Bibliography

Different forms of Capital (Social, Human and Cultural) and Self-Esteem

The different articles have been arranged into Social, Human, Cultural and
Combination of all three forms of capital.
SOCIAL
Baron, S., Field, J. and Schuller, T. eds (2000) Social Capital: Critical
Perspectives, Oxford University Press
Barry,M.,M., Doherty,A., Hope,A., Sixsmith,J., and Kelleher,C.,C., (2000) A
community needs assessment for rural mental health promotion, Health
Education Research, vol.15, No.3, 293-304, June 2000
This paper describes the needs assessment phase of a mental health promotion for
rural communities in Ireland. As part of a larger study encompassing four rural
communities, a cross-sectional study of the mental health beliefs and perceptions of
1014 people was carried out. Employing a combination of interviewer-administered
questionnaire and the vignette method, the needs assessment explores the levels of
awareness, current practices, attitudes and stigma concerning depression and suicide
among a randomly selected quota sample of community members. Lower levels of
awareness, less confidence in dealing with mental health issues, negative attitudes to
help-seeking and social stigma emerge as particular issues for men and the under 40
age group. Women were found to have more positive attitudes generally, were more
likely to use informal social support networks and were more open about discussing
mental health matters. Social relationships, negative thinking patterns and social
stresses were perceived as being particularly important in exploring the origins of
depression. The implications of the findings for planning the intervention phase of
the project are considered.

Boeck, T., and Fleming, J. (2005)

Social Policy-A Help or a hindrance to social capital?
Social Policy and Society, 4:3 259-270 Cambridge University Press
This paper explores the meaning and usefulness of social capital through considering
the work the authors have done with community projects. It sets out the model of
social capital developed from discussions with community members, which has
applied the theoretical framework to practical community work. The authors feel that
there needs to be a higher degree of the actual use of the concept with communities.
It considers the relationship between social capital and social policy, and concludes
that, whilst it is hard to ascertain whether social policy can directly develop social
capital, it is quite possible for policy to create environments which either harm or
enhance social capital. For example, communities told them that competitiveness in
the bidding process for funding is a serious threat to key aspects of social capital

formation, such as the building of trust between residents and organisations and the
nurturing of generalised reciprocity.
Brehm,J., Rahn,W., (1997) Individual-level Evidence for the Causes and
Consequences of Social Capital, American Journal of Political Science vol. 41,
No 3 (Jul,1997), pp 999 -1023.
Carey, P., and Sutton, S., (2004)Community development through participatory
arts: Lessons learned from a community arts and regeneration project in South
Liverpool Community Development Journal April 2004; 39:123-134
This paper centres on a large-scale community arts programme in the Speke/Garston
area of Liverpool. The project was evaluated by loosely structured interviews held
with 32 members of the steering group (including local residents, artists and
representatives from agencies). The limited time-scale meant that there were no
interviews with residents not on the steering group, so evaluation is from more of a
management perspective. Evaluation indicated that the project had met its aims of
increasing participation (Carey and Sutton, 2002a). Participants found working on the
project challenging, enlightening, enriching and frustrating. The paper highlights
some of the challenges faced in the planning and delivery of a significant community
arts project. Finally, some policy implications are discussed including
recommendations for planning, communication, evaluation and sustainability.
Cebulla, A (2000) Trusting community developers: the influence of the form
and origin of community groups on residents support in Northern Ireland,
Community Development Journal 35:109-119
This paper presents the results of a survey-based analysis of residents expressions of
trust in local community groups active in public-community partnerships in Northern
Ireland. This paper argues that community development and area regeneration
partnerships require a relationship of trust in order to be effective and trust between
community representatives and the wider community of residents allows projects to
proceed with minimal disruption. It identifies three types of community groups;
groups led by business persons, groups formed from existing community
organizations, and groups founded by community and political activists. The results
show that the type of community group is a major influence on residents belief in the
representativeness of a group, but not their asssessment of a groups ability to deliver
successful regeneration.
Chile, L. M. and Simpson,G., (2004), Spirituality and community development:
Exploring the link between the individual and the collective, Community
Development Journal 39 (4):318-331;doi:10.1093/cdj/bsh029
This paper explores the links between spirituality and community development. They
argue that the dimensions of community development (economic, social, political,
spiritual, cultural and environmental) are strongly influenced by spiritual values of
holism, sustainability, diversity, equilibrium and social justice. Case studies of
community development practised by different faith-based groups are presented and
critiqued.

