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CHAPTER 1

SYNOPSIS
1.1 INTRODUCTION A false ceiling is often a secondary ceiling hung below the main or structural ceiling, it
may also be referred to as drop ceiling. In the modern world, human life experience is
largely played out in interior spaces. We may love the out-of-doors for the sense of
open air and sky, for the escape it offers from life inside enclosure, but the very joy of
being outside reflects the reality that so much of life is spent inside.
The three major architectural elements of interior space are the floor, the walls and
the ceiling. Although out of our reach and not used in the series as the floor and walls
are, the ceiling plays an important vital role in shaping the interior space and limiting
its vertical dimension. It is the sheltering element of interior design offering both the
physical and the psychological protection for those beneath its canopy.
Ceilings are formed by the underside of the roof structures. The ceiling materials can
be attached directly to the structural frame or be suspended from it. Ceilings are often
the location of many building service elements, such as lighting, HVAC registers, fire
sprinklers, smoke detectors and signs. The separate design of each of these
elements or subsystems, as well as their total integration with the general ceiling
construction, is a major design activity.
In construction work interior spaces are sometimes said to have "no ceiling," meaning
that nothing special is done to create a ceiling-it is simply the unfinished, underside of
the overhead structure. More often, however; something is done, if nothing more than
some careful cleaning or painting of the underside of the overhead structure.
In many situations, a separate ceiling construction is developed, either attached
directly to, or suspended from, the overhead structure. Thus a floor/ceiling or roof/
ceiling sandwich of sorts is created, and often encloses an interstitial space that is
used to contain various building service elements, such as wiring, piping, ducting and
minor equipment. The full design of this system and all of the contained elements is a
major integrated design problem.
In some ways, ceiling finishes represent a major opportunity for freedom of choice of
materials. There is a general lack of concern here for effects of contact wear; ceilings
are not walked on and are generally out of reach. Fragile materials can be used,
although there is nothing wrong with hard, durable ones either.
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There are mainly three functions of false ceiling1. Interior Climatic Control
2. Aesthetics
3. Activity Demand
HISTORY In view of the fact that the ceilings of the first shelters consisted merely of the
underside of whatever kept the elements out, it is probably safe to assume that their
design was given a little or no conscious thought. Since that time, whatever defines
the interior space overhead has been dealt with by the architects and designers in
one of two ways i.e. either by exposing or embellishing the structure beneath the roof,
or by hiding it. The beautiful exposed wood beams of the great halls of English
Castles and stone arches of Romanesque and Gothic Cathedrals show how the
Medieval Europeans used the structural elements of their buildings to enhance the
beauty of the interior space. To conceal a Gothic Cathedrals substructure, architects
either filled in the stone ceiling with brick and covered it with a wooden trussed roof,
or simply built a smaller, lighter roof just below the main one, creating a smooth
surface that could be painted or otherwise decorated. Later, plaster was applied
directly to the surfaces of vaulted ceilings, and then elaborately ornamented. The
Seventeenth Century French styles of Louis XV, Louis XVI, and Rococo, whose
complex ornamentation was limited only by the media, materials and imaginations of
the artisans of the period, are all excellent examples of both approaches, such as
coffered ceilings, which alternate carved exposed beams with recessed plaster
surfaces in the spaces between.
According to Fernando Lopez the fresco is important because it is one of the earliest
examples of Italian Renaissance art being imported to Spain. It is also remarkable
because the fresco technique -- watercolors painted on wet plaster -- was rare in
Spain during this time period.
Most likely, these reasons forced Peter I in 1709 to carry out additional works in the
cathedral which included the installation of a suspended ceiling.
According to the available data the first known use of the suspended glass ceiling
was in Post Office Savings Bank, Vienna in 1904 (i.e. Post Renaissance Europe).

The ceiling is suspended 14 feet 8 inches below the concrete roof of the church. This
blocks the second tier of windows, which can be seen from the outside. In 1932, the
church was ready for worship.

1.2 AIM The work aims to study all the new false ceiling materials that are used in modern
building systems.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

To study different types of false ceiling systems.


To study different types of installations of false ceiling.
To study different materials used in false ceiling.
To study sustainable materials and sustainable design.

1.4 SCOPE In the modern world, human life experience is largely played out in interior spaces.
We may love the out-of-doors for the sense of open air and sky, for the escape it
offers from life inside enclosure, but the very joy of being outside reflects the reality
that so much of life is spent inside.

1.5 LIMITATIONS The scope of work shall be limited to various design aspects, materials used and
construction details.

1.6 METHODOLOGY

Assimilation of information and data from various sources.


1. Primary data case study, books.
2. Secondary data journals, e-books
3. Tertiary data Time Saver Standards
Internet

CHAPTER-2
DEFINITION
Suspended ceiling is basically a secondary ceiling consisting of suspension systems
which is created below the primary ceiling, that is, the main roof. It is provided for
aesthetical as well as for functional purpose such as to conceal the spilling wires and
crises-crossing service lines, air conditioning, lighting, acoustical and also for hiding
structural members and to provide insulation (thermal) and reduces volume. It plays
a vital role in interior design of any space whether it is residential, commercial or any
other public building. In many situations, the ceiling skin takes on further importance
beyond aesthetic, acoustical, or visual requirements. It can also be used to complete
an envelop that provides a fire- resistive rating to the structural members above.
It's used to conceal varied service lines structural features, open pipes and wiring,
and air-conditioning ducts. It gives more options to use special lighting systems such
as cove lighting, wall washers, floating effects and so on.
False ceiling can be used to give thermal insulation for a given space. Besides, those
going for effective sonic system especially in auditoriums, cinema halls or recording
studios can use them. There are basically three main types of false ceiling
1. Wall-to-Wall false ceiling type is the commonly used
one. This is a straightforward ceiling with plane,
curved,domed or angular shaped forms connecting all
the four walls. Materials mostly used in this category
are

POP,

gypsum

board,

thermocol,

extruded

aluminium, plywood, wooden paneling and ceiling


tiles.

Pl. 2.1 Wall to Wall False Ceiling

2. Modular ceiling comes in fixed sizes of panels thus accommodating the lighting
system with the same, multiple or fractions of the modules. Acoustic tile is the best
example in this category. Even extruded aluminium
strips can be brought under modular system. The
advantage in the modular system is the flexibility it
offers in terms of change in the lighting system. This
also offers flexibility to service ducts and pipes that run
below the primary ceiling without damaging the false
ceiling.

