Introduction

Evolution of Wireless technologies

Zero Generation
First Generation
Second Generation
Third Generation
Fourth Generation
Need for 5G?
Flat IP Network
5G-The NanoCore
Nanotechnology
Cloud Computing
All IP Network
Conclusion
References

INTRODUCTION
Technology is growing exponentially nowadays. This growth is incredible beneficial
for business and individuals, but all this technology is demanding more velocity and
bandwidth. For this purpose in the wired transmission world engineers and
telecommunication companies developed the optic fiber, but with a new technology field
called wireless transmission that is the transfer of data between two or more points
without a wired connection, other needs of velocity and bandwidth born. This birth start
with a technology called 1G that means first generation, trough the years another
generations arrived till the point that is almost arriving the 5G (fifth generation) wireless
technology. The following work is a research about the emerging wireless technology 5G,
the history and evolution of all the generations for a better understanding of the 5G, why
this technology is need, and how will be composed the 5G wireless technology.

The G5 mobile network is a complex concept at this moment because this new
technology is not pretending add more velocity to our devices thing that probably will
happen, the real pretension of this new technology is the the association of different
devices such as cellphones, smart houses, cars, etc. To make the life of users more
convenient and simple. Also this technology will be focused on energy efficiency, helping
this in the reduction of energy cost and expanding the hour-life of devices that use
batteries.

EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY (HISTORY)

The evolution of the wireless technology starts with a technology called Zero
Generation that is the previous steps before the evolution of the wireless technology,
the pre-cellular mobile technology, after that we have the First Generation that
introduced the analog wireless technology, the following technology was the Second
Generation and its updates that presented the digital mobile technology, the next
generation was called Third Generation and brought more efficiency and velocity to
the cellular network, and the actual technology that is called Fourth Generation that
is an upgrade of the previous generation.

Zero Generation Technology (0G)

Zero Generation (0G) refers to pre-cellular mobile telephony technology in 1970s.
These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase models
were also made. Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern cellular mobile
telephony technology. Since they were the predecessors of the first generation of cellular
telephones, these systems are sometimes referred to as 0G (zero generation) systems.
Technologies used in 0G systems included:
PTT (Push to Talk)
MTS (Mobile Telephone System)
IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service)
AMTS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System)

 OLT (Norwegian for Offentlig Landmobil Telefoni, Public Land Mobile

Telephony)
MTD (Message Terminal Device)
First Generation Technology (1G)
In 1980 the mobile cellular era had started, and since then mobile communications
have undergone significant changes and experienced enormous growth. First-generation
mobile systems used analog transmission for speech services. In 1979, the first cellular
system in the world became operational by Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) in
Tokyo, Japan. Two years later, the cellular epoch reached Europe. The two most popular
analogue systems were Nordic Mobile Telephones (NMT) and Total Access
Communication Systems (TACS). Other than NMT and TACS, some other analog
systems were also introduced in 1980s across the Europe. All of these systems offered
handover and roaming capabilities but the cellular networks were unable to inter-operate
between countries. This was one of the inevitable disadvantages of first-generation
mobile networks.

In the United States, the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was launched in
1982. The system was allocated a 40-MHz bandwidth within the 800 to 900 MHz
frequency range by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for AMPS. In 1988,
an additional 10 MHz bandwidth, called Expanded Spectrum (ES) was allocated to
AMPS. It was first deployed in Chicago, with a service area of 2100 square miles2.
AMPS offered 832 channels, with a data rate of 10 kbps. Although Omni directional
antennas were used in the earlier AMPS implementation, it was realized that using

directional antennas would yield better cell reuse. In fact, the smallest reuse factor that
would fulfill the 18db signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) using 120-degree directional
antennas was found to be 7.
Second Generation Technology (2G - 2.75G)
By the late 1980s, it was clear that the first generation cellular systemsbased on
analog signaling techniqueswere becoming obsolete. Advances in integrated circuit
(IC) technology had made digital communications not only practical, but, actually more
economical than analog technology.

Digital communication enables advanced source coding techniques to be utilized.

This allows the spectrum to be used much more efficiently and, thereby, reduces the
amount of bandwidth required for voice and video. In addition, we can use error
correction coding to provide a degree of resistance to interference and fading that plagues
analog systems, and to allow a lower transmit power. Second generation digital systems
can be classified by their multiple access techniques as either Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Code Division
Multiple Access (CDMA).