Coleman, J.,S., (1988) Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital, The
American Journal of Sociology, vol.94, Supplement: Organizations and
Institutions: Sociological and Economic Approaches to the Analysis of Social
Structure (1988), S95-S120
This paper describes three forms of social capital (oligations & expectations,
information channels, and social norms) and the social structures under which they
are developed. It looks at the effect of a lack of social capital upon high school
sophomore students who drop out. As part of this, it examines the effect of social
capital within the family and within the larger community.
Dinham, A., (2005) Empowered or over-powered? The real experiences of local
participation in the UKs New Deal for Communities, Community Development
Journal 2005 40(3): 301-312
Local participation is a distinct feature of the UK governments flagship initiative for
neighbourhood renewal, the New Deal for Communities, and this article examines
what this entails in practice for the local people it affects. The article draws on the
experiences of participation in one NDC area in the East End of London. Findings
suggest that such schemes risk damaging the communities it seeks to serve by
highlighting existing strife. Local people are asked to come together as though
nothing had ever happened to them before and in ways in which they have rarely
operated. This article claims that renewal depends upon the sustained involvement
and ownership of local people at their own pace and in their own ways.
Gittel, R. and Vidal, A. (1998) Community Organising: Building Social Capital as
a Development Strategy, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
Hall, P.,A., (1999) Social capital in Britain, British Journal of Political Science
29, pp. 416-461
Examining cultural capital and individual behaviour. Looks at how shifts in material
conditions (for example, high levels of unemployment) and changes in social values
(whereby membership in associations is less conducive to building trust than in the
past) were probably more responsible than television for a decline in social capital.
Harpham, T., Grant, E., Thomas, E., Measuring social capital within health
surveys: key issues, Health Policy and Planning; 17(1): 106-111 Research report
available through Oxford University Press
This article summarises definitions and the growing interest in social capital and
health. It presents several quantitative studies examining the relationship between the
two. It notes that there is little experience of measuring social capital, particularly in
developing countries. It then considers how to create a reliable and comprehensive
measure which can empirically gather data (on a large scale) relating to the key issues
of cognitive, structural, bonding and bridging social capital.
Hyyppa, M.T., and Maki, J., (2001) Why do Swedish-speaking Finns have
longer active life? An area for social capital research

Health Promotion International, Vol. 16, No. 1, 55-64, March 2001, Oxford
University Press 2001
The study compared disability-free life expectancies and disability pensions among
the 150,000 Swedish-speaking and Finnish-speaking Finns living on the western coast
of Finland (using quantitative data - ecological and individual register studies). Both
groups lived in the same geographical area and have similar socio-economic and
health service structures. They found that the Swedish-speaking ethnic minority has a
longer active life than the Finnish-speaking majority, and suggest that this is due to
differences in social capital.
Kay, Alan (2000) Art and community development: the role arts have in
regenerating communities, Community Development Journal, 35:414-424
This paper is based on a study commissioned by the Scottish Executive and Scottish
Arts Council in 1999 into the role of the arts in regeneration. This paper includes a
review of the current literature followed by an examination of four very different case
studies. The findings from the case studies are then used to comment on issues
surrounding community consultation, involvement and ownership of the project; the
measurement and links between hard and soft impacts; the strategic use of the arts
within wider regeneration politics (defining regeneration in terms of economic, social,
cultural and environmental); and how arts projects are evaluated. Kay argues that
despite increased globalization, communities are beginning to recognise their own
identity and the value of working together at a local level. The paper concludes that
the arts have a role in regeneration and at a local level can be used as a tool within a
wider community development programme.
Lit review includes Matarasso 1998 , Popple & Scott 1999

Kay, Alan., (2005) Social Capital, the Social Economy and Community
Development, Community Development Journal, Feb 2005;
doi:10.1093/cdj/bsi045
This three year research project looked at the contribution social capital made to the
social economy within local economic development. The author defines the term and
examines how it can be assessed.
Keele, L., (2005)Macro Measures and Mechanics of Social Capital
Political Analysis Advance Access originally published online on March 1, 200511-16 Political Analysis 2005 13(2):139-156; doi:10.1093/pan/mpi008
Oxford University Press
In this paper the author develops macro measure of social capital through the
development of longitudinal measures of civic engagement and interpersonal trust.
Kelly, K., & Caputo,T., (2005) Case study of grassroots community
development: sustainable, flexible and cost-effective responses to local needs
Community Development Journal, Mar 2005; doi:10.1093/cdj/bsi051
This paper presents the results of a case study of a grassroots community development
initiative in St. John, Brunswick, Canada that has been running for nine years. This
formed part of a larger study investigating the sustainability of community-based

crime prevention activities. This case study highlights a unique strategy for
addressing local community needs: mobilising the resources needed to offer a
programme; building on the communitys capacity (consisting of the human, physical,
financial and social resources); planning, partnerships; sustainability. The paper also
examines the role of government and non-government agencies in community-based
initiatives. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative data.
Kelly, M. (1999) Social Capital-Making the Links with Community Health,
Healthlines, June, 24-25
Knack, S., and Keefer, P,. (1997) Does social capital have an economic payoff?
A cross-country investigation, The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1251-1288
Kolankiewicz, G., (1996), Social Capital and Social Change, The British Journal
of Sociology Vol.47, No.3, Special Issue for Lockwood 9 Sep.,1996), pp.427-441
Kunitz, S. J., (2004)Social Capital and Health, British Medical Bulletin 69:61-73
This chapter examines different levels of social capital by reviewing a variety of
empirical studies. He looks at forms of social capital in both intimate relationships
(primary groups) and voluntary associations (secondary groups) and whether these
bonds have health benefits. He suggests that the results are mixed, depending upon
the context in which such relationships occur.
Studies he reviews: Ive included the empirical studies the author cites that occurred
after 2000
Stanley Engerman, Stephen Haber and Keneth Sokoloff have compared the
economies of various countries in the western Hemisphere and have argued
that factor endowments land, climate, indigenous populations- shared the
subsequent growth of institutions and the degree of inequality in each country
(slavery vs small-holdings spending on education less because elite in private
schools, franchise)
Fraternal associations in late 19th century native-born white Americans
resisting compulsory state sponsored health insurance
Civic trust history and culture of specific peoples and places.
Navajo people left rural areas and moved to reservation towns where they
live in nuclear households youth culture emerged gangs risky drinking
homicide rate tripled since 1960s. The same freedom from kin that has
increased the use of contraceptives.
Li, Y., and Andrew Pickles (2005),Social Capital and Social Trust in Britain
European Sociological Review 2005 21(2):109-123; doi10.1093/esr/jci007,Oxford
University Press
This paper uses the British household Panel Survey (BHPS) to define conceptualise
and measure three types of social capital: neighbourhood attachment, social network
and civic participation. The first is an informal social network and the last two are
formal social networks. They use gllamm (Generalized Linear Latent and Mixed
Models) to construct the latent variable scores from the categorical component
variables. They also examine how socio-cultural conditions affect the three types of
social capital and how this impacts upon social trust. The results show that socio-