Pl. 2.2 Modular Ceiling

3. Detached ceiling is a "part ceiling" with or without


covering the primary ceiling. This type is mainly used
to play with the levels of the false ceiling, to provide
cove lighting, wall washers and floating effects on the
ceiling. Most of the false ceiling materials are suitable
for this type of system. This system is creatively used,
especially at the exhibition galleries and showrooms

Pl. 2.3 Detached Ceiling

using very unusual materials like fabrics and other similar kind of materials.
False ceiling is relatively easier to maintain in the long run if the right materials are
used. Avoid using the textured or porous materials especially at the non-air
conditioned space. This will accumulate dust in the longer run, thus creating difficulty
in maintenance. As far as possible, one should select the ceiling materials in such a
way that it can be painted at a later stage. Another important point to be considered is
that the space between false ceiling and the primary ceiling shall be completely
sealed off so that it becomes easier for maintenance. Choosing the appropriate
material makes a lot of difference in enjoying the false ceiling. So do it the right
way.There are four ways in which a false ceiling can be constructed either attached to
or detached to the horizontal elements of the substructure, which usually consists of
either wood joists or steel beams. The method used depends on the design and
interval of spacing.

Pl. 2.4 Timber Ceiling

Pl. 2.5 Acoustical Tile Ceiling

CHAPTER- 3
TYPES OF FALSE CEILINGS
Ceilings are interior elements that basically have little to do with building enclosure.
However, the roof of any building is basically involved with the development of a
ceiling for a space beneath it. If a ceiling is separately constructed element, it
combines with the floor or roof above it to produce total construction element. Various
properties such as acoustic treatment, fire separation and thermal flow resistance
must be determined for the whole construction. There are basically four types of false
ceiling, namely -

3.1

UNFINISHED CEILINGS

3.2

DIRECTLY APPLIED CEILING FINISHES

3.3

SUSPENDED CEILINGS

3.4

INDEPENDENT CEILING CONSTRUCTION

3.1 UNFINISHED CEILINGS


Spaces are sometimes referred to as having no ceiling. This is technically true only
for outdoor, unroofed spaces. If a space is enclosed overhead it has a ceiling- by
dictionary definition.
Describing a space as having no ceiling usually refers to the situation where no extra
effort is made to treat the underside of the structure overhead in terms of additional
construction. This is more accurately described as an unfinished ceiling.
Exposed structure sometimes present this situation. However, exposure may refer
basically to the form of the structure, and not necessarily to its raw, untreated
underside. A simple coat of paint is a finish in this case.
There are situations where the appearance of the underside of the overhead
construction is of little concern in storage rooms, equipment rooms, attic spaces,
and so on. However, appearance may not be the only concern. Storage of hazardous
materials may require a high fire rating for the overhead construction; noisy
equipment may indicate the need for a major sound barrier. Ceilings have many
potential functions, including, of course, developing a more attractive view overhead.

Pl. 3.1 Unfinished Ceiling

Pl. 3.2 Unfinished Ceiling

3.2 DIRECTLY APPLIED CEILING FINISHES


In general, materials used to finish interior walls can also be used to finish ceilings. A
difference here is that ceilings are typically out of arms reach, and some materials
can be used here that would not endure where they can be routinely touched. In
addition, there is some difference in the requirement for attaching and supporting
elements in a horizontal position versus a vertical one.
In most cases, the simplest ceiling treatments are those made directly to the
overhead construction. A simple coating of paint, stain, or some texture-producing
material in a thick coating form is the easiest and most economical, if the underside of
the structure is simple in form. If there are a lot of beams, bridging, or trussing, a
simple coating may become quite laborious and marginally feasible. In such cases,
it is advisable to try to have structural elements prefinished to the desired degree
before they are installed.
If drywall, plaster, or some form of paneling is to be attached to an overhead
structure, the design of the structure must include this consideration. Additional dead
load, spacing of framing members, means of attachment, and the general
arrangements of the framing may result in some factors that influence the design of
the structure.
In some situations it may be necessary to develop a separate construction system for
the ceiling, even though it is directly attached to the overhead structure. If either the
spacing or the arrangement of overhead framing does not place framing members in
a location required for ceiling units, some intermediate framing elements may be
required. The difficulty of attaching some types of ceiling elements to particular
framing elements may also require this. In some cases, this may result in the use of
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ceiling framing that is similar in form to that used for suspended systems, with the
ceiling framing members directly attached to rather that suspended from, the
overhead structure.

Pl. 3.3 DIRECTLY APPLIED CEILING

Pl. 3.4 DIRECTLY APPLIED CEILING

3.3 SUSPENDED CEILINGS


Suspended ceilings occur when a separate ceiling construction is hung from the
overhead construction. This involves design considerations for the ceiling
construction, the suspending method, and the means for developing the suspension
from the structure overhead. This form of construction may be used for a number of
reasons, such as:
1. Need for a lower ceiling. Where multiple interior spaces occur beneath a
general overhead structure, smaller rooms may require lower ceilings.
2. Desire for a ceiling for a ceiling form different from that of the underside of the
overhead structure.
3. Desire for ceiling materials that cannot be easily attached to the overhead
structure in a direct manner.
4. Need for an enclosed space beneath the overhead structure, most often the
containing of ducting, wiring, piping, recessed light fixtures, or other service
elements.
Many ceiling surfacing materials, such as gypsum drywall, can be used in this
situation, as well as for direct attachment to the underside of the structure. However,
many priority systems exist for the express purpose of developing suspended ceiling.
Often these consist of complete systems that include the ceiling framing elements
and some form of modular surfacing units.

Because they exist often to provide for service systems overhead, suspended ceilings
may need to provide for access to the elements of the enclosed services. This
sometimes favors the use of the priority, modular unit systems, whose surface units
are usually small and individually removable.
Separate ceiling constructions- whether suspended or directly- may serve various
purposes in addition to their basic ones forming and appearance modification. Effects
on light, sound, and air movements in the spaces beneath them may be of concern.
Barrier functions relating to fire, sound transmission, thermal flow, or security may be
involved. Options for basic construction and surface finishes may be limited by such
requirements.
Ceilings are typically the location for various overhead items, such as light fixtures,
HVAC elements, loudspeakers, signs, and decorations. For some visual design
concerns, as well as the general controlled development of the whole overhead
construction, all of these items should be developed in an integrated manner.
Types of Suspended Ceilings
3.3.1

JOINTLESS SUSPENDED CEILING -

Joint less ceilings are made of in-situ construction. Such type of ceiling consists of a
wooden or a metal frame work suspended by metal supports or hangers fixed to the
roof. The ceiling finish may be made of large sheets of plaster boards or plaster
applied to metal lathing or sprayed materials. Joint less ceilings appear similar to the
direct ceilings.

Pl. 3.5 JOINTLESS SUSPENDED CEILING

3.3.2

Pl. 3.6 JOINTLESS SUSPENDED CEILING

FRAME AND PANEL CEILINGS -

Framed and panel ceilings are pre-fabricated in a factory and assembled on site. The
frame work of a frame and panel ceiling is similar to joint less ceiling consisting of a
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grid of steel or aluminium members suspended from the roof by metal hangers. The
underside of the ceiling is formed by small self-finished units The frame work of a
frame and panel ceiling may be either exposed or concealed.

