Resumos da gramtica de Ingls

Verb tenses:

Present simple He keeps on listening to love songs although they make

him feel sad. (ele continua)

Time expressions: usually, often, never, always, occasionally, sometimes,

normally

Present continuous Hes listening to a love song now. (ele est ouvindo)

Time expressions: now, at the moment, at present (tomorrow, this week/month,

etc.)

Present perfect He has spoken to students in schools all over the

country. (ele tem falado)

Form: have/has + past participle

Time expressions: already, yet, just

Present perfect continuous They have been attending an intensive

course in London since the beginning of the year. (eles tm vindo a assitir)

Form: have/has + been + the -ing form

Time expressions: usually, with for, since, how long

Past simple Last year we helped to clean up the beaches in the Alentejo.
(ns ajudamos)

Time expressions: yesterday, last year, two days ago

Past continuous I was listening to music on my iPod, so I didnt hear the

teacher. (eu estava ouvindo)

Form: was/were + -ing form

Time expressions: while, when, all day, at the time

Past perfect Diogo wanted a tattoo but he hadnt counted on his

mothers answer: NO WAY! (ele no tinha contado)

Form: had + past participle of the principal verb (had gone)

Time expressions: after, before, as soon as, until, by the time, already, just, ever,
never, the previous day, the week before

Past perfect continuous She had been running for three hours. (ela
tinha vindo a correr)

Form: had + been + the -ing form

Time expressions: for, since, all day

Conditionals:
o First conditional (real possibility)
Form: if + present simple + will + base verb
o Second conditional (unreal/hypothetical)
Form: if + past simple + would/could + base verb
o Third conditional (no possibility)
Form: if + past perfect + would/could + have + past participle of main
verb

Inversion of subject and verb:

-

Not only do consumers buy too much, but they also borrow money to cope
with their expenses.
Only when the end of the month comes do they notice they are short of
money.
Never did I realize how much we need to work to buy our own house.

Time expressions: not only but also; only when/after; never/not once; in no
circumstances; seldom; rarely; not until; little
In the sentences above the subject and the verb (auxiliary) exchange position
because there is a restrictive adverbial expression at the beginning. The sentence
is more emphatic when written or spoken in this way.
Note: only when and not only introduce a subordinate clause. The inversion of
subject and verb only occurs in the main clause that follows.

Causative use of have

-

I had my house painted because the council authorities forced me to.

Pamela had her hair dyed for the beauty contest.

We use have + object + past participle of the main verb when an action is
performed by some agent other than the subject. It can also be used to describe an
unpleasant incident.
Note: have something done (mandar fazer algo por algum)

Modal verbs:

1) Can
o
o
o

(=be able to)

Ability/Possibility (They can control their own budgets.)
Asking for permission (Can I smoke here?)
Request (Can you help me?)

2) Could
o Asking for permission - more formal than can (Could I borrow your
dictionary?)
o Request (Could you say it again more slowly?)
o Suggestion (We could try to fix it ourselves.)
o Future possibility (I think we could have another Gulf War.
o Ability in the past (He gave up his old job so he could work for us.)
3) May (=be allowed/permitted to)
o Asking for permission (May I have another cup of coffee?)
o Future possibility (China may become a major economic power.)
4) Might
o Present possibility (We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating
their dinner now.)
o Future possibility (They might give us a 10% discount.)
5) Must (=need, have to)
o Necessity / Obligation (We must say good-bye now.)
o Logical conclusion / strong probability (Peter never misses classes. He
must be ill.)
o Prohibition (They mustnt disrupt the work more than necessary.)
6) Ought to
o Saying whats right or correct (We ought to employ a professional
writer.)
o Moral obligation/duty (You ought to respect your father.)
7) Shall
o Offer (Shall I help you with your luggage?)
o Suggestion (Shall we say 2.30 then?)
o Asking what to do (Shall I do that or will you?)
8) Should
o Saying whats right or correct (We should sort out this problem at
once.)
o Recommending action (I think we should check everything again.)
o Uncertain prediction (Profits should increase next year.)
9) Can

o
o
o
o
10)

Instant decisions (I cant see any taxis so Ill walk.)

Offer (I'll do that for you if you like.)
Promise (Ill get back to you first thing on Monday.)
Certain prediction (Profits will increase next year.)
Would

o Asking for permission (Would you mind if I brought a colleague with

me?)
o Request (Would you pass the salt please?)
o Making arrangements ("Would three o`clock suit you?" - "Thatd be
fine.")
o Invitation (Would you like to play golf this Friday?)
o Preferences ("Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "Id like tea please.")
11)

Need/Dare
o Used both as regular verbs and as modals (Need she cry? Does she
need to cry?)
o Express absence of obligation or necessity (He said he neednt start
yet.)
o As modal doesnt have Past Tense (He didnt need to do that.)

Connectors/Liking words

Conjunctions and conjuncts

Addition:

And; furthermore;
moreover; not only... but
also;
Cause:

Because; since; as;

therefore;
Consequence, Result:

So; consequently;
so... that; with the result
that;
Time:

When; while; as soon

as; whenever; until; then;
at that time;
Condition:

If; whether; as long

as; unless; provided (that);
supposing (that)
Purpose:

To; in order to; so as

to; in order that; so that
Contrast/Concession:

Although, however,
but, nevertheless

Relative Pronouns and Adverbs

Who; whom; which; that; whose; where;