cultural conditions affect social capital generation. People in advantaged positions are
more likely to draw social capital from formal civic engagement whilst people in
disadvantaged positions are more likely to do so from weak ties. Social capital effects
peoples own socio-cultural positions. For example, good relationship with
neighbours (informal social networks) create greater trust than formal civic
engagement.
Lin, N., (1999) Social Networks and Status Attainment, Annual Review of
Sociology Vol 25 (1999), pp.467-487
Mayo, M. (2000) Culture, Communities, Identities: Cultural Strategies for
Participation and Empowerment, Palgrove: Basingstoke
Local development work needs to be at the cultural level to facilitate participation and
empowerment, providing better control of future outcomes.
McNeal, R.,B.,(1999) Parental Involvement as Social Capital: Differential
Effectiveness on Science Achievement, Truancy, and Dropping Out, Social
Forces Vol 78, No.1 (Sep. 1999), pp.117-144
Newman, T., Curtis,K., and Stephens,J., (2003) Do community-based arts
projects result in social gains? A review of the literature, Community
Development Journal 38:310-322
The review shows how arts projects have become an important part of community
development strategies. In addition to any creative achievements, projects are
expected to have positive and measurable impacts on local social capital. Funding
organizations routinely demand evidence for this, and formal evaluations of projects
have become a condition of investment. However, quantifying the impact of the arts
in terms of social gain presents considerable difficulties, arguably greater than in any
other field of evaluation. These problems are not just methodological. They also
raise the question of the extent to which creative processes can - or should - be
managed and controlled. This paper discusses these issues and reviews evaluations of
community-based arts programmes.
Phillips, R., (2004)Artful business: Using the arts for community economic
development Community Development Journal, April 2004; 39:112-122
This article examines how communities across the United States are integrating arts
into their development efforts and recognising this as a viable approach. This article
presents a typology of arts-based community development approaches: arts business
incubators, artists cooperatives, development of tourism venues and comprehensive
approaches. Five community vignettes illustrate the different approaches and provide
evidence of the effectiveness of arts-based development. Considerations for
communities include the need to be flexible and creative in planning programme
implementation (eg. Using rent-free spaces such as school classrooms), as well as
forming a strong basis of support for the arts. The article also considers different
outcome aims, whether increasing business activity, developing community or
attracting tourists.

Pilkington, P.,(2002) Social capital and health: measuring and understanding

social capital at a local level could help to tackle health inequalities more
effectively,
Journal of Public Health Medicine 24: 156-159 9
This paper examines whether an understanding of the concept of social capital and its
local measurement can help to tackle inequalities in health within and across
communities. It concludes that public health professionals would benefit from a
greater understanding of the social processes which affect the health of communities.
Community development strategies such as Neighbourhood Renewal Projects,
Community safety Partnerships, Health action Zones and Health Improvement
Programmes could improve with a greater understanding of the part social capital
could play in their development. It notes that measuring social capital is problematic,
but suggests that new guidance from the Health Development Agency (HAD) offers
help on how to collect information on social capital from surveys. Using this
measurement tool at a local level could make the above mentioned strategies more
effective.
Putnam,R., Social Capital Measurement and Consequences ISUMA
This article uses a number of data surveys to suggest that social capital has declined in
the United States since the 1960s. Putnam developed 13 different measures of social
capital and found that formal participation in civic organizations, levels of social trust
and charitable donations have all declined. The rise in proportion of lawyers in
comparison to other professionals is one such indicator of a lack of reciprocal
contracts and social capital. He describes a number of variables affecting social
capital across different American states. For example, Putnam suggests a strong
correlation between current low levels of social capital in Louisiana and past slavery
whereby social connection between Blacks and poor Whites was discouraged. The
influence of the patterns of immigration upon social capital is considerable. There is a
strong relationship, across American states between measures of social capital and
educational performance, health, tax evasion and self-assessed happiness. Although
this pattern still needs far more detailed analysis, it still shows how important the
implication of social capital is upon the formation of public policy issues.
Roche, M., (2004)Social Policy and Social Capital: A Clear Case of Putting
Merit before Method? Social Policy and Society, Volume 3, Issue 02, April 2004,
pp97-111
The recent emergence of the term social capital into the vocabulary of policy makers
in the UK is indicative of the community-led model which is currently being
championed by New Labour. However, before the practical value (if any) of this
particular new idea can be realised, ways of measuring social capital which would
make it fit for purpose in the local policy setting need to be developed. The
findings of one project, which set about measuring social capital in four West
Midlands boroughs, provides the basis for a preliminary assessment of what a social
capital-oriented tool may actually contribute to the development and implementation
of policies at the local level.
Smart, A., (Aug., 1993), Gifts, Bribes, and Guanxi: A Reconsideration of
Bourdieu's Social Capital, Cultural Anthropology > Vol. 8, No. 3 pp. 388-408