Pl. 3.7 FRAME AND PANEL CEILING

3.3.3

Pl. 3.8 FRAME AND PANEL CEILING

STRIPPED CEILINGS -

Frame and stripped ceilings are similar in construction to the frame and panel
ceilings. Inverted aluminium or steel sections are suspended from the roof by steel
wire hangers. Panels in the form of flat aluminum or steel channel sections is fixed
with profiled strips finished in the factory.

Pl. 3.9 STRIPPED CEILING

Pl. 3.10 STRIPPED CEILING

3.3.4 OPEN OR DETACHED CEILING SYSTEMS Open ceilings consists of a series of vertically hanging strips or grids, which provide
the illusion of a surface. This illusion can be enhanced with more depth and close
spacing of the sections. The grid is hung from the roof by metal hangers. The

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underside of the ceiling is not covered. Detached ceiling is a "part ceiling" with or
without covering the primary ceiling.
This type is mainly used to play with the levels of the suspended ceiling, to provide
cove lighting, wall washers and floating effect on the ceiling. Most of the suspended
ceiling materials are suitable for this type of system. This system is creatively used,
especially at the exhibition galleries and showrooms using very unusual materials like
fabrics and other similar kind of materials.

Pl. 3.11 OPEN OR DETACHED CEILING

Pl. 3.12 OPEN OR DETACHED CEILING

3.4 INDEPENDENT CEILING CONSTRUCTION


In some situations, ceiling may be developed with construction that is totally
independent of that overhead. This may simply be the practical means for achieving
the ceiling, or it may be necessary where the ceiling is a great distance below the
structure above it.
Where room sizes are small, wall construction permits it, a ceiling may be developed
with separate framing supported by the room walls. This framing may be quite
modest, if it only needs to support the ceiling and does not provide a floor for the
space above it. Live loads for ceiling spaces with limited access are usually only 10
psf. Span limits may be derived from critical concerns for deflection rather than actual
load- carrying capacity.
For some types of occupancies- notably speculative, commercial ones, such as
offices and shopping centers- use of independent interior wall and ceiling construction
allows an enhanced level of freedom and ease for modifications of the interior
spaces.

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Pl. 3.13 INDEPENDENT CEILING

Pl. 3.14 INDEPENDENT CEILING

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CHAPTER- 4
TYPES OF INSTALLATIONS
4.1

DIRECTLY ATTACHED INSTALLATIONS -

Ceilings may be developed by direct attachment of


surfacing material to the overhead structure. In
residential construction, drywall is ordinarily attached
directly to the underside of the closely spaced, light
wood rafters or floor joists.
Direct attachment will yield the minimum total thickness
of the ceiling plus the overhead structure which is
generally more desirable with floor

Pl. 4.1 Directly Attached Installations

constructionin multistory building,


as total floor height will be the least. However, it will also
provide the least interstitial space and may present
problems where considerable space required for
building service elements, such as ducts and recessed
lighting fixtures. Directly attachment of ceilings will also
provide a direct reflection of the general overhead
structure not so much a problem with floors, but
possibly one with nonflat roof structure.

Pl. 4.2 Directly Attached Installations

Pl. 4.3 Directly Attached Installations

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4.2

SEMI DIRECT OR FURRED INSTALLATIONS -

In this type the framing joists are larger


members that are spaced farther apart. The
spacing between the joists varies between 24
inches to 60 inches.
If the drywall is attached directly to the main
joists, will tend to warp because the attachment
points are too far. For such type of structures,
furring strips are installed as secondary

Pl. 4.4 Semi Direct or Furred Installations

Supportive members to the main joists. These members are attached to the main
joists at right angles. The spacing between two consecutive secondary joists may
vary between 16 inches to 24 inches apart.
If the main members are wooden then wooden
furring strips are attached to the main members
and if the main members are of metal W
sections then metal furring channels, or hat
channels, are wired to the bottom of the main
joists. The drywall is then attached to these

Pl. 4.5 Semi Direct or Furred Installations

furring strips. Ceiling is not directly attached to the structural member above a
secondary framing for the ceiling is attached to the underside of the overhead
structure. It is used where the elements of the spanning structure are too widely
spaced for the ceiling materials.

4.3

SUSPENDED CEILING INSTALLATIONS -

In view of the number of elements that


require space above the ceiling, which make
difficult to successfully create a level surface
with either direct or semi direct installation,
the suspended ceiling is the most commonly
used false ceiling type in the interiors today.
Pl. 4.6 Suspended Ceiling Installations

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it

A separate ceiling structure may be hung from the overhead structure, deriving
support from it but not necessarily reflecting its profile or detail. This is often done to
create needed space for equipment and services, but also to create a different form or
simply a lower ceiling level.
Essentially, the suspended ceiling takes the basic furring grid and suspends it below
the elements that need to be covered. It allows the ceiling to be installed at almost
any height, as long as the hardware above has sufficient room.
For instance, if the structure of the roof or the floor above is 18 feet above the floor,
and the various hardware and system are 15 feet above the floor, the ceiling can
easily be installed at a height of 10 feet.
In addition, special shapes, angles and soffits can be created by merely hanging the
grid at an angle or by wiring the special shape into position.
Suspension must be achieved with materials and details that relate to both the
overhead structure and the form of the ceiling construction.
Typical methods and materials used relate to common associations of structures and
ceiling constructions. Finally this type of ceiling can easily accommodate the variety of
items that must penetrate the ceiling surface, providing a platform for lights and air
diffusers.

Pl. 4.7 Suspended Ceiling Installations

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4.4
In

SEPARATELY SUPPORTED INSTALLATIONS some

situations,

ceilings

may

be

developed with construction that is totally


independent of that overhead. This may
simply be the practical means for achieving
the ceiling, or it may be necessary where the
ceiling is a great distance below the structure
above it.
Where room sizes arc small, and wall
construction permits it, a ceiling may be

Pl. 4.8 Separately Supported Installations

developed with separate framing supported by the room walls. This framing may be
quite modest, if it only needs to support the ceiling and does not provide for a floor for
the space above it. Design live loads for ceiling spaces with limited access are usually
only 10 psf. Span limits may be derived from critical concerns for deflection (visible
sag) rather than from actual load-carrying capacity.
For some types of occupancies-notably speculative, commercial ones, such as offices
and stores-use of independent interior wall and ceiling construction allows an
increased level of freedom and ease for modification of interior spaces.

