CADD/CAM

ASIGNMENT NO-1
OTHER PERIPHERAL DEVICES
(KEYBORAD,MOUSE & WEBCAMS)

Submitted to:

Submitted by:

Prof.Arun K.Lal

Ravinder Pratap singh

Mechanical Engineering Department

SID:11107046

PEC University Of Technology

Mechanical, 4 th year.

DEFINTION
Peripherals are a generic name for any device external to a computer, but still normally associated with
it's extended functionality. The purpose of peripherals is to extend and enhance what a computer is
capable of doing without modifying the core components of the system.
A computer peripheral is a device that is connected to a computer but is not part of the core computer
architecture. The core elements of a computer are the central processing unit, power supply, motherboard
and the computer case that contains those three components. Technically speaking, everything else is
considered a peripheral device. However, this is a somewhat narrow view, since various other elements
are required for a computer to actually function, such as a hard drive and random-access memory (or
RAM). A peripheral device connects to a computer system to add functionality. Examples are a mouse,
keyboard, monitor, printer and scanner. Learn about the different types of peripheral devices and how
they allow you to do more with your computer.
Types of Peripheral Devices
There are many different peripheral devices, but they fall into three general categories:
1. Input devices, such as a mouse and a keyboard
2. Output devices, such as a monitor and a printer
3. Storage devices, such as a hard drive or flash drive.
Peripheral devices can be external or internal. For example, a printer is an external device that you
connect using a cable, while an optical disc drive is typically located inside the computer case. Internal
peripheral devices are also referred to as integrated peripherals. When most people refer to peripherals,
they typically mean external ones.

Some Computer peripheral parts:BlankMedia&MassStorage

This refers to CD and DVD disc. CD, a compact disc is a flat round storage medium that is read by a

laser in a CD-ROM drive. The standard CD is capable of holding 72 minutes of music or 650 MB of data.
80 minute CDs are also commonly used to store data and are capable of containing 700 MB of data.

Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc, DVD or DVD-ROM

It is a type of disc drive that allows for large amounts of data on one disc, the same size of a
standard Compact Disc.
Batteries
A hardware device that supplies power to a device or appliance and enables that device or
appliance to work without a power cord.
ComputerCases/Chassis
This is the housing that helps protect and organize all the components that make up your
computer..
CD/DVDROMDrives
CD-ROM drives are CD-Players inside computers that has the capability of playing audio CDs
and computer data CDs. DVD-RW Drive is a technology that enables a user to read and write to
a DVD+RW or DVD+R disc several times.
Harddrive
Computer's main storage media device, also called a hard disk drive or abbreviated as HD or
HDD.
Memory/RAM
is a term commonly used to describe the memory within a computer.
Memory

Stick

Also known as a USB flash drive, is a portable memory disk, a small device (about the size of
your index finger) that connects to a computer's USB port and often is capable of storing
512MB, 1GB, or more.
MiceandKeyboards

Keyboard is one of the main input devices used on a computer, a PC's keyboard looks very
similar to the keyboards of electric typewriters, with some additional keys. Mouse is an input
device that allows an individual to control a mouse pointer in a graphical user interface (GUI).
Utilizing a mouse a user has the ability to perform various functions such as opening a program
or file and does not require the user to memorize commands, like those used in a text-based
environment such as MS-DOS.
Modems
A hardware device that enables a computer to transmit and receive information over telephone
lines.
Monitor&Display
A a video display screen and the hard shell that holds it. Is use to view or watch over someone or
something.
Motherboard
It is a printed circuit that is the foundation of a computer and allows the CPU, RAM, and all
other computer hardware components to function with each other.
NetworkCard
Network Interface Card, a NIC, also referred to as a "network adapter", is a printed circuit board
containing the necessary hardware used to connect a computer to a network or other computer.
PowerSupply
The PS is an internal hardware component used to supply the components within the computer
with power. Besides properly supplying power to the computer and all its internal components,
the power supply also converts the AC electrical current found in most standard wall sockets
throughout the United States into a lower DC voltage that the computer components use.
Processor/CPU
was first developed by Intel in 1974. Unit. The computer CPU is responsible for handling all
instructions and calculation it receives from other hardware components in the computer and

software programs running on the computer.