Sobel, J., (Mar., 2002), Can We Trust Social Capital?, Journal of Economic
Literature > Vol. 40, No. 1 pp. 139-154
Stolle, D., and Rochon, T.,R., (1998) Are all associations alike? Member
diversity, associational type and the creation of social capital, American
Behavioral Scientist, 42(1), pp. 47-65
Used survey data to answer the question, are all associations alike? Using four sets of
measures
1) participation and engagement
2) generalized trust of others
3) trust of public officials and institutions
4) tolerance and optimism
They examined the behaviour and attitudes of those who belonged to various types of
associations and those who did not. They found that associational membership was
highly correlated with many of the traditional indicators of social capital, particularly
political contacting, political engagement, community and social participation, and
generalized trust. They also examined the behaviour and attitudes of various
associations political, economic, group rights, community, cultural, personal interest
and social. They found that members of cultural groups defined as preservation of
traditional regional, national or ethnic culture, church groups, literary, music and arts,
scored highest on generalized trust and political trust and second-highest on optimism
and tolerance (after social groups). So they concluded that members of cultural
associations seem to show a wide range of forms of public social capital.

Veenstra, G. (2001) Social Capital and Health ISUMA

This paper reviews literature examining the emerging relationship between inequality
and population health status. The research reviewed highlights that although people
with higher incomes tend to be healthier, nations with a higher GDP/capita are not
necessarily healthier nations. Some suggest that equality affects health through its
impact on social cohesion or social capital i.e. that societies with a high degree of
income inequality are also ones with low social cohesion. Also based on the authors
empirical research carried out in Canada, this paper describes how social capital may
either directly contribute to health or result in policies that support healthy outcomes
Waddington, P.A.J.,(1999)Police (canteen) sub-culture. An appreciation
The British Journal of Criminology 39:287-309
This article reviews the literature on police sub-culture and concludes that the
conversations that take place in the canteen are examples of expressive talk that gives
meaning to the inherently problematic occupational experience and sustains
occupational self-esteem. Although the chatter is offensive to liberal values, evidence
suggests that it does not guide action.
Williams, F.,(2004), Care , Values and Support in local Self-help Groups
Social Policy and Society 3: 431-438 Cambridge University Press

The article examines care and values in local self-help groups and voluntary
organisations which have formed around partnering and parenting (using interviews).
It finds that a shared identity based upon common experiences of misrecognition and
stigma is the most significant element of involvement. This provides evidence for
challenging practice, and for forming practices of support based on trust, reciprocity
and mutual respect. However, sometimes it also contributes to forms of social
closure. The article sets these findings in the context of New Labour policy on
voluntary organisations, participation, and parenting and partnering.
Rosenfeld,R., Messner,S.F., Baumer, E.P., (2001)Social Capital and Homicide,
Social Forces vol.80, No1,pp.283-310
Michael Woolcock, (1998) Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward
a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework Theory and Society Vol. 27, no. 2
(Apr.,1998),pp.151-208

HUMAN
Becker,G.S., Tomes,N., (1986) Human Capital and the Rise and Fall of
Families Journal of Labour Economics vol.4, No.3, Part 2 The Family and the
Distribution of Economic Rewards (Jul., 1986), pp.51-539
Bowles, S., Gintis,H., (1975) The Problem with Human Capital Theory A
Marxian Critique, The American Economic Review Vol. 65, No. 2, Papers and
Proceedings of the Eighty-seventh Annual meeting of the American Economic
Association (May, 1975), pp. 74-82
Gilligan,J., (2005) The Rescue to Stop the Violence Project: reducing violence in
the community through a jail-based initiative.Journal of Public Health 2005,
27(2):143-148;doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdi011
A jail-based programme called the Resolve to Stop the Violence Project (RSVP) was
created with the hypothesis that exposing men with a history of serious, violent crimes
to a specific set of social, cultural and psychological conditions would reduce the
frequency and severity of their violent behaviour. The programmes helped inmates
develop reality-based self-esteem; encouraged them to feel empathy and remorse and
provided opportunities to take responsibility and ammend the injuries that they had
inflicted upon others. Court and criminal records for 1 year following release were
reviewed for 101 inmates who had spent 8 weeks or more in the programme and for
the same number of those who had spent 8 weeks or more in regular custody. Inmates
who participated in RSVP had lower rearrest rates for violent crimes (-46.3%, p<0.05)
and spent less time in custody (-42.6%,p<0.05). The decline in violent re-arrests
increased with greater lengths of stay (-53.1%,p<0.05 for 12 weeks or more; 82.6%,p<0.05 for 16 weeks or more).
Haley, W.J., (1973) Human Capital; The Choice between Investment and
Income The American Economic Review Vol. 63, No. 5 (Dec.,1973), pp. 929-944

Ritzen,J.M., Winkler, D.R., (1977) The Production of Human Capital Over

Time, The Review of Economics and Statistics ,Vol. 59, No. 4 (Nov., 1977), pp.
427-437

