CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies which the
researchers found relevant to their study.
Related Literature
Electric Utilities are any equipment or fixture that run on electricity which is used
to make life more convenient. Classrooms are of course supposedly equipped with these
utilities for the convenience of the students and teachers likewise.
Visual Inspection is done by maintenance workers to cite the condition of
different utilities.
According to Panero, Zelnick and Chiara (2001), general lighting should be
provided by a center-ceiling fixture, or a standing lamp. Fluorescent lamps are much
more efficient than incandescent, and therefore use much less energy for the same light
output, as much as 80 % less. They also last 10-20 times as long as incandescent.
Fluorescent Lamps are essentially linear, and while they come in many lengths and
several shapes, the light they produce is less readily controlled and is generally dispersed
more evenly resulting in uniform, largely shadowless illumination.
Chiara and Hancock (1973) stated that general requirements for all classroom
states that ceiling should be a maximum of 9 feet high. On electrical services, double
electric outlets should be located in each of the three interior walls, and above all
counters for use of equipment such as projectors and phonographs. Locations near sinks
should be avoided. A fire-alarm system should be placed in all educational rooms. The
light switches should be located at the door.

According to Merritt and Ricketts (2001), on lightning loads, the maximum, and
often the minimum, watts per square foot of floor area to be used in design are specified
by building codes for various usesof lowed wherever possible. Electric engineers,
however may exceed the minimum wattages if the propose use requires more. For
example, lighting may be designed to give a high intensity of illumination, which will
require more watts per square foot than the code minimum. Small facilities may only
need emergency power for emergency and egress lighting, in which case, fixtures with
self-contained battery backup maybe adequate. Larger facilities generally require an
engine generator to provide emergency power. Emergency load are connected to a
dedicated panelboard or switchboard fed through an automatic transfer switch (ATS) that
will detect loss of utility power, signal the generator to start, and transfer the emergency
loads onto the generator, all in 10 s or less. After utility power returns the ATS will
retransfer the emergency loads back to utility power and then stop the generator. To
prevent equipment damage and voltage surges, an ATS should be provided with an inphase monitor that waits until the generator drifts into synchronism with the utility source
before allowing retransfer.
Kate and Everett (2010) cited that there are many types of electric fans, including
portable or personal-sized fans, industrial-strength high-powered fans, and electric box
fans. Oscillating electric fans circulate air by revolving fan blades as they spin. Some
electric fans are dual powered, meaning they can run on batteries as well as electrical
power. The high-velocity fan may be constructed of coated metal, including the fan
blades. This type of fan typically features multiple speeds. The interior motor is encased

inside the metal housing. Many people use these fans in garages, offices, and warehouses,
but they are also suitable for very large rooms. The powerful motors of these electric fans
will circulate air more efficiently than a standard fan. Oscillating electric fans may have a
floor stand or be made to sit on a table top. These types of fans allow air circulation from
all directions, as the head of the fan oscillates. The fan head will generally be adjustable
for various angling. The floor-standing models may have various height adjustments.
On Electric Sockets Wiesen and Bailey (2012) mentioned that an electrical socket
is a receptacle found as part of a building or other large structure which can be used to
connect an electronic device to a circuit. These sockets are often female, though some
sockets can utilize both female and male connectors, depending on the design of
power plugs in a particular country. An electrical device usually has a cord that ends in a
male connection, with a number of prongs designed to connect to an outlet. Once an
electrical cord is plugged into an electrical socket, then current can flow through that
socket, into the device, providing the charge needed to power it.
Tatum and Harris(2008)

defined central air conditioning units are air

conditioning solutions that work to create a pleasant temperature and humidity level
within an enclosed space. They mentioned that in most cases, the main unit is situated on
the exterior of the building and functions with the use of ductwork. In addition to cooling
the air and keeping the humidity at a tolerable level, central air conditioning usually aids
in removing dust, lint, and other allergens from the interior of a home or workplace.
There are different designs or models for central air conditioning units around the world.
Many designs call for the use of what is known as split air conditioning. This model
involves locating the compressor and the condenser of the unit outside the interior space,
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such as on a slab situated near an exterior wall or on the roof of the edifice. Inside the
evaporator is located in the air handler section of the unit, near the ductwork.
Childree (2012) mentioned on his article on fire alarms that there are the two
basic types of fire alarm systems in use today are known as manual and automatic. Both
manual and automatic fire alarm systems can be designed to either protect lives only or
protect lives and property. Automatic fire alarm systems may operate in either a
conventional or addressable configuration. A manual fire alarm relies on an occupant of a
building to discover a fire and hand activate the alarm. This type of fire alarm is generally
used in commercial or industrial buildings where no one will be sleeping. Automatic fire
alarms utilize a network of sensing devices to detect the presence of fire and sound an
alarm. In addition to sounding an alarm, both manual and automatic fire alarm systems
can be used to activate sprinkler systems and notify the fire department.
According to Black(2012), an electrical outlet is an opening or series of openings
connected to a wired power source meant to power electrical equipment and components.
It is one of the most commonly used items in a home or building and can be found nearly
universally, although many countries have different standards or voltages. As a result, not
all outlets, or the components they are intended for, are compatible with each other.
According to Frank(2013), a circuit breaker is an electrical device used in an
electrical panel that monitors and controls the amount of amperes being sent through the
electrical wiring. Circuit breakers come in a variety of sizes. For instance, 10, 15 and 20
amp breakers are used for most power and lighting needs in the typical home. Some

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appliances and specialty items (washers, dryers, freezers, whirlpools, etc.) will require a
larger circuit breaker to handle the electrical load required to run that appliance.
If a power surge occurs in the electrical wiring, the breaker will trip. This means that a
breaker that was in the "on" position will flip to the "off" position and shut down the
electrical power leading from that breaker. Essentially, a circuit breaker is a safety device.
When a circuit breaker is tripped, it may prevent a fire from starting on an overloaded
circuit; it can also prevent the destruction of the device that is drawing the electricity.
Related Studies
In the Study ofAbellar et.al. entitles Electrical Load Study for the SMU
College, they also counted the different electric utilities or appliance for the schoolyear
2009-2010. They listed them according to their power usage. Their study included the
types of lamp according to its power consmption. We can use this information to compare
the number of utilities we have also visual inspected and counted.
Also, one similar study to ours was the thesis of Civil Engineering Students of
SMU entitled Visual Inspection of the Three Major Bridges in San Juan River. They
used camera to document their observations

Synthesis

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The study of the Civil Engineerng students was a descriptive-evaluative type like
ours and where they primarily used visual inspection and camera for their documentation.
We used the study on electrical loads also as a baisi and reference for our study.

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