FDMA, the radio spectrum is divided into a set of frequency slots and each user is
assigned a separate frequency to transmit.
TDMA, several users transmit at the same frequency but in different time slots.
CDMA uses the principle of direct sequence spread-spectrum: the signals are
modulated with high bandwidth spreading waveforms called signature waveforms

or codes.

2.5G GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. It can be used for
services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging
Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide
Web access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred,
while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of
connection time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in
an idle state.

2.75 EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)

EDGE is a digital mobile phone technology which acts as a bolt-on enhancement to
2G and 2.5G General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) networks. This technology works in
GSM networks. EDGE is a superset to GPRS and can function on any network with
GPRS deployed on it, provided the carrier implements the necessary upgrades. EDGE
technology is an extended version of GSM. It allows the clear and fast transmission of
data and information.

Third Generation Technology (3G 3.75G)

HSPA data transmission capabilities able to deliver speeds up to 14.4Mbit/s on the
downlink and 5.8Mbit/s on the uplink. Spectral efficiency or spectrum efficiency refers to
the amount of information that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a specific

digital communication system. High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a collection of

mobile telephony protocols that extend and improve the performance of existing
UMTS protocols.

3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA. 3G (Third Generation Technology)

technologies make use of value added services like mobile television, GPS (global
positioning system) and video Conferencing.

3.5G HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)

HSDPA provides a smooth evolutionary path for UMTS-based 3G networks allowing
for higher data transfer speeds. HSDPA is a packet-based data service in W-CDMA
downlink with data transmission up to 8-10 Mbit/s (and 20 Mbit/s for MIMO systems)
over a 5MHz bandwidth in WCDMA downlink.

3.75G HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)

The HSUPA mobile telecommunications technology is directly related to HSDPA and
the two are complimentary to one another. HSUPA will enhance advanced person-toperson data applications with higher and symmetric data rates, like mobile e-mail and
real-time person-to-person gaming. Traditional useful applications along with many
consumer applications will benefit from enhanced uplink speed. HSUPA will initially
boost the UMTS / WCDMA uplink up to 1.4Mbps and in later releases up to 5.8Mbps.

Fourth Generation 4G (Actual Generation)

It is basically the extension in the 3G technology with more bandwidth and services
offers in the 3G. The expectation for the 4G technology is basically the high quality
audio/video streaming over end to end Internet Protocol. If the Internet Protocol (IP)
multimedia sub-system movement achieves what it going to do, nothing of this possibly
will matter. WiMAX or mobile structural design will become progressively more
translucent, and therefore the acceptance of several architectures by a particular network
operator ever more common.Some of the companies trying 4G communication at 100
Mbps for mobile users and up to 1 Gbps over fixed stations.

WHY THE WORLD NEEDS A FIFTH WIRELESS GENERATION?

One of the main benefits of 5G technology over 4G will not be its speed of delivery
which admittedly could be between 10Gbps and 100Gbps. The actual 4G technology
has a very quit response, but is not a real-time response. While the latency of the 4G
network oscillated between 20 and 40 milliseconds, the expectations of the 5G will be
between 1 and 10 milliseconds.

The capacity is an important factor too. With the Internet of Things (devices such as
smart homes, automation, smart cars, etc) becoming more and more important over time,
where gadgets and objects employ smart, connected features that they have never had
before, the strain on bandwidth will continue to grow.

Initial ideas behind 5G is that an infrastructure will be in place to avoid that. It will
be more adaptive to users needs and demands and therefore able to allocate more or
less bandwidth based on the application.
FLAT IP NETWORK
Mobile networks have been designed up to this point for circuit-switched voice.
Wireless networks were designed in a hierarchic fashion to aggregate, authenticate,
manage and direct calls. Flat network architecture removes that voice centralized
hierarchy from the network. Instead of overlaying a packet data core on the voice
network, separate and much-simplified data architecture can be implemented that
removes the multiple elements from the network chain. BSC functions are divided
between Base station and media gateway router. Base station will communicate directly
via 3GDT (3G direct tunnel) with media gateway over WAN ( Carrier Ethernet, MW,
DWDM etc). Some of the functions of BSC/RNC such as Radio resource management,
Radio Bearer Control, and Dynamic allocations of resources will be handled by base
stations, while functions such as Distribution of paging messages, Security will be
function by mobility manager, located in Gateway router.