CULTURAL
Aschaffenburg,K., Maes,I., (1997)Cultural & Educational Careers: The
Dynamics of social reproduction, American Sociological Review, Vol.62, No.4
(Aug.,1997),pp573-587
The effects of parental cultural capital and cultural participation before and after the
ages of 12 are largely independent and have lasting effects throughout a childs
educational career. This report notes that all cultural effects lessen as the child grows
up. The context in which children participate in activities is important, and cultural
participation in school has less of an effect on educational success, than other forms
of cultural participation.
Dumais, S.A., (2002) Cultural Capital, Gender and School Success: The Role of
Habitus, Sociology of Education, Vol.75, No.1 (Jan.,2002), pp.44-68
Dumais notes that literature on cultural capital tends to ignore gender differences, and
she highlights how females use cultural capital to succeed in school. She uses the
concept of habitus (ones view of the world and ones place in it) to explain how
pupils expectations of professional jobs has more of an influence on their academic
performance than cultural capital. She concludes that cultural capital does not
substantially account for the relationship between social privilege and academic
success. Talking to children or participating in highbrow activities such as visiting art
galleries is educationally important because it helps to stimulate intellectual
development, not because socially biased gatekeepers reward such stylistic codes. In
other words, many parts of culture are useful for academic success, but not as a form
of capital. She comments that the definition of the term cultural capital has become
too broad, for example, Farkas (1990) describing working hard as a form of cultural
capital.
Lareau,A., (1987) Social Class Differences in Family-School Relationships: The
Importance of Cultural Capital, Sociology of Education vol. 60, No.2
(Apr.,1987), pp.73-85
Werner, G., (2003) Cultural Capital and Social Inequality in the life course
European Sociology Review, Sep 2004; 20: 333-344
In many surveys the German educational system shows a strong social inequality in
the transition to higher education and to university. The tools used for the
explanations of these findings are the rational choice models and approaches from
conflict theory. In this study, Pierre Bourdieus capital theory is tested on the basis of
a follow-up survey conducted on 16-35 year olds. These results reveal a substantial
reproduction effect by the transmission of cultural capital in the family.

Williams,L., Labonte, R., and OBrien, M.,

Empowering social action through narratives of identity and culture
Health Promotion International, Vol. 18, No. 1, 33-400, March 2003
This 3-year research project examined how migrant Tongan and Samoan women were
empowered by a social action process in New Zealand. The project examined how
marginalized groups could increase their role in policy work on underlying
determinants of health and well-being (such as poverty, discrimination or social
exclusion), and the role of community-based organizations in the process. The use of
storytelling in such community groups helped the women challenge dominant social
discourses through strengthening their identities, building self esteem through sharing
stories, building a sense of group and belonging; drawing out issues for advocacy. As
a result, group members are acting to change their housing conditions and one woman
is bargaining for better wages in her work place. However, there has only been some
preliminary research into the continuation of these housing advocacy activities.

ALL FORMS OF CAPITAL

Astone, N.M., Nathanson, C.A., Schoen, R., Kim, Y.J.,
Family Demography, Social Theory, and Investment in Social Capital
Population & Development Review, Vol.25. No 1 (March 1999), pp. 1-31
Edward, A., (1983) Class in Itself and Class against Capital: Karl Marx and His
Classifiers, Canadian Journal of Political Science & #47; Revue Canadienne de
science politique vol. 16, No. 3 (Sep.,1983)
Bils, M., Klenow, P., (Dec., 2000), Does Schooling Cause Growth?
The American Economic Review > Vol. 90, No. 5 pp. 1160-1183
Bowden,E.,(Dec., 1969), Indices of Sociocultural Development and Cultural
Accumulation: An Exponential Cultural Growth Law and a "Cultural
Surgency" Factor
American Anthropologist > New Series, Vol. 71, No. 6 pp. 1112-1115
Browning, C.,R., Seth L. Feinberg; Robert D. Dietz (Dec., 2004), The Paradox of
Social Organization: Networks, Collective Efficacy, and Violent Crime in Urban
Neighbourhoods
Social Forces > Vol. 83, No. 2 pp. 503-534
Cote, S. (2001)The Contribution of Human and Social Capital ISUMA vol. 2,
no 1
This article uses various studies to explore the links between human capital, social
capital, (including Political, Institutional and legal conditions) and social cohesion,
noting that their interaction contributes to positive social and economic outcomes.
Cote also highlights the fact that some forms of exclusive bonding can form a barrier
to social cohesion and personal development, i.e. some ethnic ties might discourage

girls from pursuing further education. The article offers policy ideas for creating a
favourable environment for human and social capital and concludes that societies
moving closer to lifelong learning models will foster greater personal, social and
economic well-being.