Pl. 4.9 Separately Supported Installations

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CHAPTER- 5
MATERIALS USED IN FALSE CEILING
5.1

TIMBER CEILINGS

Timber ceilings are a feature of older buildings and are beautiful when the grain of the
wood is exposed. These usually have supporting members of thick sections of wood
that are transferred by smaller planks of wood or ply. The beams should either be
polished or varnished because paint will conceal the grain. A timber false ceiling is
usually made up of slats of wood that are fitted together using a tongue and groove
joint. Lights may be inserted into the slats if required.

Pl. 5.1 Timber Ceiling

5.2

Pl. 5.2 Timber Ceiling

GYPSUM BOARD CEILINGS

Gypsum Board provides an uninterrupted ceiling surface which can be finished


smooth. The finished surface can easily be given some texture. The surface can also
be painted or even wallpapered. The gypsum board panels require a supporting
framework of wood or metal which is attached to or suspended from the roof or floor
framing.

Pl. 5.3 Gypsum Board Ceiling

Pl. 5.4 Gypsum Board Ceiling

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5.3

PLASTER OF PARIS CEILINGS

The most common false ceilings are made of Plaster of Paris sheets that are
suspended on a galvanized iron framework. This is non-structural and does not take
any weight. Common applications include surgical rooms, clinically clean rooms,
curved detailing or intricate design. Plasterboard suspended ceilings provide clean
uninterrupted lines with the appearance of plain flat finish creating a completely
sealed unit, which can then be individualized with the use of color. A plain surface can
be embellished with cornices; embossing and other detailing that is moulded to ones
specifications. These details can then be painted different colors or gilded as
according to design.
Plaster can also be used to create a rough texture on ceilings any tool can be used
to form a pattern of your choice. This type of installation is however restrictive in that it
is difficult to retro fit or alter any services installed into the ceiling void. Used
extensively in shop fit-out projects. Architects are demanding ever more eye-catching
features to foyers, reception and entrance areas. Plasterboard on a metal or wooded
substrate provides a cost effective solution to these requirements.

Pl. 5.5 Plaster of Paris Ceiling

5.4

Pl. 5.6 Plaster of Paris Ceiling

METAL CEILINGS

Decorative stamped metal panel ceilings were very popular in the early 1900's. They
were commonly used in commercial and retail buildings because of their unique
appearance, low maintenance and fire resistance. If painted thoroughly on both sides,
these ceilings will literally last forever.
Metal ceiling panels are typically available in 2 ft. x 2 ft. squares and 2 ft. x 4 ft. or 8 ft.
rectangles. There are many patterns available, some from the original 100-year-old
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dies and other newer patterns. If you are a creative person, you can make a truly
unique ceiling by using various combinations of patterns, cornice and crown
moldings, medallions, etc.
Most metal ceiling panels are made of fairly thin steel sheet which is painted. For a
more decorative and unique appearance, an experienced painter can use two
different colors to highlight the surface texture. Solid copper and brass panels are
also available, but they cost about three times as much as the steel.
It is not difficult to install metal ceiling panels. First, you should install 3/4-inch furring
strips on the existing ceiling. These are typically nailed up on 12-inch centers
perpendicular to the ceiling joists. This method will provide the most level finished
ceiling.
Now, prepare the metal panels for installation. It is wise to paint the panels on both
sides. Since most are made of steel, they will rust if there is a leak above them and
the top is not painted. The pattern in these panels is formed in a die which often has a
light film of mill oil. Clean them carefully first with a metal cleaner
Another installation option is a suspended (dropped) ceiling. The standard size metal
panels usually will fit perfectly into a standard suspended ceiling support grid pattern.
It is best to leave the existing fiber panels in place over the thin metal panels. These
help to keep the metal panels flat and stop the panels from moving (floating) from
breezes from windows or when a door closes.
For a very attractive installation, use a suspended grid system especially made for
these metal panels. These grid members are very slim and some can even be hidden
by the edge of the ceiling panel to create a seamless appearance.

Pl. 5.7 Metal Ceiling

Pl. 5.8 Metal Ceiling

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5.5

ALUMINIUM PANEL CEILINGS

A number of commercial and industrial interiors have metal ceilings. These are
usually moulded aluminium panels or strips that fit together. These are fabricated to
facilitate wiring and lighting. These are available in a variety of finishespowder
coated, perforated, brushed or ribbed. These are expensive but quick to install and
easy to maintain. The look is hi-tech, sleek and modern.

Pl. 5.9 Aluminum Panel

5.6

Pl. 5.10 Aluminum Panel Ceiling

GLASS CEILINGS

Stained, colored or etched glass panels can be used in ceilings. These can add
vitality to a restaurant or store especially if lit from

above. Common applications

include clinical washrooms, kitchen areas, cleaning rooms, public rooms, and
swimming pools, in general, areas with high relative humidity. This type of ceiling
provides a washable ceiling, which still have superb decorative and acoustic qualities.
Skylights can also be inserted into a structural system to allow light. These can be
made using fiberglass, acrylics or toughened glass. Mirror chips can be inserted into
plaster as a dramatic flourish.

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Pl. 5.11 Glass Ceiling

5.7

Pl. 5.12 Glass Ceiling

ACOUSTICAL CEILING PANELS

5.7.1 MINERAL FIBER CEILINGS - This is the most commonly found suspended
ceiling system for applications such as office areas, retail and general areas. Such
ceilings give a highly acoustic, decorative finish; they allow the easy installation of
lighting and other services and enable easy access to the space above.

Pl. 5.13 Mineral Fiber Ceiling

Pl. 5.14 Mineral Fiber Ceiling

5.7.2 MASS BARRIER CEILINGS - Used mainly in applications were the acoustic
properties of a suspended ceiling are integral to the use of the space. This type of
ceiling construction consists of several layers of plasterboard fixed to a galvanized
metal framework suspended on specialist acoustic anti-vibration hangers. They are
installed to provide a complete block to noise transfer.

Pl. 5.15 Mass Barrier

5.8

Pl. 5.16 Mass Barrier Ceiling

FABRIC CEILINGS

Fabric is inexpensive materials that may be draped across ceilings embroidered


panels are exotic and interesting. Of course, these will collect dust! Childrens rooms
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can have interesting murals or collages on the ceiling may be a mobile can be part of
the dcor. One can also attach stars and the moon in metallic finishes to the ceiling.

Pl. 5.17 Fabric Ceiling

5.9

Pl. 5.18 Fabric Ceiling

STRETCHED CEILINGS

This is one of the latest suspended ceiling system products and allows for the most
spectacular designs and colour not possible with more conventional systems. A
stretched ceiling system is basically a stretched plastic sheet ceiling fitted to a simple
support system. It is jointed with ultrasonic flush weld joints, which are almost
invisible. The end result is something quite fantastic and very individual.