Printers
An external hardware device responsible for taking computer data and generating a hard copy of
that data. Printers are one of the most used peripherals on computers and are commonly used to
print text, images, and/or photos.
Scanners
Hardware input device that allows a user to take an image and/or text and convert it into a digital
file, allowing the computer to read and/or display the scanned object. A scanner is commonly
connected to a computer USB, Firewire, Parallel or SCSI port.
Sound

Cards

Also known as a sound board or an audio card, a sound card is an expansion card or integrated
circuit that provides a computer with the ability to produce sound that can be heard by the user.
Speakers
A hardware device connected to a computer's sound card that outputs sounds generated by the
card.
TV Tuners
A TV tuner card is a computer component that allows television signals to be received by a
computer. Most TV tuners also function as video capture cards, allowing them to record
television programs onto a hard disk.
UPS(Uninterruptible

Power

Supply)

Uninterruptible Power Supply, UPS is a hardware device that provides a backup power source in
case of a power outage (blackout), brownout, or a surge in power. A UPS provides enough power
for the computer or computers to shut down properly or to remain up during a temporary power
outage.

Video/GraphicCards
Also known as a graphics card, video card, video board, or a video controller, a video adapter is
an internal circuit board that allows a display device, such as a monitor, to display images from
the computer
VideoProjectors
A hardware device that enables an image, such as a computer screen, to be projected onto a flat
surface. These devices are commonly used in meetings and presentations as they allow for a
large image to be shown so everyone in a room can see.
Webcams
A camera connected to a computer or server that allows anyone connected to the Internet to view
still pictures or motion video of a user.

KEYBOARD
A computer keyboard is an input device used to enter characters and functions into the computer system
by pressing buttons, or keys. It is the primary device used to enter text. A keyboard typically contains
keys for individual letters, numbers and special characters, as well as keys for specific functions. A
keyboard is connected to a computer system using a cable or a wireless connection.
A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key typically
corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding
several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs
(characters), other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions or execute computer commands.
Most keyboards have a very similar layout. The individual keys for letters, numbers and special
characters are collectively called the character keys. The layout of these keys is derived from the
original layout of keys on a typewriter. The most widely used layout in the English language is
called QWERTY, named after the sequence of the first six letters from the top left.

History
Standard Qwerty Keyboard Origin: Late 1870's:
In 1872, Remington produced the first mechanical typewriter, patented by C. Latham Sholes. Soon
typists were going so fast that they were able to jam the keys which flew up to hit the typewriter ribbon.
In the late 1870's: the "improved" Qwerty layout was designed to slow down typing, so those pesky keys
would not jam anymore.

Electric Typewriters: 1930's

In the 1930's electric typewriters were invented. What a great opportunity to improve on the
keyboard layout. Sadly, effortless action on keys, including shift, was not sufficient to draw new

customers. They had to have Qwerty too.In 1936, August Dvorak patented a new layout to: (a)
Reduce finger reach and strain by putting common letters on the home row (in red), (b) Avoid
awkward use of key pairs (digraphs), to improve speed. Relearning typing on the Dvorak layout
may take a month. Some enthusiasts use it today, but it has not become the standard.

Alternative Keyboards: 1990's

In the 1990's, at least two keyboards were patented with the aim of reducing finger reach and
strain and to a lesser extent, minimizing the effort of change from Qwerty. Unfortunately, the
main emphasis was on the middle or home row. Six frequent letters moved from Qwerty
locations, making these new keyboards still hard to learn.

Modern Keyborads:
Bluetooth Laser Virtual Keyboard

This is a tiny device which laser projects a keyboard on any flat surface. You can then type away
accompanied by simulated key click sounds. With 63 keys and and full size QWERTY layout
the Laser Virtual Keyboard can approach typing speeds of a standard keyboard, use it to
compose an e-mail on your Bluetooth enabled PDA or Cell Phone.

Flexible Keyboard
It looks like a standard slim keyboard in a standard QWERTY layout, but with a nifty twist of being the
most portable keyboard to date. A great tool for laptop users who miss their full-sized KB when on the
road, or LAN party warriors looking to lighten their load. Its dust and moisture proof,and available in
PS/2 or combo USB and PS/2 connectivity.

Cyborg Robotic Gaming Keyboard

This keyboard from the future with user selectable backlit key colors and special metal plated gaming
keys. With 12 programmable gaming keys and a special 'Cyborg' mode which disables those annoying
Windows keys.

DX1 Input System

The DX1 Input System is a USB peripheral device by newcomer Ergodex, designed for users to arrange
(and rearrange) an assortment of programmable keys anywhere on its 11-inch x 9-inch DX1 Pad. The
concept is simple: You begin with 25 DX1 keys, place as many of them on the DX1 Pad in any layout

you wish, and use the included software to assign functions to each one.

MOUSE
In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This
motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows for fine control of
a graphical user interface.
HISTORY
The history of the computer mouse begins in the 1960s when Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart and his team at
Stanford Research Institute (SRI) created the original mechanical pointing device that is widely credited
as being the first mouse. For more than a quarter of a century, Logitech has been the technological leader,
driving innovation in mouse technology and design

.
The mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1964 and consisted of a wooden shell, circuit board and
two metal wheels that came into contact with the surface it was being used on.
\
It was 8 years later in 1972 that Bill English developed the design further by inventing what is known as
the "Ball Mouse" that we know today. The ball replaced the wheels and was capable of monitoring
movement in any diection. The ball came into contact with two rollers that in turn spun wheels with
graduations on them that could be turned into electrical pulses representing direction and speed.
It would be another 8 years before the mouse would be developed any further. An optical mouse was
developed in around 1980, eliminating the ball which often became dirty from rolling round the desktop,
negatively affecting its operation. However, they were far too expensive to be used widely. In fact it
wasn't until around 1998 with the increase in microcontroller processing power and the reduction in
component costs that optical mice became a commercially viable alternative to the ball mouse
and infiltrated the mass consumer market.
Today the optical mouse has completely replaced the ball mouse being supplied as standard with all new
computers.

Operation:
A mouse typically controls the motion of a pointer in two dimensions in a graphical user interface (GUI).
The mouse turns movements of the hand backward and forward, left and right into equivalent electronic
signals that in turn are used to move the pointer.
The relative movements of the mouse on the surface are applied to the position of the pointer on the
screen, which signals the point where actions of the user take place, so that the hand movements are
replicated by the pointer. Clicking or hovering (stopping movement while the cursor is within the bounds
of an area) can select files, programs or actions from a list of names, or (in graphical interfaces) through
small images called "icons" and other elements.

Present types and variants:

Computer mice some in a number of varieties. You can find a computer mouse for just about any use. To
figure out what kind of mouse would work best with your PC, you need to know your mouse options:

Mechanical mouse: Houses a hard rubber ball that rolls as the mouse is moved. Sensors inside
the mouse body detect the movement and translate it into information that the computer
interprets.

Optical mouse: Uses an LED sensor to detect tabletop movement and then sends off that
information to the computer for merry munching.

Infrared (IR) or radio frequency cordless mouse: With both these types, the mouse relays a
signal to a base station wired to the computer's mouse port. The cordless mouse requires power,
which comes in the form of batteries.

A mouse with many buttons: The extra buttons can be programmed to do specific things, such
as navigate the Web or turn pages when youre reading a document. The typical button-ified
mouse has about five buttons.

Trackball mouse: Like an upside-down mouse. Rather than roll the mouse around, you use your
thumb or index finger to roll a ball on top of the mouse. The whole contraption stays stationary,
so it doesnt need a lot of room, and its cord never gets tangled.

Stylus mouse: Another mouse mutation enjoyed by the artistic type is the stylus mouse, which
looks like a pen and draws on a special pad.