Dimaggio,P., and Michael Useem(Mar., 1978),

Social Class and Arts Consumption: The Origins and Consequences of Class
Differences in Exposure to the Arts in America
Theory and Society > Vol. 5, No. 2 pp. 141-161
Erickson, B.,H., (Jul.,1996), Culture, Class and Connections, The American
Journal of Sociology Vol 102, No. 1 pp. 217-251
Evans, M (2000) CONSCISE Project: The Contribution of Social Capital in the
Social Economy to Local Economic Development in Western Europe:
Workpackage 1: Key Concepts, Measures and Indicators, unpublished

Gartman, D., (1991)Culture as Class Symbolization or Mass Reification? A

Critique of Bourdieus Distinction, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol.97,
No. (Sep.,1991), pp. 421-447
Goode,R.,B., (May, 1959), Adding to the Stock of Physical and Human Capital
The American Economic Review > Vol. 49, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the
Seventy-first Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association pp. 147-155
De Graaf, P.M., (1986)The Impact of Financial and Cultural Resources on
Educational Attainment in the Netherlands Sociology of Education vol.59,
no.4(Oct.,1986), pp237-246
Granato,J., Inglehart, R., Leblang,D., (1996) The Effect of Cultural Values on
Economic Development: Theory, Hypotheses, and some Empirical tests
American Journal of Political Science Vol. 40, No 3 (Aug., 1996), pp. 607-631
Harvey, A.G., Ehlers, A., and Clark, D.M., (2005), Learning History in Social
Phobia Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 33: 257-271 Cambridge
University Press
Hancock,T., (2001) People, partnerships and human progress: building
community capital, Health Promotion International., Sept 2001;16:275-280
Hancock notes that we have recognised that wealth is not merely our economic
capital, but includes three other forms of capital social, natural and human capital.
Health is one key element of human capital. A healthy community is one that has
high levels of social, ecological, human and economic capital which together frorm
community capital. He argues that the challenge for communities in the twenty-first
century will be to increase all four forms of capital simultaneously. This will mean
working with suitable partners in the private sector, making human development the
central purpose of governance and closely integrating social, environmental and

economic policy e.g. Community gardens, sustainable transportation systems and

energy conservation programmes in community housing projects.

Holland, S., Scourfield, J., ONeil, S., and Pithouse, A., (2005),
Democratising the Family and the State? The Case of Family Group
Conference in Child Welfare, Journal of Social Policy 34: 59-77, Cambridge
University Press
Johnson,Z., B Molloy, E Scallan, P Fitzpatrick, B. Rooney, T. Keegan, P.
Byrne(2000)
Community mothers programme-seven year follow-up of a randomized
controlled trial of non-professional intervention in parenting
Journal of Public Health Medicine 22:337-342
The Community Mothers Programme, funded by local health authorities in Ireland,
aims at using experienced volunteer mothers in disadvantaged areas to give support to
first-time parents in rearing their children up to 1 year of age. The programme was
evaluated by randomized control trial in 1990 (providing a sample of 130 intervention
mothers and 105 controls). Seven years later, about a third of those trial participants
were interviewed about maternal self-esteem (using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem
scale), child health, nutition, cognitive stimulation and parenting skills to see if the
benefits could be sustained. They found that the programme had sustained beneficial
effects on parenting skills and maternal self-esteem, with the benefit extending to
subsequent children. However, the difference between the self-esteem of the two
groups, was not significantly marked.
Mann,M.,M., Hosman,C.,M.,H., Schaalma, H.,P., and Nanne K.de Vries (2004)
Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion
Health Education Research, Vol.19, No.4,357-372, August 2004
This paper stresses the importance of self-esteem as a protective factor and a nonspecific risk factor in physical and mental health. Both theoretical and empirical (uses
other peoples studies) evidence is presented illustrating that self-esteem can lead to
better health and social behaviour, and that poor self-esteem is associated with a broad
range of mental disorders and social problems. The article considers how low selfesteem can internalize problems (eg. Depression, suicidal tendencies, eating disorders
and anxiety) and externalize problems (eg. Violence and substance abuse).

Parcel, T.L., Dufur, M.J., (2001) Capital at Home and at School: Effects on
Student Achievement Social Forces vol 79, No 3 9, March, 2001, pp.881-911
Piazza-Georgi, B., (2002)The role of human and social capital in growth:
extending our understanding Cambridge Journal of Economics 26:461-479
Portes, A., (1998) Social capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern
sociology Annual Review of Sociology Vol 24 (1998) pp.1-24

This paper reviews the literature on human capital, institutions and social capital,
extracting three sub-categories of human capital (human skills capital, stock-ofknowledge and entrepreneurship) and two of social capital (low- and highrationalisation). This paper argues that although human capital and social capital
have been recognised as distinct from physical capital and have been largely studied
separately, it is still necessary to focus on the relationship between their specific subcategories. The web of associations between these sub-categories suggest that direct
links with income are spurious. Specific areas are then suggested for further
empirical study: the need to address the problem of the webs of association between
various sub-categories of human and social capital and their relationship with growth;
the link between human capital and informal social capital at the developing country
level; the public good characteristics of human and social capital.

