Quantitative techniques in Business

ARTICLE

FACTORS AFFECTING THE LIFE STANDARD IN ORDER OF FINANCIAL STANDAR

Members
Muhayyu Din (C.R)
Saher yaseen (G.R)
Aadil Rafique

ABSTRACT
The telemarketing industry is slowly increasing its area as the telecommunication industry has fatly
developed. The telemarketing sector of the insurance companies has been showing an extra ordinary
growth. They increase investment to achieve good telemarketing performance as well as benchmark
practice of the competitors and aim for more improvement via their own knowhow.
The report of American survey says that The expenses related to the telemarketers comprise 62% of the
telemarketing cost.
This shows that development of system is less important than the effective management of telemarketers.

Introduction
Third World countries are often described as developing while the First World, industrialized nations
are often developed. What does it mean to describe a nation as developing? A lack of material wealth
does not necessarily mean that one is deprived. A strong economy in a developed nation doesnt mean
much when a significant percentage (even a majority) of the population is struggling to survive. Lack of
effective aggregate demand of labor is one of the principal reasons for unemployment. In the less
developed economies a substantial portion of the total workforce works as surplus labor. This problem is
particularly prevalent in the agricultural sector. Due to excess labor, the marginal productivity of the
workforce may be zero or even negative. This excess pool of labor is the first to become unemployed
during the period of economic or social crisis.

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The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently,
purchasing power is falling. Central banks attempt to stop severe inflation, along with severe deflation, in
an attempt to keep the excessive growth of prices to a minimum.
.
Section one focuses on an operational understanding of equality as stated in the U.S. Constitution and
Supreme Court decisions. The First and Fourteenth Amendments feature in most cases because they
address the fundamental principles of equality, citizenship, and civil rights. Also, the role of the Supreme
Court is examined, especially the Brown v. Topeka Board of Education decision. This case was perhaps
the most important one in the twentieth century judicial history because it spawned the legal movement
for equal rights in virtually all spheres of American life.
Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work.
Unemployment is often used as a measure of the health of the economy. The most frequently cited
measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate. This is the number of unemployed persons divided
by the number of people in the labor force.
Section two of the unit deals with Connecticut. The educational funding system end policy directives are
presented to compare and contrast their relationship to the constitutional issues and Supreme Court
decisions, of state power and equal protection in financing. Drawing from
the Brown, Rodriquez and Serrano cases, the recent history of school financing is outlined and viewed in
the context of Connecticut. The tax revenue and expenditures play a major role in the quality of
education.
The final section of the unit looks at attempts to equalize education on both the schools and classroom
levels. Several disciplines are used to demonstrate how equality can be promoted by teachers and
secondary school students. Sociodramas, literature, and contemporary modalities are included in lessons
and other activities.That depends on how big the inflation is. Generally, inflation around 2 or 3% is good,
but if it is higher than that, it could become dangerous, as it would erode the value of money and make it
harder for families and companies to break even. It could breed unemployment in the sense that as the
value of money drops, prices for goods and services rise so much that not many consumers can by them
anymore. Since nobody is buying their products, companies will eventually.

Literature review
The result of reported studies give us suggestion that LES may be helpful research and clinical tool. They
show that negative or total change scores derived from scale. And there interval is round about 5 to 6
weeks. The positive change score indicate to be less reasonable support of the usefulness of scale which is
provided by the findings indicate that the negative life affect score and is significantly relate with a
number of stress dependent measures. In including scale responses show to be unbounded from social

Quantitative techniques in Business

desirability basies,andM,, it is able to compare between college students which is helpful to adjust the
problem from those who have not.
Another result show that LES possesses certain benefits over the SRE as an instrument for assessing life
stress. The benefits relate specially with the important difference between desirable and un desirable
change by the LES. This decision shows the positive and negative life change score.different method of
relationship between dependent measures. It can be noted that positive and negative change scores were
significantly correlated with same dependent measure. This indicate that different assessment of positive
and negative difference but the LES shows the steps moving in assessing relations among life effecting
dependent measure. It is possible that life stress is most conceptualized in negative life changes than in
positive or total changes. Our working and reporting by others indicate that it is negative change that
should be used if ones purpose is to determine degree of LIFE STRESS.
Even the reported result focus the role of negative change, it should be mentioned that the failure to
meaningful correlation between positive change and the measures may be depend to the lower
understanding of the positive change score than the lsess stressful nature of positive life change. The
result of Mueller et al. (1977) and Vinous and Seltzer (1975) which are consistent with the present
findings however, support conclusions emphasizing the importance of negative life change.
The aim of available result was to stimulate interest in the main question of managing positive
psychological functioning. It has been discussed that early mental approach of well being effecting from
short theoretical grounding which led to un awareness of main facts of psychological health.
In an effort to introduce certain of these theoretical ideas to the empirical literature, six theory-guided
dimensions of well being were operationalized.what the implication of result for past and future findings
on psychological well being? Firstly, they advise that the previous literature has been guided by
somewhat narrow conceptions of positive functioning. The opposite harken back to focusing of the
Greeks regarding the difference among feeling happy at the time and the more demanding task of
realizing ones potential. The life satisfaction, despite its more long term quality has failed to guide such
featured of well being of personal growth and positive relations with others.

