FM

FREQUENCY
DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
AND
DEMULTIPLEXING
Aim:
To Study Frequency Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
Objective:
To generate and plot sine waves of modulating frequency
1Hz,3 Hz and 5 Hz.
To generate sine waves of carrier frequency
1KHz,3KHz,5KHz.
To generate and plot modulated signals of each sine wave.
To plot the transmitted signal.
To plot the output from band pass filter.
To plot the demodulated signals
Apparatus:
1. Frequency division multiplexing/ de-multiplexing experiment
board.
2. CRO
3. Patch chords
4. Mat lab software
INTRODUCTION TO MULTIPLEXING: Multiplexing is process of simultaneously transmitting two or

more individual analog or digital signals over a single
communication channel. For examples, in
telecommunication, several phone calls may be transferred
using one wire.
A device that performs the multiplexing is called a
multiplexer(MUX), and a device that performs the reverse is
called a demultiplexer(DEMUX).
In standard information terms, a communications scheme

consists of an information source, transmitter, channel,
receiver and destination.
Theory:
FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEX: In analog transmission signals are commonly multiplexed
using frequency-division multiplexing. In which the carrier
bandwidth is divided into sub channels of different frequency
widths, each carrying a signal at the same time in parallel.
Traditional terrestrial microwave and satellite links employ
FDM.
FDM is used in broadcast& cable TV and commercial &
cellular radio.
FDM is an analog techniques that can be applied when the
bandwidth of a link is greater than the combined bandwidths
of the signals to be transmitted.
Low Pass Filter:A low-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes low-frequency
signals but attenuates signals with frequencies higher than
the cutoff frequency. The actual amount of attenuation for each
frequency varies from filter to filter. Low-pass filters provide a
smoother form of a signal, removing the short-term fluctuations,
and leaving the longer-term trend.
Balanced Modulator:In a balanced modulator, a signal is a modulated using two

carriers that are 180 degrees out of phase. The resulting signals
are then combined in such a way that the carrier components
cancel, leaving a DSB-SC (double sideband, supposed carrier)
signal.
Band pass filter:BPF are use when a particular band, or spread, or frequencies
need to be filtered from a wider range of mixed signals. Filter
circuits can be designed to accomplish this task by combining the
properties of low pass and high pass into a singel filter. The result
is called a band pass filter.
The response of the band pass filter is shown in fig.
Guard bands and their importance:

The adjacent spectrums in the spectrum of a FDM signal are
separated from each other by guard bands.
The guard bands are introduced in order to avoid any
interference between the adjacent channels.
Block diagram:
Three input signals from source A, source B, source C are fed to

the transmitters 1,2,3 having bandwidth 200 kHz each and centre
frequencies 92.1 MHz ,92.3 MHz,92.5 MHz respectively. The
signals from three transmitters are fed to the channel which is
capable of passing frequency band 92.0-92.6 MHz. The output
from the channel is given to the three band-pass filters having
lower frequencies 92.0 MHz,92.2 MHz,92.4 MHz and higher
frequencies 92.2 MHz, 92.4 MHz, 92.6 MHz respectively. The
output from the respective bandpass filters are demodulated by
respective demodulators from where the original
Procedure:
1. Study the circuit configuration on the front panel of the
trainer
2. Connect carrier 1 output to the carrier 1 input of modulator 1
circuit
3. Connect AF signal 1output to the AF signal 1 input of
modulator 1 circuit
4. Connect carrier 2 output to the carrier 2 input of modulator 2

circuit
5. Connect AF signal 2 outputs to the AF signal 2 input of
modulator 2 circuit
6. Keep AF signal 1 amplitude of 1 Vpp& trigger CRO with THIS
signal
7. Keep AF signal 2 amplitude at minimum position
8. Connect CRO channel A with TP2 socket & observe the
suppressed carrier double side band signal
9. Connect channel A at the adder output i.e. FDM output. We
will observe the same signal as in step 8 has appeared here,
which is modulated & added to form FDM signal.
Circuit Diagram:
Connection Diagram:
MATLAB CODE:
clc; % clear command window
clear all; % clear workspace
close all; %close all the previous windows
%% Signals to transmit.
fs = 20000;
%this section will generate and
1Hz,3Hz ,5Hz
% Sine Waves.
[x1 t1] = Generate_Sin(1, 1, 0,
% Sampling frequency.
plot the sine waves of frequency
1, fs);
1, fs);
1, fs);
% Sine wave, f = 1 Hz.

numOfSamplesPerSignal = fs + 1;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t1, x1, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
axis([t1(1) t1(end) min(x1)-0.2 max(x1)+0.2]);
title('Sine Wave, f = 1 Hz', 'Fontsize', 14);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t2, x2, 'g', 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t3, x3, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
%% Carrier Signals.
%this section will generate the carrier waves of frequency 1kHz,3
kHz,5 kHz
fc1 = Generate_Sin(1, 1000, 0, 1, fs);

fc2 = Generate_Sin(1, 3*1000, 0, 1, fs);
% Sine wave, f = 1 kHz.

