jssurbh kgiiu`ekjteg`s 

ℤ

 

!"##$% '(#)(#"*$(+

Ngvbr`ib`t Tbcjteg`s

166 Ijrycj`h Jvb`ub, [.^. [uetb <26B ^jsle`ntg`, H.K. 46648 plg`b :-464->45-;>66 ajx :-464->45- ;>;2 www.ljrres.kgi

 

Gktgdbr 46, 46:8

Qej Bcbktrg`ek Aece`n

Ir. Muceus V. O`jpp Kleba Gaaekb ga B`ne`bbre`n j`h Xbkl`gcgny Abhbrjc Kgiiu`ekjteg`s Kgiiesseg` 882 :4tl [trbbt, [^ ^jsle`ntg`, H.K. 46228

Tb= Tbqubst agr Kg`aehb`tejcety ga Ljrres Kgrpgrjteg` agr AKK EH @gs. @O>;65424;, @O>;:66:>1, @O>;:114:6

Hbjr 

 

Ir. O`jpp= Ljrres Kgrpgrjteg` (

–Ljrres’) es rbspg`he`n

tg ygur cbttbr rbqubst hjtbh Gktgdbr < (

–Tbqubst’)

. E` tlb Tbqubst, ygu jsobh tljt Ljrres

–

 musteay tlb kg`te`ubh kg`aehb`tejcety ga jcc gr pgrteg`s ga tlbsb hgkuib`ts.

’

 Ljrres ljs prgvehbh jhheteg`jc musteaekjteg` dbcgw u`hbrskgre`n tlb eipgrtj`kb ga b`sure`n tlb hgkuib`ts e` tlb rbabrb`kbh jppcekjteg`s rbije` kg`aehb`tejc e` jkkgrhj`kb wetl 82 K.A.T. §6.82>(n) j`h AGEJ bxbipteg` >(b) j`h >(a), j`h 82 K.A.T. § 6.82>(k)(2) j`h (h) j`h AGEJ Bxbipteg` 8. Js ygu jrb jwjrb, pudcek heskcgsurb ga kbrtje` ijtbrejcs e`kcuhbh e` tlb jdgvb rbabrb`kbh bquepib`t jutlgrezjteg` jppcekjteg` kguch rbjsg`jdcy put pudcek sjabty gaaekejcs jt reso,  mbgpjrhezb tlb e`tbnrety j`h vjcub ga e`vbstenjtevb tbkl`equbs j`h prgkbhurbs, rbvbjc Ljrres trjhb sbkrbts hub tg tlb `

jturb ga tlb bquepib`t, j`h ljri Ljrres― kgipbtetevb e`tbrbsts.

J.

 

Kg`aehb`tejcety Kgipcej`kb wetl 82 K.A.T. § 6.82>(n) j`h AGEJ Bxbipteg` >(b) j`h (a)

Xles prgveseg` jccgws tlb wetllgche`n ga e`agrijteg` tljt ajccs u`hbr 2 R.[.K. 224(d)(>) agr rbkgrhs kgipecbh agr cjw b`agrkbib`t purpgsbs, tg tlb bxtb`t tljt prghukteg` ga sukl rbkgrhs= (2) ^guch heskcgsb e`vbstenjtevb tbkl`equbs gr prgkbhurbs gr wguch heskcgsb e`vbstenjtevb nuehbce`bs ea sukl heskcgsurb kguch rbjsg`jdcy db bxpbktbh tg reso kerkuivb`teg` ga tlb cjw? gr (1) Kguch rbjsg`jdcy db bxpbktbh tg b`hj`nbr tlb ceab gr plysekjc sjabty ga j`y e`hevehujc.

(:)

 

AGEJ Bxbipteg` >B (2 R.[.K. 224 (d)(>)(B))

Bxbipteg` >B jccgws tlb wetllgche`n ga cjw b`agrkbib`t e`agrijteg` tljt –wguch heskcgsb tbkl`equbs

j`h prgkbhurbs agr cjw b`agrkbib`t e`vbstenjteg`s gr prgsbkuteg`s, gr wguch heskcgsb nuehbce`bs agr cjw b`agrkbib`t e`vbstenjteg`s gr prgsbkuteg`s ea sukl heskcgsurb kguch rbjsg`jdcy db bxpbktbh tg reso kerkuivb`teg` ga tlb cjw.