Mundell, James, Journal of Political Economy, LXXI (1963),

Inflation affects your standard of living because it can reduce your spending power. Retirees are often
greatly affected by inflation because many retirees live on a fixed income. While their pension income
remains flat, prices rise. Consequently, their disposable income is reduced as day-to-day expenses
consume an ever growing portion of their income. Wage earners experience the same problem if wages
stay flat or if inflation outpaces wage increases. You avoid the ravages of inflation if your income level
rises at a pace that exceeds the rate of inflation.aff.

Tobin, James March (1969)

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First and foremost the transformative approach addresses the problem mentioned earlier of the creation of
virtual wealth which has enriched some but harmed many, creating poverty, unemployment, hunger and
death; widening the gap between the rich and poor; marginalizing peoples, eroding the whole meaning of
life and destroying eco-systems. The financial crisis indicates the immorality within a system that
glorifies money and dehumanizes people by encouraging acquisitive individualism: This greed-nurtured
culture reduces the value of human life, erodes the moral and ecological fabric of human civilization, and
intoxicates our psyche with materialism. [23]. the financial crisis is a manifestation of a moral and at the
same time, systemic crisis. A transformative approach addresses this crisis as an issue of justice that will
stop impoverization and ecological destruction...

Warr, P. & Jackson, P. (1985)

Unemployment affects between 20 and 40 percent of the labour force. Poverty is at an average of 35 to 60
percent of inhabitants who have no access to education, water, sanitation, power and information. There
are glaring inequalities with high discrepancies between the sexes. For instance in Botswana according to
UNDP, 47% of the population lives below the poverty line of one dollar a day. The richest 20% of
Botswana earn almost 60% of the total national income. The poorest 20% get merely 4% of the national
income. Unemployment is 16%...

Boxberger, J. T. & Matthews, K. A. (1994)

Employment status and depressive symptoms in middle-aged people
On the other hand, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, and classical unemployment are
largely involuntary in nature. However, the existence of structural unemployment may reflect choices
made by the unemployed in the past, while classical (natural) unemployment may result from the
legislative and economic choices made by labour unions or political parties. So, in practice, the
distinction between voluntary and involuntary unemployment is hard to draw.

Federal Reserve .1997

Standard poverty threshold from the EU SILC (European Statistics on Income and Living Conditions,
2008) was used to assess poverty. The EU SILC poverty threshold is frequently used in research. The
poverty line is set at 60% of the national median equivalent disposable income after social transfers per
country for an adult single person. Since family members share expenses, the threshold is raised by a
factor of 0.5 for the second and each subsequent person aged 14 and over and by a factor of 0.3 for each
of those aged under 14 .

The demand for children (the number of children that a couple desires) is also the outcome of complex
calculations. Economists have predictably focused on the net contributions of children to the income and

Quantitative techniques in Business

material welfare of the family. In verylow-income communities, children typically become contributors to
the economic welfare of the family at a very young age.

Weich, S. & Lewis, G. (1998a) Poverty, unemployment, and common mental

disorders: population based cohort study. BMJ, 317, 115 119
These facts suggest that the key to ensuring a sustainable rate of population growth lies in reducing the
fertility rate. However, in a highly influential 1979 review of the research literature on the relationship
between education and fertility, the economist Susan Hill Cochrane concluded that too little was known
about the mechanisms through which education affects population growth to allow policy-makers to rely
on improvements in educational opportunities to slow the rate of population growth. Since 1976 a large
number of scholars have focused on the impact of educationespecially the education of the girl childon
fertility, mortality, and population growth.

