An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.

amp produces an output voltage that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the voltage difference between its input terminals.

[1]

An op-

Differential amplifier
It is implemented by two cascaded stages satisfying the conflicting requirements. The first stage consists
of the NPN-based inputemitter followers Q1 and Q2 that provide high input impedance. The next is the
PNP-based common base pair Q3 and Q4 that eliminates the undesired Miller effect, shifts the voltage
level downwards and provides a sufficient voltage gain to drive the next class A amplifier. The PNP
transistors also help to increase the reverse VBE rating (the base-emitter junctions of the NPN transistors
Q1 and Q2 break down at around 7 V but the PNP transistors Q3 and Q4 have breakdown voltages
around 50 V).[7]

An instrumentation (or instrumentational) amplifier is a type of differential amplifier that has been outfitted with input buffers, which eliminate the need for input
impedance matching and thus make the amplifier particularly suitable for use in measurement and test equipment. Additional characteristics include very
low DC offset, low drift, low noise, very high open-loop gain, very high common-mode rejection ratio, and very high input impedances. Instrumentation amplifiers
are used where great accuracy and stability of thecircuit both short- and long-term are required.

Op-amp Integrator Circuit

As its name implies, the Op-amp Integrator is an operational amplifier circuit that performs the mathematical operation of Integration, that is we can cause the output to
respond to changes in the input voltage over time. The integrator amplifier acts like a storage element that "produces a voltage output which is proportional to the integral of its
input voltage with respect to time". In other words the magnitude of the output signal is determined by the length of time a voltage is present at its input as the current through
the feedback loop charges or discharges the capacitor as the required negative feedback occurs through the capacitor.

The Op-amp Differentiator Amplifier

Integrator operational amplifier circuit that we saw in the previous tutorial. Here, the position
Xc is connected to the input terminal of the inverting amplifier while the resistor, Rf forms the

The basic Op-amp Differentiator circuit is the exact opposite to that of the
of the capacitor and resistor have been reversed and now the reactance,
negative feedback element across the operational amplifier as normal.

Op-amp Differentiator Circuit

Summing amplifier or an adder is used to sum two signal voltages. Voltage adder circuit is a simple circuit that enables
you to add several signals together. It has wide variety of applications in electronic circuits. For example, on a precision
amplifier, you may need to add a small voltage to cancel the offset error of the op amp itself. An audio mixer is another

good example of adding waveforms (sounds) together from different channels (vocals, instruments) before sending the
combined signal to a recorder.You can change the gain or add another input without messing up with the gains of other
inputs. Just remember that the inverting summing amplifier circuit inverts the input signals. That's not a big deal. If you
need the opposite polarity, all you have to do is to put an inverting stage before or after the summer.

Circuit diagram

Op amp
Summer amp
Intergrator amp differentiator amp
Diffl amp
instrumntn