field
with magnetic field
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Application II: Instabilities in duct flow
• Discretization: 2nd order cell-centered
finite volume
• Time-integration: fractional step method
for incompressible flows, Crank-Nicolson discretization of viscous terms, semiimplicit discretization of convective terms, explicit Euler discretization of Lorentz force. pressure correction), Bi-CG stab (momentum equations).
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• Linear solvers: AMG (electric potential /
Application II: Instabilities in duct flow (cont.)
• Flow configuration & phenomena
dp d2 u 2 = −σB u + ρν 2 dx dy
In 2D (infinite width), J = σ(u × B) directed 2 spanwise, and FL = −σB u .
⇒ 1 dp u=− σB 2 dx
with δH =
ρν , and the Hartmann number σB 2 √ h σ Ha = = Bh = N Re δH ρν
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cosh(y/δH ) 1− cosh(h/δH )
Application II: Instabilities in duct flow (cont.) In 3D, the flow behaviour near the side walls strongly depends on the electrical properties (conductor/insulator) of the walls.
Insulating walls
Conducting walls
52
Conducting Hartmann walls, insulating side walls
Strong side jets for large Hartmann numbers (intense magnetic field), more prone to the development of instabilities.
lent rapide
•When do they appear? •How do they modify flow properties?
53
B
54
B
54
B
54
Laminar regime
“First” unstable regime
55
“Second” unstable regime
turbulent regime
56
III. RF inductively coupled thermal plasmas D.Vanden Abeele, T. Magin, P. Rini, G. Degrez
RF inductively coupled plasma torch
57
•Gas at 0.01 atm or higher is injected in a
quartz tube surrounded by a copper inductor, •A radio-frequency electrical current runs through the inductor,
57
57
•and induces a secondary current through
the gas inside the quartz tube, which heats up by means of ohmic dissipation to a partially ionized plasma state with peak temperatures around 10,000 K.
57
58
Because of their electrodeless heating, IC plasmas are of high chemical purity, which makes them popular for a variety of applications:
58
•
deposition of metal coatings,
58
• •
deposition of metal coatings, synthesis of ultra-fine powders,
58
• • •
deposition of metal coatings, synthesis of ultra-fine powders, generation of high purity silicon,
58
• • • •
deposition of metal coatings, synthesis of ultra-fine powders, generation of high purity silicon, testing of thermal protection materials for atmospheric (re-)entry vehicles.
58
Specific modelling features
• Axisymmetric geometry and flow, • Steady hydrodynamic field (velocity/
thermodynamic variables),
• purely monochromatic azimuthal electric
poloidal current),
field, E = (ER + i EI ) exp(iωt)eθ = E exp(iωt)eθ
• steady ambipolar poloidal electric field (zero
whence the induction equation simplifies to
nc 2
E − iωµ0 σE = −iωµ0 Ic
59
i=1
δ(r − ri )
Specific modelling features (cont.)
•
Steady flow at low Eckert number, hence
· ρu ⊗ u = − p + · ρuh = − · ρu = 0 ·q+J ·E ·τ +J ×B
where the Lorentz force and Joule heating terms are time-averaged.
•
Reactive flow, i.e. non-uniform chemical composition. Can be modelled in two ways:
• •
Chemical non-equilibrium Local (thermo-)chemical equilibrium
60
Chemical non-equilibrium Additional conservation equations for the chemical species must be considered: where
· ρys u = − · Js + ωs , ˙ s = 1, . . . , ns
• •
the diffusion fluxes Js are computed by solving the Stefan-Maxwell equations, and
˙ the chemical source terms ωs are computed using the law of mass action and an Arrhenius formulation for the reaction rates.
61
Local (thermo-) chemical equilibrium In this case, additional conservation equations for the chemical elements must be considered. The elemental diffusion fluxes Jα can be expressed as linear combinations of the electric field and elemental mass fractions, pressure and temperature gradients (Rini et al., Phys. Rev. E, 2005).