Pl. 5.19 Stretched Ceiling

Pl. 5.20 Stretched Ceiling

5.10 GREEN MATERIALS


5.10.1 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN Sustainability has become a fundamental principle underlying successful building
design. From a global stand point, Sustainability is imperative as it offers a critically
important means for conserving our dwindling natural resources. From an architectural standpoint, it's becoming an increasingly important consideration, as a growing
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percentage of building owners and homeowners not only desire "green" buildings, but
are now demanding them.
Green has, in fact, gone main stream. Architects are giving high priority to
environmental concerns in their product selection, builders and developers are
acutely aware of how sustainability can impact project success and retailers are
proactively promoting green products.
Despite its growing acceptance, sustainable building design remains a complex
undertaking. Because environmental issues can - and should - be considered in
virtually every aspect of the design process, specifies need to have a working
knowledge of a wide range of green definitions, criteria, standards and applications.
Sustainability is a long-term evaluation of every decision made, without compromise
to future generations.
5.10.2 GREEN MATERIAL SELECTION Green material selection is a key component of sustainable design. However,
sustainable design should also encompass life-cycle analysis, product durability,
embodied energy, the effect on indoor environmental quality, manufacturing locations
and the company's environmental record and commitment. In general, green
materials have traditionally been defined as those that reduce, recycle and renew.
Specifically, sustainable products:

Reduce the amount of raw materials and/or the amount of energy needed.
Lighter products generally require the use of less energy for transportation,
storage and construction. The term "reduce" can also refer to decreasing the
amount of material used and/or wasted, thereby fostering manufacturing
efficiencies and optimal use of the material.

Offer high recycled content and/or environmental friendly reuses. The benefits
here are obvious. Products with a high recycled content may decrease raw
material usage, energy consumption and landfill waste. "Recycle" can also
refer to the potential of a product being remade into that product again or into
another product as in adaptive reuse (closing the loop).

Renew the environment by using materials that can be regenerated and/or


materials offering environmental friendly benefits; including renewable
resources such as agriculture based materials or products made without
chemically bound methods.
23

5.10.3 RECAPTURED GYPSUM Most construction papers are made from the wood industry's leftovers, which include
cardboard cut-offs or post-consumer papers (usually newspapers, catalogs or phone
books). The face papers used on gypsum panels are 100 percent recycled paper, and
some manufacturers started using recycled paper as early as the 1960s. As for the
core material, which is primarily gypsum, air and starch, many manufacturers use a
by-product gypsum source obtained from coal-burning power plants.
The coal burned in many of these power plants produces undesirable air pollutants,
including sulfur dioxide. Wet limestone scrubbers are often used to prevent this
pollution from entering the atmosphere. As the exhaust smoke from the power plant
rises through the scrubber, its pollutants are chemically removed. The calcium and
water in the wet limestone combine with the sulfur dioxide to create calcium sulfate,
or recaptured (flue-gas desulfurized) gypsum.
Manufactured from 95 percent recycled materials, the high-performance gypsum fiber
products available include interior wall panels, ceiling boards.
Ceiling board manufactured from recaptured gypsum is indistinguishable in terms of
performance, appearance and quality from panels made from natural gypsum rock..
5.10.4 GYPSUM BOARD PANELS Gypsum, the primary raw material used to make gypsum panels, forms naturally like
salt or limestone, and is one of the most abundant minerals on the planet. It is neither
rare nor endangered. The bulk of the remaining materials is gypsum board consist of
paper (recycled from newspapers, phone books, or corrugated cartons and cardboard
cuttings) and corn or wheat starch binders. These starch binders, which serve as the
"glue" in the manufacturing process, are renewable agricultural resources.
The embodied energy of gypsum board is extremely low (see chart below). Drywall
has less embodied energy than a wide variety of building products, including
brickwork, concrete, particle board, insulation, glass, vinyl flooring, plastics, steel and
aluminum.
Construction waste gypsum panels can be reground and made into new gypsum
panels when the paper is removed. This waste can also be used for many other
functions, including agricultural uses or concrete set material.
Other reuses for drywall include its addition as a soil amendment (using gypsum as a
high-calcium fertilizer or as a method for treating high soil pH), neutralizing the high
24

pH levels caused by road salt applications, odor treatment and concrete setting
agent. The majority of this waste is from new construction cut-offs (about 6 million
tons). Currently, more than 3 million tons' of gypsum are used as soil amendments
annually and another 4 million tons' are used as concrete setting agents.

Pl. 5.21 Gypsum Board

Pl. 5.22 Gypsum Board Panel Ceiling

5.10.5 CEMENT BOARD PANELS Cement board, a water-durable, multiuse panel commonly used as a backer for
ceramic tile, is made from approximately 20 percent recycled materials (fly ash). Fly
ash is another waste stream material from power plant emission control processes
that features cement-like properties. It is produced by electrical power companies in
the combustion of coal and other solid fuels, and is subsequently purchased by
concrete and cement board producers for use as an aggregate.
All products impact the environment, and the key is to reduce this impact as a goal of
sustainable design. It is very important to look at the cumulative effect a material and
its constituent components or processes may have on the environment, both currently
and in the future.

Pl. 5.23 Cement Board

Pl. 5.24 Cement Board Panel Ceiling

25

CHAPTER- 6
INTEGRATED CEILINGS
Integrated ceilings are modular systems in which all ceiling components (lighting,
diffusers and finish) ideally are supplied by one manufacturer to provide visible
integration and functional continuity in the finish ceiling. They are most commonly
used in conjunction with an open office plan and in malls, atriums, and other open
areas.

Pl. 6.1 Integrated Ceiling

Pl. 6.2 Integrated Ceiling

6.1 TYPES OF INTEGRATED CEILINGS: There are two types of integrated ceilings available:1. THE GRID TYPE with lay in acoustical panels
2. LINEAR TYPE composed of spliced sections of metal pans or planks.
Both involve a close relationship between mechanical and interior and require careful
coordination of these systems. Integrated ceilings are usually bid as a package, and it
is very difficult to delete the components in the shop drawing phase. Care must also
be taken that esthetics is not emphasized to the detriment of performance.
LIGHT FIXTURES - Type and placement should be determined based on the number
of watts per square foot required. Most types of light fixtures can be incorporated in
an integrated ceiling assembly.
DIFFUSERS - Integrated ceilings commonly employ linear diffusers connected to the
ducts by means of a metal or fiberglass boot or manifold. The unused portion of the
diffuser is masked or blocked above the ceiling.
In the grid type of ceiling the finished appearance is that of a continuous diffuser in
the suspension grid, while the linear ceilings incorporate the diffusers between the
26