Schuller, T., The Complementary Roles of Human and Social Capital

The author argues that the concept of social capital is important for policy making in
the following ways: technological advancements and human capital cannot be taken
out of their social relationship contexts; the issue of social cohesion; the long-term
nature of relationships inserts a longer-term perspective into policy formation; it
brings a moral aspect to policy making. The paper provides a framework for
considering relationships between human and social capital. He examines: the impact
of aspirations and values; the social networks that help build skills; the paradoxical
nature of employment relationships; the changing nature of families such as the
growth in dual-earner households as a factor in the decline of social capital. He makes
some general proposals for measuring social capital, highlighting the need for
complementing cross-sectional analysis with longitudinal analysis so that changes
over time can be analysed and a need for qualitative data that can penetrate the
density of certain social networks. Finally, some policy implications are discussed to
illustrate the breadth of the agenda. These are: the effect of work-time patterns, the
link between technology and social development; the increased need for informal
learning; the need to evaluate the effect of human actions upon social cohesion over a
long time period and the way that social capital perspective opens up areas for
improved co-ordination when forming policies.
Scott, S. (2005), Do Parenting Programmes for Severe Child Antisocial
Behaviour Work over the Longer Term, and for Whom? One Year follow-up of
a Multi-centre Controlled Trial, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 33:
403-421 Cambridge University Press
Sharland, E.,(2005),Young people, Risk Taking and Risk Making: Some
Thoughts for Social Work, British Journal Of Social Work BJSW Advance
Access published online on October 17, 2005 British Journal of Social Work,
doi:10.1093/bjsw/bch254. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the
British Association of Social Workers.
This paper takes an exploratory approach to the issues surrounding young people who
are troubled and at risk. It examines patterns of young peoples risk taking, questions
the effectiveness of a range of initiatives such as Youth Offending Teams and
Teenage Pregnancy Units and notes the lack of services for young people with mental

health problems. It looks at cultural learning and identity capital, commenting on

how young people develop their identities through learning in situated contexts of
family, peers and community. The article calls for critically reflective social work to
understand the context behind young peoples risk taking and asks us to decide
acceptable and unacceptable levels of risk taking.

Review: Dr Putnams Social Lubricant

Reviewed work: Bowling Alone: the Collapse and revival of American
community by Robert D. Putnam
Contemporary Society Vol 30, No 3, May 2001
Putnam gives an expansive view of social capital which encompases tolerance, trust,
habits of cooperation. This functional definition creates problems with Putnams data
analysis as there is an overlap between definitions of social capital and the effects of
social capital. For example, he uses trust to predict voter turnout, but later uses voting
to build an index of social capital. He places value judgements on bad forms of
social capital such as street gangs, without recognising that they can help protect
residents. Putnam argues that there has been a decline in social capital, rather than a
change; for example, he will not recognise mail-out communities that do not involve
face-to-face contact with members, even though they are an undeniable social
network. He argues that renewing social capital is a way to reduce income inequality.
He does not investigate the effect of the capitalist marketplace upon social capital
because he argues that the United States has been capitalist for centuries. However,
whilst he blames television for a decline in social capital, he does not see it as a
medium for spreading the capitalist message. Putnam analyses the connection
between social capital and democracy, arguing for the contribution of trust to civic
engagement. However, some of the evidence provided shows that trust is unrelated to
rates of political participation.
Waddell,G.,R., (2005) Labour-market consequences of poor attitude and low
self-esteem in youth, Economic Inquiry, doi:10.1093/ei/cbj005
Using longitudinal data on a cohort of high-school graduates in the United States, this
study shows that youth with poor self-esteem attain fewer years of post secondary
education relative to their high school cohort, are less likely to be employed 14 years
following high school and, where working for pay, realise lower earnings. Evidence
about levels of supervision under which individuals work, job characteristics, and on
the job activities is provided. A sample size of 6,500 responded to questionnaires
using, for example, the Rosenberg (1965) Self-Esteem scale.
Woolcock, M, The Place of Social Capital in understanding social and economic
outcomes by ISUMA
This paper provides a brief introduction to the recent theoretical and empirical
literature on social capital and how this impacts upon economic growth in OECD
countries. It examines the relationship between informal and formal institutions and
their collective capacity to manage risk. The paper addresses three specific questions:
(1) How are social capital, human capital and social capital related to one another?
(2) How can social capital be measured?

(3) How might existing growth models give more attention to social capital?

Yan, W.F., (1999) Successful African American Students: The Role of Parental
Involvement The Journal of African American Students (winter, 1999), pp.5-22
Zweigenhaft,R.,L., (1993) Prep School and Public School Graduates of Harvard:
A Longitudinal Study of the Accumulation of Social and Cultural Capital The
Journal of Higher Education Vol. 64, No. 2 (Mar., 1993), pp.211-225

J Jeannotte, S.M., Singing Alone? The contribution of cultural capital to social

cohesion and sustainable communities International Journal of Cultural Policy,
2003 vol. 9 (1), pp.35-49
This paper uses data from the Canadian General Social Survey to examine the
relationship between personal investment in culture and the likelihood of
volunteering. Explore the overlap between the three types of capital, whilst
recognising their distinctions e.g. cultural capital may determine the quality of social
capital. Whilst there is a lot of evidence of the value to society of investing in human
and social capital, there is not enough showing the benefits of natural capital or
cultural capital. It concludes that social cohesion is developed through investing in
cultural capital, thus benefiting society.
Effect of collective cultural capital (in the form of cultural organisations) on
communities.
The following references were cited in M.S. Jeannotte Singing Alone? The
Contribution of Cultural Capital to Social Cohesion and Sustainable
Communities (above).
Note: They have been arranged in the order they appear in the article, not in
alphabetical order
Educational Sociology documented the personal benefits derived from investments in
cultural capital
Zweigenhaft, Richard L, (1992) The application of cultural and social capital: a
study of the 25th year reunion entries of prep and public school graduates of the
Yale College. Higher Education 23, 311-320
Zweigenhaft, Richard L, (1993) Accumulation of cultural and social capital:
The differeing college careers of prep school and public school graduates,
Sociological Spectrum 13, 365-376
DiMaggio, Paul (1982) Cultural capital and school success: the impact of status
culture participation on the grades of U.S. high school students, American
Sociological Review 47, 189-201
Improves academic performance
Lareau, Annette (1987) Social class differences in family-school relationships
Sociology of Education 60, 73-85
Improves family-school relationships

