Professional Documents
Culture Documents
no formulation of hypothesis
collect data then decide what important question to
consider
of course yu should have some general questions which
will then be narrowed down
data collection and analysis take palce simulteneously
do reflection and confirm the reflection in subsequent
interview etc.
4. How people make sence out of their lives is a major
concern of kualitatife research
They want to know what the participants are thinking and
why they think that way
Andaian, goals, motives, reason may dominate the
researches question
5. Establish thruswortiness
Check the crdibility of data. How? Prolonged
engagement and persistent obervation to provide
sufficient scope and depth
Use of triangulation multiple methods of data
gathering
Periodic debriefing with peers and members check
To enhance dependebility (reliability: Ary and Jacobs)-do
auditing about the proses. Semua kena simpan
(makluamt yang dikumpul)
Third party auditor will examine the stydu to attest the
procedure employed and examine the confirmability of
the findings
Penyelidik mungkin menunjukkan kepada participant
notes yang diambil to check the accuracy of interpretasi
penyelidik. Nak report as accurate as possible
Reporting
Heavily narrative .often present the anecdote of
participants
Three common forms of kualitative research
1.
2.
3.
Participant observation
Nonparticipants observation
enthnographic
Participants observation
2
Inference
Content analysis opnly decsribe what is in the text
Cannot reveal the intention of those who created the text
nor can it determine the effect of the message upon those
who read the text. To make an inference we have to do a
saperate reserch project probably experiment.
Sampling in obeservational studies
Apa yang kita lihat ialanya sampel of classes atau masa.
Umumnya kita akan mengambil sampel bermatlamat. Kita
pilih sampel yang memungkinkan kita memperolehi hasil
yang kita kehendaki.
Persoalaannya ialah: sejauhmana situasi yang dicerap
mewakili keseluruhan situasi?
Adalah kelas yang kita cerap mewakili kesemua kelas
berkaitan?
Adakah kita cerap tingkahlaku pelajar menggunakan
representative sampel?
Penting supaya kita tidak memperolhi gambaran yang
tidak tepat mengenai hasil kajian kita.
Ethnography
A combination of participants obervationa and the
nonparticipants observations in an attemt to obtain a
wholistic picture of ..
Emphasinya ialah documenting pengalaman seharian
dengan cerapan dan temubual serta menggunakan lainlain dokumen
It is an in-depth interviewing and continual and on-going
participants observation of the situation
Try to capture as much of what is going on whole picture
Here we may have a generla research question. Observe,
then make initial conclusion that may suggest you to
gather more data that may lead you to revise the initial
conclusion
Example: what is life like in an inner-city school
So you kaji very aspek (experience of students,
teachers, administrators)
Reflection
On analysis:
Methods;
Attitudes of the reseacher: