Guidelineofwhattodo

1. Refertothesyllabusandseewhattheywant.
2. Refertothenotesandidentifythecorrespondinginformation
thatmatchesthesyllabus.
3. Nowthatyouhaveaclearpictureofwhatisrequired,lookat
questionsthatcomeoutforthosespecificareas.
4. Createyourownsetofnoteswiththoseinformationyouhave
gainedandgoontothenexttopic

1. ATOMS,MOLECULESANDSTOICHIOMETRY
Content

Relativemassesofatomsandmolecules

Themole,theAvogadroconstant

Thecalculationofempiricalandmolecularformulae

Reactingmassesandvolumes(ofsolutionsandgases)
LearningOutcomes
[thetermrelativeformulamassorMrwillbeusedforioniccompounds]
Candidatesshouldbeableto:

(a)Definetheterms(1)relativeatomic,(2)isotopic,(3)molecularand(4)formula
12
mass,basedonthe Cscale
Definitions
(1) Theaveragemassofoneatomcomparedto1/12themassofa
12
Catom
12

(2) Themassofoneisotopecomparedto1/12themassofa Catom

(3) Theaveragemassofonemoleculecomparedto1/12themassof
12
a Catom

(4) Theaveragemassofoneformulaunitcomparedto1/12themass
12
ofa Catom.

(b)definethetermmoleintermsoftheAvogadroconstant
Definition
The number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a substance,
equal to 6.023 1023.

(c)calculatetherelativeatomicmassofanelementgiventherelativeabundances
ofitsisotopes

(d)definethetermsempiricalandmolecularformula

(e)calculateempiricalandmolecularformulaeusingcombustiondataor
compositionbymass

(f)writeand/orconstructbalancedequations

(g)performcalculations,includinguseofthemoleconcept,involving:
(i)reactingmasses(fromformulaeandequations)
(ii)volumesofgases(e.g.intheburningofhydrocarbons)
(iii)volumesandconcentrationsofsolutions

[whenperformingcalculations,candidatesanswersshouldreflectthenumberof
significantfiguresgivenoraskedforinthequestion]

(h)deducestoichiometricrelationshipsfromcalculationssuchasthosein

2.ATOMICSTRUCTURE
Content

Thenucleusoftheatom:neutronsandprotons,isotopes,protonandnucleon

numbers

Electrons:electronicenergylevels,ionisationenergies,atomicorbitals,
extranuclearstructureLearningOutcomesCandidatesshouldbeableto:
(a)identifyanddescribeprotons,neutronsandelectronsintermsoftheirrelative
chargesandrelativemasses
7
9647H2CHEMISTRY(2014)

(b)deducethebehaviourofbeamsofprotons,neutronsandelectronsinan
electricfield

(c)describethedistributionofmassandchargeswithinanatom

(d)deducethenumbersofprotons,neutronsandelectronspresentinbothatoms
andionsgivenprotonandnucleonnumbers(andcharge)

(e)(i)describethecontributionofprotonsandneutronstoatomicnucleiinterms
ofprotonnumberandnucleonnumber(ii)distinguishbetweenisotopesonthe
basisofdifferentnumbersofneutronspresent

(f)describethenumberandrelativeenergiesofthes,panddorbitalsforthe
principalquantumnumbers1,2and3andalsothe4sand4porbitals

(g)describetheshapesofsandporbitals

(h)statetheelectronicconfigurationofatomsandionsgiventheprotonnumber
(andcharge)

(i)(i)explainthefactorsinfluencingtheionisationenergiesofelements(seethe
DataBooklet)(ii)explainthetrendsinionisationenergiesacrossaperiodand
downaGroupofthePeriodicTable(seealsoSection9)

(j)deducetheelectronicconfigurationsofelementsfromsuccessiveionisation
energydata

(k)interpretsuccessiveionisationenergydataofanelementintermsofthe
positionofthatelementwithinthePeriodicTable