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EH/OCT 2012/CHE335/393
COURSE
COURSE CODE
CHE335/393
EXAMINATION
OCTOBER 2012
TIME
3 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1.
2.
Answer ALL questions in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page.
Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the
invigilator.
4.
Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of:
i)
ii)
iii)
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EH/OCT 2012/CHE335/393
QUESTION 1
a) Sketch the energy level diagram which consists of rotational, vibrational and electronic
energy levels.
(5 marks)
b) A transducer can produce an electrical signal that is easily amplified and has a low
electrical noise level. List three (3) examples of transducers used in spectroscopic
instruments.
(3 marks)
c) A solution containing 5 ppm of KMn0 4 has a transmittance (T) of 0.360 measured in a
1.5 cm cell at 500 nm. Calculate the molar absorptivity (s) of KMn0 4 in L.mol"1.cm"1.
Given:
Molecular weight KMn0 4 = 158 g.mol"1
(4 marks)
d) The molar absorptivities, (s) at two wavelengths (A) of Co(N0 3 ) 2 and Cr(N03)3 in the
unknown sample are summarized in the following table.
Table 1 Molar absorptivities of Co(N0 3 ) 2 and Cr(N0 3 ) 3
Molar absorptivity
(M*1crrT)
/ Component
510
575
Co(N03)2
Cr(N03)3
36200
5520
1240
16500
The detected absorbance at wavelength {X) of 510 nm and 575 nm are 0.671 and
0.330 respectively. The cell's path length (b) is 1.0 cm. Calculate the concentration (c) of
Co(N0 3 ) 2 and Cr(N03)3.
(7 marks)
QUESTION 2
a) Figure 1 shows two analyte bands in two different High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC) columns, Column X and Column Y, which have the same
length, 150 mm.
A B
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i)
EH/OCT 2012/CHE335/393
QUESTION 3
a) Explain the two (2) functions of guard column and one (1) function of degasser in High
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
(6 marks)
b) Explain a difference between gradient elution and isocratic elution. From these two types
of elution, state which could give a better separation and explain why.
(6 marks)
c) The following data apply for liquid chromatography on a 25 cm packed column. A
chromatogram of a mixture of species A and B provided the following data.
Species
A
B
(2 marks)
(4 marks)
(2 marks)
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EH/OCT 2012/CHE335/393
QUESTION 4
ii) Referring to Figure 2, list two (2) possible bonds which correspond to the highlighted
regions and verify the spectrum is for 1-octene.
(4 marks)
iii) State the intensity of the transmittance of both peaks either it is strong, medium or
weak.
(4 marks)
b) Double beam in time is the most common type of spectrophotometer instrument which is
commercially available. Figure 3 below shows a schematic diagram of this instrument.
Label all the components in this figure.
too.
50- ^ 1
o***
( > <
^ ft
f - - T
j P i
ruH HB
B
C
Figure 3: Schematic diagram of Double Beam In Time.
(9 marks)
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EH/OCT 2012/CHE335/393
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EH/OCT 2012/CHE335/393
QUESTION 5
a) Define atomization.
(3 marks)
b) Determine the longer wavelength using these two data sets; light with a frequency of
7.84 x 1013 s"1 and light with energy of 5.13 x 10"13 J. Given c = 3.00 x 108 ms"1 and
fc = 6.63x10-34J-s.
(6 marks)
c) List the three (3) steps of heating process in electrothermal atomizers.
(3 marks)
d) The two most common methods of sample atomization encountered in Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) are flame atomization and electrothermal atomization.
Flame atomizer is an example of a discrete atomizer and it is the critical step because a
lot of complex ions produce in the flame.
i) Sketch and label the diagram of flame region for AAS.
(4 marks)
ii) Explain the atomization process occurred for every region.
(6 marks)
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Functional Group
Alcohol
O-H
O-H
C-0
Alkane
C-H
-C-H
Alkene
=C-H
=C-H
C=C
Alkyl Halide
C-F
C-CI
C-Br
C-l
Alkyne
C-H
-c.sr.
Amine
N-H
C-N
N-H
Aromatic
C-H
C=C
Carbonyl
C=0
Ether
C-0
Nitrile
CN
Nitro
N-0
APPENDIX 1
EH/OCT 2012/CHE335/393
Type of Vibration
Characteristic
Absorptions (cm' 1 )
(stretch, H-bonded)
(stretch, free)
(stretch)
3200-3600
3500-3700
1050-1150
Stretch
Bending
2850-3000
1350-1480
stretch
bending
stretch
3010-3100
675-1000
1620-1680
stretch
stretch
stretch
stretch
1000-1400
600-800
500-600
500
stretch
stretch
3300
2100-2260
stretch
stretch
bending
3300-3500
1080-1360
1600
stretch
stretch
3000-3100
1400-1600
stretch
1670-1820
stretch
1000-1300(1070-1150)
stretch
2210-2260
stretch
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