%% Modulated Signals.
%this section will generate and plot the modulated signals
m1 = x1 .* fc1;
m2 = x2 .* fc2;
m3 = x3 .* fc3;
figure;
subplot(3, 1, 1);
plot(m1, 'r');
axis([0 length(m1) min(m1)-0.2 max(m1)+0.2]);
title('Modulated Signal, m1', 'Fontsize', 14);
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
subplot(3, 1, 2);
plot(m2, 'g');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
subplot(3, 1, 3);
plot(m3, 'b');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
figure;
subplot(3, 1, 1);
plot(abs(fft(m1)), 'r');
axis([0 length(m1) 0 1]);
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Amplitude\newline(Zoomed)');
grid on;
subplot(3, 1, 2);
plot(abs(fft(m2)), 'g');
grid on;
subplot(3, 1, 3);
plot(abs(fft(m3)), 'b');
grid on;
figure;
subplot(3, 1, 1);
spectrogram(m1);
subplot(3, 1, 2);
spectrogram(m2);
subplot(3, 1, 3);
spectrogram(m3);
%% Transmitted Signal.
%this section will plot the transmitted signals
Tx = m1 + m2 + m3;
figure;
subplot(3, 1, 1);
plot(Tx);
axis([0 length(Tx) min(Tx)-1 max(Tx)+1]);
title('Transmitted Signal, Tx', 'Fontsize', 14);
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
subplot(3, 1, 2);
plot(abs(fft(Tx)));
axis([0 length(Tx) 0 1]);
grid on;
subplot(3, 1, 3);
spectrogram(Tx);
%% Received Signal.
Rx = Tx;
% Channel is considered to be noiseless.
%% Bandpass Filtered Signals.

% Hamming-Window based linear-phase FIR Bandpass Filters.
% The cut-off frequencies are normalized.
% (No. of filter coeff. = 120, each).
bpf1 = fir1(120, [.05 0.15]);
% Cut-off freq., fc1=0.05 &
fc2=0.15
bpf2 = fir1(120, [.25 0.35]);
fc2=0.35
bpf3 = fir1(120, [.45 0.55]);
fc2=0.55
% Bandpass Filtered Signals.
%this section will plot the filtered signals
bpf_filtered_m1 = filter(bpf1, 1, Rx);
figure;
subplot(3, 1, 1);
plot(bpf_filtered_m1, 'r');
axis([0 length(bpf_filtered_m1) min(bpf_filtered_m1)-0.2
max(bpf_filtered_m1)+0.2]);
title('Bandpass Filtered Signal, bpf\_filtered\_m1', 'Fontsize', 14);
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
subplot(3, 1, 2);
plot(bpf_filtered_m2, 'g');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
subplot(3, 1, 3);
plot(bpf_filtered_m3, 'b');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
%% Demodulated Signals. (Coherent Demodulation).
%this section will plot the demodulated signals
% Generate Carrier Signals.
fc1 = Generate_Sin(1, 1000, 0, 1, fs);


% Multiply Bandpass Filtered signals with respective Carrier Signals.

mfc1 = bpf_filtered_m1 .* fc1;
% Hamming-Window based linear-phase FIR Lowpass Filters.
% The cut-off frequencies are normalized.
% (No. of filter coeff. = 120, each).
lpf1 = fir1(120, 0.1);
% Cut-off freq., fc=0.1
lpf2 = fir1(120, 0.3);
lpf3 = fir1(120, 0.5);
% Lowpass Filtered Signals.
demuxed_x1 = 2 * filter(lpf1, 1, mfc1);
figure;
subplot(3, 1, 1);
plot(demuxed_x1, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
axis([0 length(demuxed_x1) min(demuxed_x1)-0.2 max(demuxed_x1)+0.2]);
title('Demuxed Signal, demuxed\_x1 (Coherent Demodulation).',
'Fontsize', 14);
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
subplot(3, 1, 2);
plot(demuxed_x2, 'g', 'LineWidth', 2);
'Fontsize', 14);
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
subplot(3, 1, 3);
plot(demuxed_x3, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
'Fontsize', 14);
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
%% Demodulated Signals. (Envelope Detection).
demuxed_x1 = abs(hilbert(bpf_filtered_m1));
figure;
subplot(3, 1, 1);
plot(demuxed_x1, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Demuxed Signal, demuxed\_x1 (Envelope Detection).', 'Fontsize',
14);
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
subplot(3, 1, 2);
plot(demuxed_x2, 'g', 'LineWidth', 2);
14);
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
subplot(3, 1, 3);
plot(demuxed_x3, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
14);
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
WAVEFORMS:
Sine Wave, f = 1 Hz
1
0
-1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time
0.6
0.5
Time
0.6
0.5
Time
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.9
Sine Wave, f = 3 Hz
1
0
-1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.7
Sine Wave, f = 5 Hz
1
0
-1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Fig 1
0.7
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
Modulated Signal, m1
2
0
-2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
x 10
2
4
0
-2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
x 10
2
4
0
-2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
1.2
Fig 2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
4
x 10
Amplitude
(Zoomed)
Amplitude
(Zoomed)
Amplitude
(Zoomed)
1
0.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Frequency
1.4
1.6
1.8
x 10
2
4
0.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Frequency
1.4
1.6
1.8
x 10
2
4
0.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Frequency
Fig 3
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
4
x 10
Time
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Time
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Time
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Fig 4
Amplitude
Amplitude
(Zoomed)
4
2
0
-2
-4
Transmitted Signal, Tx
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
x 10
1
0.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Frequency
1.4
1.6
1.8
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Fig 5
2
4
x 10
Time
2
4
0.9
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
Bandpass Filtered Signal, bpf_filtered_m1
2
0
-2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
4
x 10
0
-2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
4
x 10
0
-2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
1.2
Fig 6
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
4
x 10
Amplitude
Demuxed Signal, demuxed_x1 (Coherent Demodulation).