Opportunity in the United States since the New Deal. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1998.
Now here has the misunderstanding been more highlighted, than in public education? Not only have
fierce battles been waged, but some of the most serious attempts to correct the inherit conflicts, have
occurred in the schools. Bussing, multi-cultural education, vouchers, funding, bilingualism, federal and
state legislation, and judicial mandates are some of the notable efforts employed in recent years to
equalize educational resources, practices, and opportunities.
Jeanne Oakes asserts that the idea of educational equality advanced in the sixties and seventies was
extravagant and nave

Eurostat (2001)
Reducing poverty and food insecurity involves enhancement of agricultural productivity and production,
and income generation among producers as well as among those in rural areas who do not work the land.
Institutions are the structuring features that command access of people to assets, to voice, and to power
over their own lives, and that regulate competing claims to limited resources. Agricultural and rural
extension (communication) programmes are needed to reach out to those in rural areas who often enough
constitute the majority population. It is fundamental for government to address those institutional,
governance and politico-economic factors that tend to exclude individuals and population groups from
progress.

Costello, E. J., Compton, S. N., Keeler, G., et al (2003)

Relationships between poverty and psychopathology a natural experiment. JAMA, 290, 2023 2029.
Both the level of poverty and the rate at which it has changed vary greatly by region 0. In Sub-Saharan
Africa, the region with the most rapid rate of annual population growth and the lowest level of
contraceptive practice, there appears to have been no progress at all in reducing the level of dire poverty:
5

Quantitative techniques in Business

The proportion of Africans living on less than one dollar per day did not change at all between 1987 and
1998.

Patel, V. & Kleinman, A. (2003)

Poverty and unemployment increased the duration of episodes of common mental disorders but not the
likelihood of their onset. Financial strain was a better predictor of future psychiatric morbidity than either
of these more objective risk factors though the nature of this risk factor and its relation with poverty and
unemployment remain unclear.

Burstein, Paul. Discrimination, Jobs, and Politics: The Struggle for Equal
Employment. In 2004
The government enacted several changes to the FLSA, called FairPay. FairPay dealt mostly with
reclassifying job positions and their definitions. This caused many jobs to be switched between the
categories of exempt and non-exempt. Some supervisors who had previously been on wages were
required to switch to salaries, losing their overtime benefits. Other employees,
Especially in supportive roles of business administration, were moved from wages to exempt status.
These changes were made in order to classify jobs more according to their functions and responsibilities
than to their titles.
Most recently, the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 again raised the federal wage level, from $5.25 to
$7.25 an hour, to better represent state and private wages across the nation. This act will reach completion
in 2009.

By Edward J. Welniak (Jr.), Mark S. Littman, December 27, 2006.

Some demand theory economists see the inflation barrier as corresponding to the natural rate of
unemployment. The "natural" rate of unemployment is defined as the rate of unemployment that exists
when the labour market is in equilibrium and there is pressure for neither rising inflation rates nor falling
inflation rates. An alternative technical term for this rate is the NAIRU or the Non-Accelerating Inflation
Rate of Unemployment. No matter what its name, demand theory holds that this means that if the
unemployment rate gets "too low," inflation will accelerate in the absence of wage and price controls
(incomes policies

Dr Vincent Lorant, (2007)

A lowering in material standard of living between annual waves was associated with increases in
depressive symptoms and caseness of major depression. Life circumstances also influenced depression.
6

Quantitative techniques in Business

Ceasing to cohabit with a partner increased depressive symptoms and caseness, and improvement in
circumstances reduced them; the negative effects were stronger than the positive ones.

By Edward J. Welniak (Jr.), Mark S. "" October 18, 2014.

Social world of school operates by different rules or norms than the social world these children live in.
Focus should be placed on finding a harmonious relationship between the cultural values of students and
values emphasized in school. Considering that so many different cultures are represented in our society,
we often encounter students who belong to more than one cultural group. They may be poor in addition to
being non-English speaking

Correlation
In statistics dependence is any statistical relationship between two random variables or two sets of data.
Corrlelation refers to any of broad class of statistical relationship involving dependence
Example: Familiar examples of dependent phenomena include the correlation between parents and their
off springs, and the correlation between the demand for a product and its price.