’

2 R.[.K. § 224(d)(>)(B) (4661 & [upp. EQ 46:6). Xlb rbcbjsb ga tlb

gw`br―s ij`ujcs agr

jdgvb rbabrb`kbh jppcekjteg`s, e.b. tlb trje`e`n ij`ujc agr ADE j`h stjtb/cgkjc cjw b`agrkbib`t agr tlb bquepib`t, wguch db`baet kreie`jcs j`h tbrrgrest wlg wguch vegcjtb tlb cjw j`h jvgeh hbtbkteg` dy rbhuke`n gr `ucceaye`n tlb baabktevb`bss ga tlbsb cjw b`agrkbib`t tbkl`equbs j`h

 prgkbhurbs. Ea tlb gw`br―s ij`uj

cs wbrb ijhb pudcek, kreie`jcs j`h tbrrgrest wguch ljvb jkkbss tg e`agrijteg` tljt wguch jccgw tlbi tg duech kgu`tbribjsurbs tg hbabjt tlb cjw b`agrkbib`t baagrts. E`

 

 

,--./6:  4;88.214,>1;2- 

ℤ

 

4

gur Ijrkl 4:, 46:: jppcekjteg`, Ljrres `gtbh tljt –_tYlb `jturb ga tlb prghukt_sY ijob e

t `bkbssjry agr tlb hbskrepteg`s prgvehbh e` tlb bquepib`t jutlgrezjteg` jppcekjteg` j`h suppgrte`n hgkuib`t/bxledets

 ‛ 

 e`kcuhe`n tbkl`ekjc e`agrijteg` rbnjrhe`n tlb pbragrij`kb pjrjibtbrs, hbsen` j`h gpbrjteg` ga tlb tbkl`gcgny, j`h e`agrijteg` rbnjrhe`n tlb b`tetebs prgpgse`n tg usb tlb prghukt - db wetllbch agri

 pudcek heskcgsurb’

u`hbr 82 K.A.T 6.82>(n). Xles es jt tlb kgrb ga Bxbipteg` >B. [bb Ljcb v. HGM, 5>; A.4h <58 (:6tl Ker. :554) jt 564-6; (kg`kcuhe`n tljt heskcgsurb ga usb ga sbkurety hbvekbs j`h tlber ighus gpbrj`he kguch cbssb` tlber baabktevb`bss)? IkNblbb v. HGM, <66 A. [upp. 4h 446, 4;1-;> (H.H.K. 46::) (ae`he`n tljt Bxbipteg` >(B) hgbs `gt rbquerb tljt tbkl`equbs db u`o`gw` tg pudcek wlbrb rbcbjsb ga `g`-pudcek hbtjecs ga sukl tbkl`equbs wguch jccgw kerkuivb`teg` ga tbkl`equbs)? Kjc-Xrei, E`k. v. ET[, 8<8 A. [upp. 4h :64:, :64>-4< (H. Jrez. 466>) (prgtbkte`n rbkgrhs rbcjtbh tg jnb`ky e`vbstenjteg` dbkjusb rbcbjsb kguch jccgw e`hevehujcs u`hbr e`vbstenjteg` "tg krjat bxpcj`jteg`s gr hbab`sbs djsbh g` tlb _ET[Y jnb`t's j`jcyses gr b`jdcb tlbi tlb gppgrtu`ety tg hesnuesb gr kg`kbjc tlb trj`sjkteg`s tljt jrb u`hbr e`vbstenjteg`"). Xg qujceay u`hbr Bxbipteg` >B, tlb tbkl`equbs j`h prgkbhurbs iust `gt db wbcc o`gw` tg tlb pudcek. Xles es trub ga tlb

gw`br―s ij`ujcs hbspetb tlb rbpbjtbh jttbipts tg gdtje` tlb e`agrijteg` argi dgtl

Abhbrjc j`h stjtb/cgkjc cjw b`agrkbib`t jnb`kebs e` tlb pjst. E`tbrbste`ncy, tlb sjib typb e`agrijteg` ljs dbb` wetllbch argi pudcek rbcbjsb e` kreie`jc kjsbs. [bb R.[. v. Hj`ebc Tenijehb`, <88 A. [upp 4h 5<4 (jatbr j` e` kjibrj rbvebw ga tlb bvehb`kb rbcjtbh tg tlb jerkjrh j`h nbgcgkjteg`

tbkl`equbs/prgkbhurbs, tlb kgurt hb`ebh tlb hbab`hj`t―s rbqubst u`hbr tlb Agurtl Jib`hib`t agr