metals pans.
PANELS - The type of acoustical panel chosen for a grid ceiling has a profound effect
on its appearance and performance. The panel types vary from traditional flat lay-in
panels to vaulted or coffered fiberglass forms and vinyl-faced batt insulation.
METAL SPANS - These are typically 4 to 6 in. wide. They are available in aluminum
and steel, the latter being less expensive, and come in a wide variety of finishes and
colors.
COST - Integrated ceilings can be very cost-effective and provide excellent service if
properly designed and used.
These systems work best when used within open spaces. It should be borne in mind
that in order for the ceiling to be most cost-effective, all components should be
supplied by one manufacturer. Components by different manufacturers can and
frequently are used in integrated ceiling systems, but compatibility problems can arise
and cost-effectiveness is decreased.
CEILING TYPE - The configuration and material of the acoustical panels or metal
pans have a direct bearing on the acoustical and illumination factors in the space.
The grid type of ceiling can be customized to fit an enclosed office but the problems of
closure when finishing off field-cut metal pans make the linear type difficult to use with
partitions.
6.2 ADVANTAGES OF LINEAR TYPE SYSTEM The advantages of the linear type of systems are as follows
1. This type of system can be easily formed in curves or other forms according
to the design requirements.
2. It is available in a wide range of colors.
3. It can be used on the exterior if visual continuity is desired at a soffit.
4. Furthermore the means of suspension can be reinforced to resist the suction
or negative pressures. Reinforcement however, may result in cutting and
fitting problems. Penetration and closure can be problematic, and joints
between the sections are visible.
5. The linear systems are best applied in airport terminals, shopping malls and
other large open spaces that are unlikely to need full-height partitions.

27

MAINTENENCE An integrated ceiling is not as much difficult to maintain as it is in case of a


conventional suspended ceiling. In the grid type moisture-resistant or soil-resistant
panels should be used in the same as they would be in a conventional suspended
ceiling. The metal pans used in the linear type dent easily, and should be located out
of reach.
ACOUSTICAL PERFORMANCE In the panel or pan material should have a high noise reduction coefficient (NRC) to
cut down on reflected sound. In spaces with solid partitions, a ceiling material with a
low sound transmission coefficient (STC) should be used to prevent sound transfer to
adjacent rooms. In open office plans, electronic sound masking is usually desirable.
Varieties of insulating material are available for use above the ceiling, and are
especially useful with metal pans. The most commonly used types are unfaced or
black faced fiberglass bats and semi rigid mineral board. Metal pans may also be
perforated to enhance the acoustical performance.
FIRE RESISTANCE While each component of an integrated ceiling may be fire-rated, very few systems
are classified as UL fire-rated assemblies. Where a fire rated assembly is required by
code, an integrated ceiling is probably not a good choice since the spacing, size. and
degree of penetrations are severely restricted and must be duplicated exactly in a
rated assembly. Sprinkler penetrations, if any, must also be part of the system.
RESISTANCE TO SMOKE Cavity barriers are primarily intended to delay the passage of fire. There are no
specific Standard test criteria for resistance to the passage of smoke. However,
indicative tests have shown that mineral wool, reinforced with a 25mm wire mesh,
acts as a high efficiency filter to prevent the passage of smoke particles.
For applications where a particularly high standard of resistance to smoke or fumes is
required, then a foil faced cavity barrier should be used. Similarly, a foil faced cavity
barrier may also be considered necessary in air plenums.

28

FIRE SPREADING AND LINING MATERIALS The void created between the ceiling and the soffit of the structural floor is often
utilized to carry building services, but it will also provide a route for smoke and fire
transfer in the event of a fire.
The choice of materials for the lining of walls and ceilings can significantly affect the
spread of a fire, and its rate of growth, even though they are not likely to be the
materials first ignited. This is particularly important in circulation spaces where linings
would offer the main vehicle for fire spread, and where rapid spread would be most
likely to prevent occupants from escaping.
Several properties of lining materials influence fire spread. These include the ease of
ignition and the rate at which the lining material gives off heat when burning. The
guidance relating to the fire tests and classification provides for control of internal fire
spread through control of these properties.
FIRE RESISTING CEILINGS: The need for cavity barriers in concealed floor or roof spaces can be reduced by the
use of a fire-resisting ceiling below the cavity.
Such a ceiling should comply with the following: (a) It should have at least 30 minutes of fire resistance.
(b) It should be imperforate except for an opening allowed under par.
(c) It should extend throughout the building or compartment.
(d) It should not be demountable.

29

CHAPTER- 7
FALSE CEILINGS FOR ACOUSTICAL INSULATION
7.1 ACOUSTICAL INSULATION The void above a suspended ceiling is a potential route for flanking sound above
partitions. This is especially true where a lightweight, modular ceiling is installed.
The sound absorbent characteristics of mineral wool can be employed to minimize
the acoustic weaknesses of suspended ceilings by installing mineral wool cavity
barriers above partitions. Mineral wool can also be used to provide acoustic
absorbency at ceiling level, and so reduce the reverberation time in the room below.

7.2 SOUND ABSORBENT CAVITY BARRIERS There are many situations, such as hospital consulting rooms, where it is important
that the sound performance of a partition is not compromised by the void above the
suspended ceiling. In these cases, a mineral wool cavity barrier, in combination with
the suspended ceiling, can limit flanking sound. To achieve the sound reduction, the
partition must have at least the same level of sound insulation as the cavity barrier
and ceiling.

Pl. 7.1 Sound Absorbent Cavity Barrier

Pl. 7.2 Sound Absorbent Cavity Barrier

7.3 PERFORATED METAL CEILINGS High degrees of sound absorption can be achieved using perforated or slotted panels
with a mineral wool backing. The presence of an air space above a suspended ceiling
or behind a wall lining greatly increases the absorption value of the mineral wool
30

backing. Although mineral wool directly above a perforated metal ceiling will help to
reduce flanking sound, this form of construction is mainly used to reduce the
reverberant noise within a room or area.

7.4 SOUND ABSORPTION Sound absorption refers to the attenuation of reverberant noise within the same room
or area as the noise source. This normally involves lining all or part of the room
surfaces with a material which absorbs sound.
When a sound wave hits a surface, some of its energy will be reflected and some will
be absorbed. A materials ability to absorb sound efficiently can be gauged from its
sound absorption coefficient, which is defined as the ratio of the sound energy
absorbed to the sound energy incident. A material, which absorbs 65% of the sound
energy striking it, has a sound absorption coefficient of 0.65.
Glass mineral wool and rock mineral wool have equally good sound absorption
characteristics due to their fibrous nature, making mineral wool ideal as a sound
absorption layer.

