Math 310 Problem Set 2

Jiyang Xie 1

Problem 6 (S p.26)
(a) Given any w Cz , we wish to show there exists an open ball B(w) contained in Cz .
Since Cz , for any point in Cz , we can construct an open ball contained in . Since open
balls are path connected and w B(w), we have that B(w) Cz , showing that Cz is open.
To see that Cz is connected, recall again that Cz is necessarily path-connected. Given any
two points a, b Cz , we can simply concatenate the path from a to z and the path from z
to b, both of which are contained in .
Condition (i) is trivially satisfied. Condition (ii) is true since a path from w to z implies a
path from z to w contained in Cw Cz . Condition (iii) is true similarly by concatenating
the path from z to w and the path from to z to obtain the path from to w.
(b) Suppose by contradiction that has uncountably many connected components. Then we
could obtain an uncountable number of open balls from each component. Each ball contains
a point with rational coordinates. Since Q Q is countable, we have a contradiction.
(c) Note that the complement of a disc D containing the compact set is open and bounded.
Any other set A in the complement of the compact set is necessarily contained in the disc
and so must be bounded. Thus, there can be only one unbounded component.

.........
Problem 9 (S p.27-28)
y
x
= u
+ u
= u
cos() + u
sin(). Similarly, multivariable chain
We have that u
r
x r
y r
x
y
v
v
v
rule and Cauchy-Reimann gives us = x (r) sin() + y
(r) cos() = u
(r) sin() +
y
u
(r) cos() = r u
, as desired. Equivalently, we have that u
= u
(r) sin()+ u
(r) cos() =
x
r

x
y
v
v
v
(r) sin() + x (r) cos() = r r , as desired.
y

We wish to apply Theorem 2.4. Let f (rei ) = log(r) + i. We have that both log(r) and
are continuously differentiable on the region r > 0 and < < , so we need only show
= 1 = r 1r = r u
that it satisfies the Cauchy-Reimann relations. This is easily checked: v

r
v
1 u
and r = 0 = r .

.........
Problem 12 (S p.27-28)
Checking the Cauchy-Reimann equations at the origin, we get
v
v
0 = y
and u
= limh0 u(0,0+h)u(0,0)
= 0 = x
.
y
h

u
x

= limh0

u(0+h,0)u(0,0)
h

However, f is not holomorphic - finding the derivative at the origin along the line x = y
1
gives us limh0 u(h,h)u(0,0)
= 1+i
6= 0.
h+ih

.........
Problem 14 (S p.28-29)
We first consider the far right term,
N
1
X
n=M

(an+1 an )

n
X
i=1

bi =

N
1
X

n
n
X
X
( (an+1 bi ) (
an bi ))

n=M i=1

September 18th, 2014

i=1

Math 310 Problem Set 2

Jiyang Xie 2

This sum telescopes to give

M
1
X

aM bk ) + (

N
1
X

ai bi ) + (

N
1
X
j=1

i=M

k=1

aN b j )

The right side of the claim then becomes

N
M
1
M
1
N
1
N
1
N
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
(
aN b q ) (
aM b r ) (
aM bk ) (
ai bi ) (
aN b j ) = aN b N +
ai b i
q=1

r=1

i=M

k=1

j=1

i=M

N
X

ai b i

i=M

.........
Problem 16 (S p.28-29)
(a) Hadamards formula gives us
limn log(n)2/n = 1 = R = 1.

1
R

= lim sup(log(n))2/n . limn log log(n)2/n = 0 =

(d) We evaluate the limit directly with Sterlings.



1/n
1/n
(cnn+(1/2) en )3
(n!)3
= lim sup
lim sup
(3n)!
c(3n)3n+(1/2) e3n
 3 3n+(3/2) 3n 1/n
cn
e
= lim sup
3n+(1/2)
c(3n)
e3n

1/n
c2 n
= lim sup 3n+(1/2)
3
 1/n 
n
= lim sup
33
1
=
27
So, R = 27.

.........
Problem 17 (S p.28-29)
|
We have that , N such that n > N , |L |a|an+1
| <  =
n|
recursively, we get

|an+1 |
|an |

|an | > |L |nN |aN |

|an |1/n > |L |1N/n |aN |1/n
lim |an |1/n > |L |

| lim

n
|an |1/n

L| < 

Thus, we have limn |an |1/n = L, as desired.

.........
September 18th, 2014

> |L |. Applying this

Math 310 Problem Set 2

Jiyang Xie 3

Problem 19 (S p.28-29)
c. Using summation of parts and the fact that |z| = 1.
!
!
n
n1
X
1 1 z n+1 1 1 z X 1
1 1 z j+1
zi
lim
= lim

)
(
n
n
i
n
1

z
1
1

z
j
+
1
j 1z
i=1
j=1
!
n1
X
1
|1| + |z j+1 |
1 |1| + |z n+1 |
1+
(
lim
n
n |1 z|
j(j + 1) |1 z|
j=1
!
n1
X
1 2
1
2
lim
1+
(
)
n
n |1 z|
j(j
+
1)
|1 z|
j=1
Note that the right limit exists (the infinite series term is a p-series with p = 2), thus we
have that our original series converges.

.........

September 18th, 2014