e`agrijteg` rbcjtbh tg tlb tbkl`gcgny j`h ibtlghs usbh tg cgkjtb les jerkjrh j`h nbgcgkjteg` hbvekb). Igrbgvbr, tlb kgurts ljvb rbkgn`ezbh tlb kjtbngrekjc prgtbkteg` ga tlb e`agrijteg` ea tlb tbkl`equbs j`h prgkbhurbs jrb `gt wbcc o`gw` tg tlb pudcek. [bb JKCR ga Ieklenj`. v. ADE 46:4 ^C 82:;;141? Ketezb`s agr Tbspg`sedecety & Btleks e` ^jsle`ntg` v. HGM, <>6 A. [upp. 4h >6, <2 (H.H.K. 46:4) (hbkcjre`n tljt "cg`nstj`he`n prbkbhb`t" suppgrts kjtbngrekjc prgtbkteg` agr cjw b`agrkbib`t tbkl`equbs j`h prgkbhurbs). Xlb kgurts ljvb e`tbrprbtbh Bxbipteg` >B tg b`kgipjss tlb wetllgche`n ga j drgjh rj`nb ga tbkl`equbs j`h prgkbhurbs. [bb [gnlgej` v. HGM, <<2 A. [upp. 4h jt >2 (prgtbkte`n bcbktrg`ek survbeccj`kb tbkl`equbs j`h nuehj`kb prgvehbh tg e`vbstenjtgrs g` usb ga sukl tbkl`equbs dbkjusb rbcbjsb kguch jccgw kreie`jcs tg kerkuivb`t cjw b`agrkbib`t baagrts)? Arj`ob`dbrry v. ADE, @g. 6<-:212, 46:4 R.[. Hest. CB\E[ ;564>, jt >: (jkkbpte`n ADE's bxpcj`jteg` tljt heskcgsurb ga prbkesb  pcjkbib`t ga rbkgrhe`n hbvekbs usbh dy ADE tg ig`etgr kg`vbrsjteg`s wguch jccgw kerkuivb`teg` ga tbkl`equb)? [oe``br EE v. ADE , <61 A. [upp. 4h jt ::2-:1 (prgtbkte`n "sudmbkt trjkoe`n" e`agrijteg`).

(4)

 

AGEJ Bxbipteg` >A.

E` jhheteg`, Bxbipteg` >A prgtbkts cjw b`agrkbib`t e`agrijteg` tljt kguch rbjsg`jdcy db bxpbktbh tg b`hj`nbr tlb ceab gr plysekjc sjabty ga j`y e`hevehujc. 2 R.[.K. § 224(d)(>)(A) (4661 & [upp. EQ

46:6). Xlb rbcbjsb ga tlb Ljrres gw`br―s ij`ujcs ijy jccgw kreie`jcs/tbrrgrests tg hbvbcgp kgu`tbr

ibjsurbs tljt wguch ehb`teay wlb` cjw b`agrkbib`t gaaekejcs jrb use`n tlb bquepib`t, j`h b`hj`nbr tlb cjw b

`agrkbib`t gaaekejcs― sjabty/cev

bs e` pbragrie`n tlber hutebs. [bb Vud. Bips. Agr B`vt'c Tbsp. v. R.[. [bkt. E`t'c Dgu`hjry & ^jtbr Kgii'`, <;5 A. [upp. 4h ;68 (H.H.K. 46:4) (jpprgve`n wetllgche`n ga e`u`hjteg` ijps dbkjusb ga kg`kbr` tljt tbrrgrests kguch usb tlb e`agrijteg` e` ijps tg kjusb acgghe`n j`h hbstrukteg` e` pgpucjtbh jrbjs)? E` Bxbipteg` >A kjsbs, tlb kgurts nb`brjccy hbabr

tg tlb jnb`ky―s jssbssib`t ga ljri wetl slg

we`n ga sgib `bxus dbtwbb` tlb heskcgsurb j`h ljri.

 

 

,--./6:  4;88.214,>1;2- 

ℤ

 

;

Dbkjusb Ljrres j`h cjw b`agrkbib`t jnb`kebs rbkgn`ezbh tlb `bbh agr wetllgche`n tlb e`agrijteg` argi pudcek heskcgsurb tg prgtbkt cjw b`agrkbib`t tbkl`equbs/prgkbhurbs j`h tg prgtbkt cjw b`agrkbib`t gaaekejcs, Ljrres rbqubstbh tlb AKK tg pcjkb twg rbstrekteg`s g` tlb bquepib`t jutlgrezjteg` agr Ljrres bquepib`t

 ‛ 

 :) ceiet tlb sjcb tg abhbrjc/stjtb/cgkjc pudcek sjabty j`h cjw b`agrkbib`t gaaekejcs, j`h 4) rbquerb stjtb/cgkjc cjw b`agrkbib`t jnb`kebs tg kggrhe`jtb wetl tlb ADE agr tlb jkqueseteg` j`h usb ga tlb prghukts. Xlbsb jhheteg`jc stbps jrb hbsen`bh :) tg prgtbkt tlb cevbs j`h plysekjc sjabty ga cjw b`agrkbib`t gaaekejcs, j`h 4) tg prgtbkt tlb cjw b`agrkbib`t tbkl`equbs j`h  prgkbhurbs. Agr tlbsb

rbjsg`s, tlb gw`br―s ij`ujcs slguch rbije` kg`aehb`tejc u`hbr 82 KAT 6.82>(n) js

e`agrijteg` prgtbktbh u`hbr Bxbipteg`s >B j`h >A ga tlb AGEJ.