7.5 ACOUSTIC MINERAL WOOL Acoustic Mineral Wool consists mainly of silicon oxide together with a number of other
metallic oxides. It is non-flammable, chemically inert and is not adversely affected by
any substance it may come into contact with. Random arrangement of fibers ensures
no water penetration in any direction. It is rot-proof, non-hygroscopic, does not
sustain vermin and will not encourage the growth of fungi, moulds or bacteria. It will
not react with wired plastic or metal wall ties, brickwork or masonry.
The density of Acoustic Mineral Wool is more than twice that of normal loft
insulation and so is very efficient at absorbing noise. Acoustic Mineral Wool
is used extensively in buildings and throughout industry to give acoustic,
thermal and fire insulation. It is particularly useful as a sound absorbing infill
for the reduction of airborne sound between flooring joists, suspended ceilings,
stud partitioning and with our Resilient Bars. It is available in different thicknesses i.e.
25 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, 100 mm etc (Size 600 mm X1200 mm).

31

Pl. 7.3 Acoustic Mineral Wool Ceiling

Pl. 7.4 Acoustic Mineral Wool

FEATURES OF ACOUSTICAL MINERAL WOOL 1. For effective reduction of airborne noise through floors and walls.
2. Acoustic infill between floor/ceiling joists
3. Acoustic infill for stud partitions
4. Used with other products to comply with new Building Regulations
5. Easy to cut and install
6. Produced from natural products
7. Significantly reduces noise through timber floors

32

CHAPTER- 8
INSTALLATION OF FALSE CEILING
Following are the steps and instructions on how to install a False Ceiling.
STEP 1

Planning for a False Ceiling

STEP 2

Installing Wall Angles

STEP 3

Locating and Hanging Suspension

STEP 4

Installing Main Tees

STEP 5

Installing Cross Tees and Border Cross Tees

STEP 6

Installing Ceiling Panels

Wires for Main Tees

STEP 1 PLANNING FOR A SUSPENDED CEILING


First, get the exact measurements of the room
where the suspended ceiling will be installed. Use
special care in measuring any odd-shaped
alcoves, bays, etc.
Draw the exact dimensions to scale on graph
paper.
The pattern you pick will determine the material

Pl. 8.1 PLANNING FOR SUSPENDED CEILING

requirements for your ceiling.


For the 2x4 pattern, decide whether you want to
install the patterns in a standard or reverse pattern.
Each pattern offers a different appearance.
Sketch the layout for the planned ceiling on graph
paper.
Draw the main tees 4' apart. Position the tees so
that the border patterns at the room edges are
equal on both sides and as large as possible. Try
sketching several layouts before beginning the
actual installation to determine which one looks
best.
It is important to space the cross tees so the

Pl. 8.2 GRIDPATTERN

border panels at the ends of the room are equal and as large as possible.
33

If you are using a 2'x4' pattern, space the 4' cross tees 2' apart. For a 2'x2' pattern,
add 2' cross tees between the midpoints of the 4' cross tees.
If the ceiling will be recessed and built-in lighting will be installed, decide where to
locate the panels of light and clearly identify them on the drawing.

STEP - 2 INSTALLING WALL ANGLES


Determine the exact height at which the suspended ceiling will be installed. Allow a
minimum of 3" to 4" clearance between
the old ceiling and the new ceiling for
installation

of

the

ceiling

panels.

If

clearance is a problem, you may want to


use fiberglass ceiling panels, which are
more flexible. Additional clearance will be
Pl. 8.3 INSTALLING WALL ANGLES

required if you are using recessed lighting. Allow a minimum of 6" space between the
ceilings if you're using recessed lights.
After locating the exact position for the suspended ceiling, use a level to draw a line
completely around the room indicating where the wall angle will be applied. Don't
assume the original ceiling leveluse a level for accuracy. Set the wall angle low
enough to conceal as many pipes ducts, etc., as possible.
Use a level to apply the wall angle at a proper height
around the room.
Fasten the wall angles securely to the wall at all points.
Nail them firmly to studs, or use screw anchors or other
masonry fasteners on brick or masonry walls.
Fasten the wall angles securely to the wall at all points.
Position the wall angle so that the bottom flange rests
on the level line you have drawn on the wall. Overlap
the wall angle on inside corners and miter the wall angle
on outside corners.
Overlap the inside corners and miters the outside corners.

34

Pl. 8.4 WALL ANGLES

STEP 3 LOCATING & HANGING SUSPENSION WIRES FOR MAIN


TEES
If you are going to use recessed lights, install the wiring
before putting the suspension wires in place. For
recessed lighting, you can use 2x 2 or 2x 4 drop-in
lighting fixtures, which are specially designed for this
purpose. You can also center fluorescent light fixtures
over the panels and use a luminous lay-in panel instead
of a regular ceiling panel. These lay-in panels now
come in several attractive designs.
Refer to your sketch of the room for the location of all

Pl. 8.5 SUSPENSION WIRES

main tees. Main tees should always run at right angles to the joists in the room.
Locate the position of each main tee by stretching a tight line from the top edge of the
wall angle on all sides of the room at each position
where the main tees are to be placed.
Stretch a tight line from top edge of the wall angle on
all sides of the room at each position where the tees
are to be placed.
Now, cut the suspension wires to the proper length.
The wires should be 12" longer than the distance
between the old ceiling and the new guideline string

Pl. 8.6 LOCATING SUSPENSION WIRES

you have stretched to indicate the position of each main tee.


Locate the first suspension wire for each main tee directly above the point where the
first cross tee meets the main tee. Check your original
sketch of the room to determine this location. Be sure
the suspension wires are securely fastened. Apply them
to the ceiling with screw eyes, screw hooks, nails, or
drilling.
Attach a suspension wire every 4' along the level
guideline.
Stretch each wire to remove any kinks and make a 90
bend where the suspension wire crosses the level line.
35

Pl. 8.7 SUSPENSION WIRES

STEP 4 INSTALLING MAIN TEES


Most main tees are 12' long and have
cross

tee

slots

punched

every

12"beginning 6" from each end.


Refer to your layout sheet to determine
the distance from the wall to the first
cross tee. Now measure this distance
along the top flange of the main tee and
locate the slot just beyond this point.

Pl. 8.8 INSTALLING MAIN TEES

From this slot, measure back the same distance, subtract 1/8" and saw the main tee
at that point. The 1/8" subtraction is for
the thickness of the wall angle.
If the wall angles are not square,
position the cross tee slots accordingly.
When main tees are installed in rooms
less than 12' across, cut the main tee to
the exact measurement of the room,
allowing 1/8" for the thickness of the wall angle. Pl. 8.9 INSTALLING MAIN TEES
For rooms wider than 12', the main tee can be spliced.
Be sure to align the splice so that the
suspension wires are correctly
positioned. Splice carefully, or all the
main tees will be thrown off.
Install the main tees so that they are all
level

with

the

wall

angle

already

mounted. Use a long level for this.


Pl. 8.10 INSTALLING MAIN TEES

STEP 5 INSTALLING CROSS TEES & BORDER CROSS TEES


Install the cross tees by inserting the ends of the cross tees into the slots in the main
tees.