Jα =
E −Dα E
· ρYα u = −
· Jα ,
α = 1, . . . , ne
−
T ρDα
T−
62
p ρDα
p − ρDαβ Yβ
Heat flux For both chemical non-equilibrium & local (thermo-)chemical equilibrium, the heat flux must be modified to take into account the diffusion heat flux q = qd − λ T . Chemical non-equilibrium: qd =
ns
Local (thermo-)chemical equilibrium: the diffusion heat flux can also be expressed in terms of the electric field and the elemental mass fraction, pressure and temperature gradients.
qd = −λE E − λT T − λp p − λα Yα
63
s=1
hs Js
Numerical aspects: space discretization
V = (δp, Yα or ys , ρu, T )
t
64
• 2nd order pressure-stabilized cell-centered
finite volume solver written in terms of
t
64
t
• MUSCL upwind approach for species/
elemental mass fractions, momentum & energy,
64
t
• MUSCL upwind approach for species/
elemental mass fractions, momentum & energy, field discretized using central finite volume discretization on a far-field mesh extending beyond the torch
64
• non-singular formulation for the electric
Numerical aspects: iterative strategies
65
• The discretized equations are solved using
damped (quasi-) Newton strategies and modern iterative linear solvers with various levels of flowfield/EM field coupling:
65
• The discretized equations are solved using • decoupled approximate Jacobian with
frozen mass fluxes (Picard),
65
frozen mass fluxes (Picard), Newton),
• decoupled approximate Jacobian (Quasi-
65
frozen mass fluxes (Picard), Newton),
• decoupled approximate Jacobian (Quasi• exact coupled Jacobian (Newton)
65
Application I: comparison of LTE & CNEQ Geometry & operating conditions
Wall: 3 mm 1.4 W/m K R1 = 67 mm R2 = 80 mm R3 = 108.5 mm
L1 = 100 mm L2 = 250 mm L3 = 470 mm
pressure mass flow frequency
0.05 - 0.3 atm Quartz tube 6 g/s 0.45 MHz swirl angle power
3mm 1.4 Wm-1K-1 45 ˚ 75 kW
66
Application I: comparison of LTE & CNEQ Physico-chemical and numerical parameters
• 11-species air model (N , O , NO, O, N,
2 2
N2 , O2
+
+
+, O+, N+, e-), ,NO
• chemical kinetics model of Dunn & Kang, • meshes: 131 x 47 , 262 x 94 (flow) • non-catalytic quartz tube surface.
67
Application I: comparison of LTE & CNEQ (cont.)
Oxygen elemental fraction at 0.05 atm
68
Oxygen elemental fraction at 0.05 atm
Significant non-equilibrium effects at low pressure
68
Oxygen elemental fraction at 0.05 atm Oxygen elemental fraction at 0.3 atm
69
• Much smaller non-equilibrium effects at high pressure
69
• Much smaller non-equilibrium effects at high pressure • Similar amount of elemental fraction variation
69
Outlet species mole fraction profiles at 0.3 atm
70
Outlet species mole fraction profiles at 0.3 atm
LTE formulation valid at high pressures
70
Application II: TCNEQ computations
71
• Identical operating conditions, except:
Pressure = 0.05 atm, Power = 50 kW
71
• Identical air model & chemical kinetics
model + 2-temperature thermal NEQ model
71
• coarser 66 x 29 flow mesh, 85 x 42 EM mesh
71
• coarser 66 x 29 flow mesh, 85 x 42 EM mesh
71
Application II: TCNEQ computations (cont.)
0.600 0.000 0.200 -0.013 0.000 0.000 0.050
Flowfield pattern
72
Application II: TCNEQ computations (cont.)
0.600 0.000 0.200 -0.013 0.000 0.000 0.050
Flowfield pattern
• Typical base flow pattern, with minor influence of
Lorentz and centrifugal forces
72
Application II: TCNEQ computations (cont.)
315 1000 3000 8500 8000 5000 6000 7000
Electro-vibrational temperature
315
1000
3000
5000 6200
6000
6150
6200 6240
Roto-translational temperature
73
Conclusion
74
Conclusion
• Magneto-fluid dynamics is a tremendously
varied field of study with many wildly different regimes and an increasing number of applications in fundamental research & industry.
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Conclusion
• Magneto-fluid dynamics is a tremendously • It poses specific numerical difficulties, in
varied field of study with many wildly different regimes and an increasing number of applications in fundamental research & industry. particular the satisfaction of the solenoidal constraint & BCs for the EM field.
74
Conclusion
• Magneto-fluid dynamics is a tremendously • It poses specific numerical difficulties, in
varied field of study with many wildly different regimes and an increasing number of applications in fundamental research & industry. particular the satisfaction of the solenoidal constraint & BCs for the EM field. recent studies carried out at ULB & VKI.
• Recent progress has been illustrated by a few
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Thank you for your attention
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Magneto-hydrodynamics: computational issues and sample applications

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