D.

 

Kg`aehb`tejcety Kgipcej`kb wetl 82 K.A.T. § 6.82>(k)(2) j`h (h) j`h AGEJ Bxbipteg` 8.

82 KAT 6.82>(k)(2) rbabrs tg tlb prgledeteg` g` tlb rbcbjsb kbrtje` kg`aehb`tejc e`agrijteg` u`hbr :< R.[.K. :562. 82 KAT 6.82>(h), Xrjhb sbkrbts j`h kgiibrkejc gr ae`j`kejc e`agrijteg` gdtje`bh argi j`y pbrsg` j`h prevecbnbh gr kg`aehb`tejc

 ‘ 

kjtbngrebs ga ijtbrejcs `gt rgute`bcy jvjecjdcb agr pudcek e`spbkteg`, 2 R.[.K. 224(d)(8) j`h :< R.[.K. :562, jppcebs tg tlb jppcekjteg`s rbabrb`kbh jdgvb.

(:)

 

AGEJ Bxbipteg` 8 (2 R.[.K. 224 (d)(8)).

Xlb gw`br―s ij`ujcs jrb trjhb sbkrbts. Xlby kg`tje` Ljrres prgprebtjry e`agrijteg`, e`kcuhe`n kbrtje`

trjhb sbkrbts j`h ij`uajkture`n prgkbssbs tljt wguch kgiprgiesb gur kgipbtetevb jhvj`tjnb ea sukl e`agrijteg` wbrb ijhb pudcek. Js `gtbh e` gur grene`jc rbqubst agr kg`aehb`tejcety, tlb heskcgsurb ga tlb e`agrijteg` wguch ljri gur jdecety tg kgipbtb e` tlb ijrobt js gur kgipbtetgrs kguch rbvbrsb-b`ne`bbr tlb  prghukts j`h wguch gaabr tlb kgipbtetgrs e`senlt e`tg Ljrres prghukts/trjhb sbkrbts/ij`uajkture`n  prgkbssbs. Ljrres ljs tjob` rbjsg`jdcb stbps tg prgtbkt tlb prgprebtjry `jturb ga tlbsb hgkuib`ts= :) tlb

gw`br―s ij

`ujcs jrb kcbjrcy ijrobh js Ljrres prgprebtjry e`agrijteg`? 4) tlb hgkuib`ts jrb g`cy prgvehbh tg kbrtje` abhbrjc/stjtb/cgkjc pudcek sjabty j`h cjw b`agrkbib`t jnb`kebs, j`h ;) wetle` tlbsb jnb`kebs, tlb e`agrijteg` es prgvehbh tg j ceietbh `uidbr ga usbrs wlg jrb sudmbkt tg j `g`heskcgsurb jnrbbib`t j`h trje`bh tg usb tlb bquepib`t. Agr tlb jdgvb rbjsg`s, tlb kg`aehb`tejcety ga tlb jppcekjteg`s e`kcuhe`n, dut `gt ceietbh tg tlb

gw`br―s

ij`ujcs,

slguch –`gt db rgute`bcy jvjecjdcb agr e`spbkteg`’

 pbr §6.81:.

K.

 

Kg`kcuseg`

E` cenlt ga tlb jdgvb kgipbcce`n rbjsg`s tg wetllgch tlb e`agrijteg` - tg prgtbkt tlb sjabty j`h cevbs ga cjw b`agrkbib`t gaaekejcs? tg prgtbkt prgvb` cjw b`agrkbib`t tbkl`equbs j`h prgkbhurbs tljt jrb `gt nb`brjccy heskcgsbh? j`h tg prgtbkt trjhb sbkrbts/prgprebtjry kgiibrkejc e`agrijteg` - tlb e`agrijteg` slguch db trbjtbh js kg`aehb`tejc j`h wetllbch u`hbr tlb AKK rucbs. E` jhheteg`, tlb AGEJ rbqubstgr e` tles kjsb ljs `gt ijhb j`

y slgwe`n, iukl cbss j –pbrsujsevb slgwe`n’, js tg tlb rbjsg` agr e`spbkteg` ga tles

e`agrijteg`.

Ea Ljrres― rbqubst agr kg`aehb`tejcety es agu`h tg db e`kgipcbtb, Ljrres rbspbktauccy rbqubsts tlb Kgiiesseg`

`gteay Ljrres ga j`y hbaekeb`kebs j`h prgvehb Ljrres rbjsg`jdcb teib tg prgvehb jhheteg`jc e`agrijteg`.

[lguch Ljrres― rbqubst agr kg`aehb`tejccy

 db hb`ebh, Ljrres rbspbktauccy rbqubsts tljt tlb Kgiiesseg` rbtur` jcc ijtbrejcs tg wlekl kg`aehb`tejcety kj``gt db prgvehbh.