Cordless 3-D mouse: This kind of mouse can be pointed at the computerscreen like a TV remote.

FUTURE SCOPE
Recently, Asus introduced a rather interesting device - VivoMouse, mouse, combined with the touchpad.
The device the curved and rather unusual shape in a metal case together the round touchpad and sensor,

that recognizes multiple simultaneous touches, and a laser sensor the conventional laser mouse, located
on the bottom.

This month, scientists at the University of Washington have published findings showing that patients who
had a thin layer of electrodes placed in their brain were able to move a cursor on a computer screen by
demand by just thinking about it. Although in the early stages, this technology has the potential for users
to communicate with computers using only their thoughts to control the commands on the screen.
Gesture control is shaping up to become a real alternative to traditional methods of making computers,
TVs and other devices work. Leap Motion is an $80 peripheral that lets you point your fingers and
wave your hands to control apps on personal computers. Coming in 2014 is Waterloos Thalmic Labs
Myo, an armband that mixes gesture control with wearable computing. Microsofts Xbox One is also
coming in November with a new and improved Kinect sensor.

CAMERAS / WEBCAMS
A front-facing video camera that attaches to a computer typically via USB or that is built into a laptop or
desktop screen. It is widely used for Skype and other video calling software as well as to continuously
monitor an activity and send it to a Web server for public or private viewing. Webcams purchased as
separate peripherals generally have a microphone built into the unit, or an external mike comes in the
package.
Webcams Vs. Network Cameras
A Webcam attaches to, or is built into, the computer, whereas a "network camera" is a stand-alone unit
that connects to an Ethernet network. While the Webcam is commonly used for video phoning with
another user, network cameras are used to monitor locations such as stores and offices.

HISTORY
Early Development:

First developed in 1991, a webcam was pointed at the Trojan Room coffee pot in the Cambridge
University Computer Science Department. The camera was finally switched off on August 22, 2001. The
final image captured by the camera can still be viewed at its homepage. The oldest webcam still operating
is FogCam at San Francisco State University, which has been running continuously since 1994.
Connectix Quick Cam
The first commercial webcam, the black-and-white QuickCam, entered the marketplace in 1994, created
by the U.S. computer company Connectix (which sold its product line to Logitech in 1998). QuickCam
was available in August 1994 for the Apple Macintosh, connecting via a serial port, at a cost of $100. Jon
Garber, the designer of the device, had wanted to call it the "Mac-camera", but was overruled by
Connectix's marketing department; a version with a PC-compatible serial port and software for Microsoft
Windows was launched in October 1995. The original QuickCam provided 320x240-pixel resolution with
a grayscale depth of 16 shades at 60 frames per second, or 256 shades at 15 frames per second. These cam
were tested on several Delta II launch using a variety of communication protocols including CDMA,
TDMA, GSM and HF. In 2010, Time Magazine named the QuickCam as one of the top computer devices
of all time.
One of the most widely reported-on webcam sites was JenniCam, created in 1996, which allowed Internet
users to observe the life of its namesake constantly, in the same vein as the reality TV series Big Brother,
launched four years later.
Around the turn of the 21st century, computer hardware manufacturers began building webcams directly
into laptop and desktop screens, thus eliminating the need to use an external USB or FireWire camera.
For less than US$100 in 2012, a Three-dimensional space webcam became available, producing videos
and photos in 3D Anaglyph image with a resolution up to 1280 x 480 pixels. Both sender and receiver of
the images must use 3D glasses to see the effect of three dimensional image.

WORKING:
Webcams typically include a lens, an image sensor, support electronics, and may also include a
microphone for sound. Various lenses are available, the most common in consumer-grade webcams being
a plastic lens that can be screwed in and out to focus the camera. Fixed focus lenses, which have no
provision for adjustment, are also available. As a camera system's depth of field is greater for small image
formats and is greater for lenses with a large f-number (small aperture), the systems used in webcams
have a sufficiently large depth of field that the use of a fixed focus lens does not impact image sharpness
to a great extent.
Image sensors can be CMOS or CCD, the former being dominant for low-cost cameras, but CCD cameras
do not necessarily outperform CMOS-based cameras in the low cost price range. Most consumer
webcams are capable of providing VGA resolution video at a frame rate of 30 frames per second. Many
newer devices can produce video in multi-megapixel resolutions, and a few can run at high frame rates
such as the PlayStation Eye, which can produce 320240 video at 120 frames per second.