A1

A2

A3

B1

B2

B3

C1

C2

C3

D1

D2

D3

A1
A2

1
-.027

-.027
1

.264
-.206

-.039
.238

-.020
.362**

-.075
-.059

.222
.067

-.006
.384**

.032
.207

.264
-.039
-.020

1
-.084
-.060

-.084
1
.069

-.060
.069
1

.223
.243
.303*

-.004
-.038
.012

.131
-.087
-.046

.039
.021
.215

.163
.114
.068

B3

.133

.030

-.148

.322*

.246

.129

.174

.278

.128

C1

.145

-.206
.238
.
362**
.
451**
-.342*

.145
-.342
*
.097
-.170
-.293
*
-.224

.145
.350*

A3
B1
B2

.133
.
451**
.030
-.148
.322*

.097

-.170

-.293*

-.224

.138

.213

.034

.039

C2

.145

.350*

.223

.243

.303*

.246

.057

.153

.320*

.294*

C3
D1
D2

-.075
.222
-.006

-.004
.131
.039

-.038
-.087
.021

.012
-.046
.215

.129
.174
.278

.057
.153
.320*

1
.270
.261

.270
1
.068

.261
.068
1

.210
.227
.261

D3

.032

-.059
.067
.
384**
.207

-.298
*
.138
.213
.034

-.298
*
1

.163

.114

.068

.128

.039

.294*

.210

.227

.261

Quantitative techniques in Business

Chi square
Chi square is an any statistical hypothesis test in which the sampling distribution of the test statistic is the
chi square distribution when the null hypothesis is true also consider a chi square test is a test in which
this is asymptotically true, meaning that the sampling distribution (If the null hypothesis is true) can be
made to approximate a chi square distribution as closely by making the sample size large enough.

Variables

46.000
52.400
25.680
28.000
23.200
33.800

P
value
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

55.600
27.400

.000
.000

27.600
52.600
26.600

.000
.000
.000

30.200

.000

value

Is increase in population is social indicator of poverty in Pakistan?

Most persons are worried about poverty in rural area or not?
The best reason of poverty in Pakistan is injustice of Government.
Do you think unemployment is due to lack of knowledge?
Is inefficiency cause un-employment?
In your opinion lack of opportunity is the cause of unemployment or
not?
In your opinion less opportunities increase exploitation of labour?
Is insufficient knowledge for required job cause of fewer
opportunities?
In your views lack of resources increase less opportunities?
Is devaluation of currency is the reason of increase in inflation rate?
Is highly loan taken away from other countries due to increase in
inflation rate?
Do you think increase in import is the reason of increase in inflation
rate?

Significance

Quantitative techniques in Business

`
The data about factors effecting the standard of life in order to financial order is calculated by mostly
male.

Most of the respondent are agree withincrease in population is social indicator of poverty in Pakistan .

Quantitative techniques in Business

A large amount of people says most persons are worried in rural area about poverty.

The respondent are strongly agree with the statement The best reason of poverty in Pakistan is injustice
of government.

Usually people are agreeing withunemployment is due to lack of knowledge.

10

Quantitative techniques in Business

Respondent are in favor of the statement inefficiency cause unemployment.

A large sum of people agrees and strongly agreeswith lack of opportunity is the cause of
unemployment.

Respondent are in favor less opportunities increase exploitation of labor.

11

Quantitative techniques in Business

The people are in favor with the statement insufficient knowledge for required job cause of less
opportunity.

A large number of people are agreeing with lack of resources increase less opportunity.

Respondent are agree with devaluation of currency is the reason of increase in inflation rate.

12

Quantitative techniques in Business

People are agreeing and strongly agree with highly loan taken away from other countries due to
increase in inflation rate.

Respondent are in favor of increase in imports is the reason of increase in inflation rate.

Reference
1
2
3
4

Mundell, James, Journal of Political Economy, LXXI (1963), 28083 "Inflation and Real Interest
Tobin, James, American Economic Review, March (1969), "Inflation and Unemployment
Warr, P. & Jackson, P. (1985) Factors influencing the psychological impact of prolonged
unemployment and of re-employment. Psychological Medicine, 15, 795 807.
Boxberger, J. T. & Matthews, K. A. (1994) Employment status and depressive symptoms in
middle-aged women: a longitudinal investigation.American Journal of Public Health, 84, 202
REFERENCE.
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Quantitative techniques in Business

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Chang, R. (1997) "Is Low Unemployment Inflationary?" Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
Economic Review 1Q97:413.
Weich, S. & Lewis, G. (1998a) Poverty, unemployment, and common mental disorders:
population based cohort study. BMJ, 317, 115 119
Opportunity in the United States since the New Deal. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998
Eurostat (2001) Statistics on Income, Poverty and Social Exclusion. Office for Official
Publications of the European Communities
Costello, E. J., Compton, S. N., Keeler, G., et al (2003)
Patel, V. &Kleinman, A. (2003) Poverty and common mental disorders in developing
countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81, 609 615
Burstein, Paul. Discrimination, Jobs, and Politics: The Struggle for Equal Employment.In 2004
By Edward J. Welniak (Jr.), Mark S. Littman, "US Census Bureau, income distribution of
individuals, employed full-time, year round, age 2564, 2006". Retrieved December 27, 2006.
Dr Vincent Lorant, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, UniversitCatholique de
Loygju7jjkiuvain, The British Journal of Psychiatry (2007)190: 293-298
By Edward J. Welniak (Jr.), Mark S. "" October 18, 2014.

14