2
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
4
x 10
Amplitude

2
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
4
x 10
Amplitude

2
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
1.2
Fig 7
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
4
x 10
Amplitude
Demuxed Signal, demuxed_x1 (Envelope Detection).
2
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
4
x 10
Amplitude
2
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
4
x 10
Amplitude
2
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
4
x 10
Fig 8
Advantages of FDM:
1. Here user can be added to the system by simply adding
another pair of transmitter modulator and receiver
domodulators.
2. FDM system support full duplex information flow which is
required by most of application.
3. Noise problem for analog communication has lesser effect.
Disadvantages of FDM:
1. In FDM system, the initial cost is high. This may include the
cable between the two ends and the associated connectors
for the cable.
2. In FDM system, a problem for one user can sometimes affect
others.
3. In FDM system, each user requires a precise carrier
frequency.
Applications:
1. Telegraphy
The earliest communication technology using electrical wires, and
therefore sharing an interest in the economies afforded by
multiplexing, was the electric telegraph. Early experiments
allowed two separate messages to travel in opposite directions
simultaneously, first using an electric battery at both ends, then
at only one end.
2. Telephony
In telephony, a customer's telephone line now typically ends at
the remote concentrator box down the street, where it is
multiplexed along with other telephone lines for
that neighbourhood or other similar area. The multiplexed signal
is then carried to the central switching office on significantly
fewer wires and for much further distances than a customer's line
can practically go. This is likewise also true for digital subscriber
lines (DSL).
3. Digital broadcasting
In digital television and digital radio systems, several variable bitrate data streams are multiplexed together to a fixed bit rate
transport stream by means of statistical multiplexing. This makes
it possible to transfer several video and audio channels
simultaneously over the same frequency channel, together with
various services.
Result:
Fig 1 shows Sine waves at modulating frequencies 1Hz,3Hz
and 5Hz are generated and plotted
Fig 2 shows Modulated signals of frequencies 1KHz,3KHz and
5KHZ are generated and plotted
Fig 3 shows frequency spectrum of modulated signals
Fig 4 shows modulated frequency at normalized frequency
Fig 5 shows plot of transmitted signal
Fig 6 shows band pass filtered signals
Fig 7 and 8 shows demultiplexed signals
Hence ,the frequency multiplexing and demultiplexing have
been generated successfully

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FREQUENCY

INTRODUCTION TO MULTIPLEXING: Multiplexing is process of simultaneously transmitting two or

In standard information terms, a communications scheme

Balanced Modulator:In a balanced modulator, a signal is a modulated using two

The response of the band pass filter is shown in fig.

Guard bands and their importance:

Three input signals from source A, source B, source C are fed to

4. Connect carrier 2 output to the carrier 2 input of modulator 2

% Sine wave, f = 1 Hz.

fc1 = Generate_Sin(1, 1000, 0, 1, fs);

% Sine wave, f = 1 kHz.

%% Bandpass Filtered Signals.

% Sine wave, f = 1 kHz.

fc2 = Generate_Sin(1, 3*1000, 0, 1, fs);

% Sine wave, f = 3 kHz.

% Multiply Bandpass Filtered signals with respective Carrier Signals.

Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)

Bandpass Filtered Signal, bpf_filtered_m1

Bandpass Filtered Signal, bpf_filtered_m2

Bandpass Filtered Signal, bpf_filtered_m3

Demuxed Signal, demuxed_x1 (Coherent Demodulation).

Demuxed Signal, demuxed_x2 (Coherent Demodulation).

Demuxed Signal, demuxed_x3 (Coherent Demodulation).

Demuxed Signal, demuxed_x1 (Envelope Detection).

Demuxed Signal, demuxed_x2 (Envelope Detection).

Demuxed Signal, demuxed_x3 (Envelope Detection).

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