Support electronics read the image from the sensor and transmit it to the host computer. The camera
pictured to the right, for example, uses a Sonix SN9C101 to transmit its image over USB. Typically, each
frame is transmitted uncompressed in RGB or YUV or compressed as JPEG. Some cameras, such as
mobile phone cameras, use a CMOS sensor with supporting electronics "on die", i.e. the sensor and the
support electronics are built on a single silicon chip to save space and manufacturing costs. Most
webcams feature built-in microphones to make video calling and videoconferencing more convenient.
The USB video device class (UVC) specification allows for interconnectivity of webcams to computers
without the need for proprietary device drivers. Microsoft Windows XP SP2, Linux and Mac OS X (since
October 2005) have UVC support built in and do not require extra device drivers, although they are often
installed to add additional features.

Current scenario:
IP Camera
An Internet protocol camera, or IP camera, is a type of digital video camera commonly employed for
surveillance, and which, unlike analog closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras, can send and receive
data via a computer network and the Internet. Although most cameras that do this are webcams, the term
"IP camera" or "netcam" is usually applied only to those used for surveillance. The first centralized IP
camera was Axis Neteye 200, released in 1996 by Axis Communications.
There are two kinds of IP cameras:

Centralized IP cameras, which require a central Network Video Recorder(NVR) to handle the
recording, video and alarm management.

Decentralized IP cameras, which do not require a central Network Video Recorder (NVR), as the
cameras have recording function built-in and can thus record directly to any standard storage
media, such as SD cards, NAS (network attached storage) or a PC/Server.

Integrated
Many laptop computers, especially netbooks and other computers designed for portability, include builtin webcams. Usually located at the top of the screen, these cameras provide lower image quality than top
of the line devices, but can still manage video calls.

Standalone
Standalone webcams predate most other types. Composed of a lens unit and stand or clip, these cameras
usually connect to the computer via a USB cable. Older models may use serial port connectors or other
outdated methods of data transfer.
Wireless Webcams
Wireless webcams are cameras that do not need to be physically connected to a computer or network to
transmit images, as they do so via radio waves or a wireless network. Wireless webcams connected to a

network are often used for security purposes as they can send images to multiple computers at the same
time.

FUTURE:
Periscopes:- Mini-periscope covering your webcam and extending down to eclipse a portion of
screen. It solves the eye-contact problem
.
Camera behind the screen:- Webcam that sits on top and is embedded it into the middle of the
screen. Then simply webcam video feed is positioned over the hidden camera to get seamless eye
contact. But there are some pretty complications. Light has to pierce through the glow of your
screen to reach the camera lens. Apples idea is to rapidly cycle the display between active and
inactive, transparent and opaque, at such a rate that the camera can still get a good image while your
eyes notice nothing.
Monitor-camera hybrid:- Instead of having one central lens that collects visual information, try
having thousands as many sensors as there are pixels in the screen. Thats Apples other solution
Weave in loads of light-sensitive receptors in-between the cells of an LCD screen and then combine
the separate data feeds into one big picture.

References:

http://community.tradekey.com/article269/Top_10_Modern_Computer_Keyboards.html
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-computer-keyboard-partslayout-functions.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboard
http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/613/the-history-of-the-computer-mouse/
http://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/collections/2013/07/08/beyond-the-mouse-thefuture-of-computer-interfaces/

http://www.thestar.com/life/technology/2013/07/31/motion_control_points_the_way_t
o_a_mousefree_future.html
http://www.workshifting.com/2011/10/the-workshifting-world-of-tomorrow-future-webcams.html