DiMaggio, Paul and Mohr, John (1985) Cultural capital, educational

attainment and marital selection, American Journal of Sociology 90 (6), 12311261
Improves marital prospects
Shilling, Chris (1992) Schooling and the production of physical capital,
Discourse 13 (1), 1-19
- Improves physical fitness
Offord, David R, et al. (1998) The Arts and Community Programmes: Rates and
Correlates of Participation, Applied Research Branch, Human Resources
Development Canada, Ottowa
Improves childrens psychosocial development
Weitz, Judith Humphreys (1996) Coming Up Taller Arts and Humanities
Programs for Children and Youth at Risk (Presidents Committee on the Arts
and Humanities, Washington, DC).
examines the benefits of arts involvement for youth-at-risk
Catterall, James S. (1999) Involvement in the arts and human development:
general involvement in music and theatre arts, in Fiske, Edward B., ed,
Champions of change: The Impact of the Arts on Learning (Arts Education
Partnership and the Presidents Committee on the Arts and the Humanities,
Washington, DC), (Also available at http://aep-arts.org./highlights/coc-release.html).
Hall, Peter A. (1999) Social Capital in Britain, British Journal of Political
Science 29, 416-461
Rodick, Dani (2000) Participatory politics, social cooperation, and economic
stability, American Economic Review 90 (2), 140-144
more effective democratic political participation
Fukuyama, F., (1995) The primacy of culture, Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 7-14.
Greater cooperation and trust (an outcome or possible correlate of social capital) are
connected with stronger economic performance.
Gould, H,. (2001) Culture and social capital, in Maltarasso, F, ed, Recognising
Culture A Series of Briefing Papers on Culture and Development (Comedia, The
Department of Canadian Heritage and UNESCO, London), pp. 85-92
Dynamic systems theory/culture and development - culture is a complex web of
relationships and beliefs, values and motivation. It is a social operating system that
influences attitudes, behaviour and responses to change. This system operates on
personal and communal levels and may be a barrier to, or a catalyst for, the
development of social capital.
Calls for better information on
1) the cultural resources and assets of the community
2) the cultural values that underpin the commmunitys way of life
3) the relationship between these values and the communitys social capital
4) the impact of this cultural capital on the formation of social capital

Woolcock, Michael (2001) The Place of Social Capital in understanding social

and economic outcomes, ISUMA 2(1), 11-17
complimentarity of human and social capital - that literate and informed citizens are
better able to organise and evaluate conflicting information and express their views in
constructive ways.
Anheimer, Helmut K., Gerhards, Jurgen and Romo, Frank P. (1995) Forms of
capital and social structure in cultural fields: examining Bourdieus social
topography, American Journal of Sociology 100(4), 859-903
Beginning to view fields as dynamic systems whereas Boudieu deterministic,
relegating individuals to positions within fields on the basis of their economic, social
and cultural characteristics and allowing little leeway for change.
Laberge, Suzanne Toward an Integration of gender into Bourdieus concept of
cultural capital, Sociology of Sport Journal 12, 132-146
An individuals actions and experiences modify or strengthen the field.
Swingewood, Alan.,(1998) Cultural Theory and Problems of Modernity (St.
Martins Press, New York)
These fields consist of a space of possibilities where socialisation of the agents is
governed not by intersubjective ties but by objectively defined relations between
agents.
Berkes, Fikret (1998) Cultural and natural capital: a systems approach
revisited, in Mendis, Asoka,ed, Social Capital Formation and Institutions for
Sustainability University of British Columbia, Vancouver), November 16-17
Cultural capital provides human societies the means and adaptations to deal with the
natural environment and to actively modify it.
Maltarasso, Francois (2000) Developing understanding of the social impact of
the arts Culturelink, 51-58 (special issue on culture and development vs cultural
development
Participatory arts projects are essential components of successful social policy
because they are flexible, responsive and cost-effective ways of addressing
community development problems.

Stern, Mark J. and Seifert, Susan C. (1994) Individual participation and

community artsgroups: a quantitative analysis of Philadelphia (Working
Paper#1), Social Impact of the Arts Project (University of Pennsylvania School
of social work, also available at
http://www.ssw.upenn.edu/siap/workpapers.home.html).
Statistical analysis on two databases. The first measured the arts participation
behaviour of 600 adults, while the second contained information on almost 600 arts
groups in the metropolitan area. The databases were linked via postal codes, and the
primary measure was the total number of arts events attended. While the study found
the usual correlations between arts participation and higher incomes and education, it
also found that the number of arts groups in the respondents zip code was the best
predictor of participation in arts events.

Stern, Mark J, and Seifert, Susan C. (1999) Cultural organizations and the
network society (summary of working paper#11), Social Impact of the Arts
Project (University of Pennsylvania School of social work, also available at
http://www.ssw.upenn.edu/siap/workpapers.home.html).
This study found that the areas of Philadelphia most likely to have experienced
economic revitalization between 1980 and 1990 were both economically and
ethnically diverse and had a large number of arts and culture organizations. When
using other commercial organisations, these arts groups were more likely to use
services outside their locality, so were strategically motivated to maintain their group
as efficiently as possible, rather than use local services in order to engage the
community and create community networks.