This approach has clearly visible advantages. It will save significant amount of
Capex and Opex as, service provider will have fewer hopes and fewer network entities.
By reducing the number of hops on the network, data travels faster between end points,

greatly reducing the network latency to help support real-time applications such as voice
over IP (VoIP), gaming and videoconferencing.

The flat IP architectures have emerged with WiMAX, and future LTE networks will
be flat by definition.
THE NANOCORE CONCEPT
The Nanocore on 5G promises to bring the fusion of three actual technologies. Those
technologies are:
Nanotechnology
It is the application of nano-science to control process on nanometer scale. i.e
between 0.1 and 100nm.The field is also known as molecular
nanotechnology(MNT).MNT deals with control of the structure of matter based on atomby-atom and molecule by molecule engineering. The term nanotechnology was
introduced by Nori Taniguchi in 1974 at the Tokyo international conference on
production engineering.

Nanotechnology is the next industrial revolution, and the telecommunications

industry will be radically transformed by it in a few years. Nanotechnology has shown its
impact on both mobile as well as the core network. Apart from this it has its own impact
on sensor as well as security. This is considered as a most
significant in telecommunication.

Cloud computing
Cloud Computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote server to
maintain data and applications. In 5G network this central remote server will be our
content provide. Cloud computing allows consumers and business to use applications
without installation and access their personal files at any computer with internet access.
The same concept is going to be used in Nanocore where the user tries to access his
private account form a global content provider through Nanocore in form of cloud. This
could make our user to obtain much more real-time application to utilize his 5G network
efficiently. Secure and reliable service can be provided with the help of quantum
cryptography.

Cloud computing customer avoids capital expenditure for the Nanocore thereby also
reducing the cost of purchasing physical infrastructure by renting the usage from a third
party Provider(Content Provider). The Nanocore devours the resources and pay for what
it uses.

Cloud computing has three main segments:

1. Applications : It is based on, on demand software services. On demand software
services come in different varieties. They vary in their pricing scheme and how the
software is delivered to the end users. In the past, the end-user would purchase a
server that can be accessed by the end user over the internet.

2. Platform: The platform segment of cloud computing refers to products that are
used to deploy internet. Net Suite, Amazon, Google, and Microsoft have also
developed platforms that allow users to access applications from centralized servers.
Google, Net Suite, Rack space cloud, amazon.com and sales force are some of the
active platforms.

3. Infrastructure: The third segment in cloud computing, known as the infrastructure,

is the backbone of the entire concept. Infrastructure vendors environments such as
Google gears allow users to build applications.

All IP Network:
The All-IP Network (AIPN) is an evolution of the 3GPP system to meet the
increasing demands of the mobile telecommunications market. To meets customer
demand for real-time data applications delivered over mobile broadband networks,
wireless operators are turning to flat IP network architectures. Primarily focused upon
enhancements of packet switched technology, AIPN provides a continued evolution and
optimization of the system concept in order to provide a competitive edge in terms of
both performance and cost.

The key benefits of flat IP architectures are lower costs universal seamless access
improved user experience reduced system latency decoupled radio access and core
network evolution

Data will flow more freely as mobile communications networks move toward a "flat
IP" model, but developers and operators will face new security challenges. This kind of
security challenges can be trounced by nanotechnology.

The key aspects of the All IP:

Support for a variety of different access systems
Common capabilities provided independent to the type of service provided with
convergence to IP technology considered from the perspective of the system as a
whole
High performance mobility management that provides end-user, terminal and session
mobility
Ability to adapt and move sessions from one terminal to another
Ability to select the appropriate access system based on a range of criteria
Provision of advanced application services as well as seamless and ubiquitous
services
Ability to efficiently handle and optimally route a variety of different types of
IP traffic including user-to-user, user-to-group and ubiquitous service traffic models
High level of security and support for user privacy e.g. location privacy, identity
privacy
Methods for ensuring QoS within and across AIPNs
Appropriate identification of terminals, subscriptions and users
Federation of identities across different service providers

CONCLUSION
This research paper exposed the futuristic wireless data transmission technology that
everything points out that will be called Fifth Generation (5G). This technology is
projected to arrived at the end of this decade or the beginning of the next one as the
previous generations did. This new technology promise to bring as is expected more
velocity and bandwidth, but besides, this technology will employ the use of
nanotechnology for security purpose and will also merge various service to make the life
of the user more easy. Companies and engineers around the world started thinking on
what are the real necessities that the users will have in the following six or seven years to
make a solid solution for all the future users requirement.

REFERENCES