36

Determine the location of the cross tees by the pattern you selectedeither 2'x2' or
2'x4'. Be sure the lock tab on the cross tee is on the outside of the slot. This
attachment is slightly different in some types of
tees.
Border cross tees are installed between the wall
angle and the last main tee.
Measure from the last tee to the wall angle,
allowing 1/8" for the thickness of the wall angle.

Pl. 8.11 INSTALLING CROSS TEES & BORDER

CROSS TEES

Cut the cross tees and install them by inserting the connector in the main tee and
resting the cut edge on the wall angle.

STEP 6 INSTALLING CEILING PANELS


The final main and cross tee arrangement will look
similar. The top part of the illustration shows an
arrangement of a 2'x4' layout, while the lower half shows
main and cross tees arranged for a 2'x2' layout. Drop the
ceiling panels into position by tilting them slightly, lifting
them above the framework and letting them fall into
place. Tilt the ceiling panels slightly and drops them into
position.

Pl. 8.12 INSTALLING CEILING PANELS

CHAPTER- 9
37

BOOK CASE STUDY


DUBAI HYATT HOTEL
Dubai, United Arab Emirates

ARCHITECTURE
3D/ International
In Dubai, one of the United Arab
Emirates on the Persian Gulf, the
Hyatt hotel chain decreed a subtle
pleasure-dome- an Arabian-nights
club for drinking, dancing, and dinner
conversation.
Hyatt built an entire hotel complex
based on plans developed by
3D/International, Inc, of Houston,
Texas. 3D/I was also commissioned
by Hyatt to design the hotels
interiors, including the in-house
nightclub interior, Hyatt instructed
3D/I to create an environment with a
Pl. 9.1 DUBAI HYATT HOTEL CEILING
flavor not too gaudy, not too disco.
Because most patrons of the club would be American or Saudi businessmen, Hyatt
asked that the ambience be similar to, but more romantic that their accustomed
gathering places back home.
3D/I laid out a conventional foot-print for the clubs approximately 5,000 square feet,
providing table and seating room for 150, a dance floor, and a small stage for revues.
3D/I then treated the walls and privacy partitions unconventionally, wrapping them in a
dark blue fabric meant to recall the sea.
To suggest the clear, sparkling sky of the desert night on the clubs ceiling, 3D/I again
had recourse to fabric. This time it was used in a more frankly romantic manner- three
cascading swags of gossamer Sol-R-Veil (a panne cloth of polyester) were loosely
stretched and draped over the width of the club. Each swag was laterally stitched
together from the manufacturers 17- inch widths.
Steel grommets are sewn, at 30- centimeter intervals, into each horizontal swag hem.
The hems are fastened over eyehooks welded to the steel-tube-and-pipe support
system (wall support; intermediate support). The support system includes a slot-andscrew slide mechanism to adjust tension in the swags.
The technical specifications of the fabric are: 14.4 average maximum spec optical
density: fabric count: 60 by 30; 13.36 ounces per linear yard. The result, in laymans
terms, is a silvery fabric finish, caused by a weave that is wide enough to allow semi
translucence. The glittering, gossamer effect is accentuated by the placement of a
rectangular grid of incandescent track lights above the fabric. The tracks themselves
are screwed to a unistrut frame, which, in turn, is attached to the structural ceiling by
threaded rods (ceiling support).

CHAPTER- 10
38

CONCLUSION
The suspended ceiling was originally developed to conceal the underside of the floor
above and to offer acoustic balance and control in a room. There are mainly three
functions of false ceiling1. Interior Climatic Control
2. Aesthetics
3. Activity Demand
Ceilings are interior elements that basically have little to do with building enclosure.
However, the roof of any building is basically involved with the development of a
ceiling for a space beneath it. If a ceiling is separately constructed element, it
combines with the floor or roof above it to produce total construction element.
In construction and architecture, a dropped ceiling, also referred to as a drop or
suspended ceiling, is used as a secondary ceiling formed to conceal piping, wiring,
or ductwork, into an area called the plenum. It gives more options to use special
lighting systems such as cove lighting, wall washers, floating effects and so on.
Consisting of a grid-work of metal channels in the shape of an upside-down "T",
suspended on wires from the overhead structure. These channels snap together in a
regularly spaced pattern and each cell is filled with lightweight "acoustic ceiling tiles"
or "panels" which simply drop into the grid. Tiles can be selected with a variety of
surface textures, and are typically white, but can be painted any color using standard
latex paint. Fluorescent light fixtures, air supply diffusers, and return air grilles of
the same dimension, and incandescent lights, various electrical devices, and
sprinkler heads are then installed into the grid, as desired.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. ARCHITECTURAL DETAILING IN CONTRACT INTERIORS
39

BY WENDY W. STAEBLER

PUBLISHER WATSON-GUPTILL

2. INTERIOR DESIGN ILLUSTRATED


-

BY FRANCIS D.K. CHING

PUBLISHER JOHN WILEY & SONS

3. CONTRACT INTERIOR FINISHES


-

BY WILLIAM R. HALL

PUBLISHER WATSON-GUPTILL

4. BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS: ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS (PART- 1)


-

BY JAMES AMBROSE

PUBLISHER BET PROCEDURAL


STANDARDS

5. BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS: INTERIOR SYSTEMS (PART-2)


-

BY JAMES AMBROSE

PUBLISHER BET PROCEDURAL


STANDARDS

6. TIME SAVER STANDARDS FOR INTERIOR DESIGN AND SPACE


PLANNING
-

BY MARTIN ZELNIK
JOSEPH DE CHIARA
JULIUS PANERO

PUBLISHER McGRAW HILL

REFERENCES
1. ARCHITECTURE TIME SPACE AND PEOPLE
-

MAY 2008

JUNE 2012

MAY 2012

2. INSIDE OUTSIDE
3. ARCHITECTURE + DESIGN

WEBSITES

40

1. http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/decibel-france/acoustic-ceiling-tiles-in-melamine82500-783822.html
2. http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/decoustics/acoustic-tiles-for-suspended-ceiling9587-287609.html
3. http://www.sae.edu/reference_material/audio/pages/Walls.htm
4. http://falseceilingdesigns.blogspot.in/
5.http://www.diytrade.com/china/pd/9265613/Linear_Aluminium_Metal_Strip_Ceiling_
Panels.html
6.http://www.weiku.com/products/10813357/mineral_fiber_plaster_ceiling_design.html
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_board
8. http://www.acoustic-panels.com.cn/wood-wool-cement-board.html
9. http://pinnacleceilings.com/portfolio/stanford-outpatient/
10. http://www.knaufinsulation.co.uk/insulationmanual/files/assets/basichtml/page254.html
11. http://www.homerepaircorner.ca/susceiling.html
12.http://www.kighthomecenter.com/build_tips/buildtips/suspend_ceiling/suspend_ceil
ing.html

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