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Repaso

Examen Laboratorio ZOOLOGIA



Temas y Capitulos

5: introduction to Animal Classification
6: Protozoan, Amebas, Euglenozoa, Chlorophyta, Apicomplexa, Coliophora
7: Sponges, Phylum Porifera
8: Radiates, Phylum Cnidaria
9: Acoelomites, Phylum Platyhelminthes
10: Pseudocoelomate, Phylum Nematoda, Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Nematomorpha,
Acanthocephala
11: Molluscs,
12: Annelids,
13: Arthorpods
14: Crustacean Arthropods
15: Insects??
16: Echinoderms (estrella de mar)



Protozoarios
4 major groups: flagellates, amebas, spore formers, ciliates
Amebas
Locomotion by pseudopodia
Most free living, some parasitic
Body naked or with external or internal test o skeleton
Asexual reproduction by fission
Sexuality, if present, associated with flagellated (rarely amoeboid)
gametes
feeding
o food vacuoles
o phagocyte
live in both freshwater and seawater and soil

Euglenozoa
Phylum
Movement by flagella, cortical microtubules
Most common in still pools and ponds
euglenoid movement
o when a Euglena stops swimming, watch how it changes chape
Examples: Euglena, Trypanosoma
Reproduction
o Longitudinal fission
When the organism is free or when ir is in the encysted
state
Begins at the anterior end and proceeds posteriorly
Rounds up and forms a gelatinous wall around itself
Can withstand harsh conditions

Volvox
Spherical colonial genus often found with other protozoa in stagnant
pools and ponds
Colonies easily visible
Illustrates an important stage in the development of sex
Reproduction
o Sexually
o Asexually





Giardia Lambia
Zoogflagellate protozoa



Paramecio
Phylum Ciliophora
Active ciliate protozoan common in most fresh water that contains
vegetation and decayed organic matter

Locomotion
o Cilia perform very much as the oars of a boat, propels the animal
forward
Binary Fission




Other Ciliates
Vorticella
solitary sessile ciliate
clings to aquatic vegetation of stagnant ponds and streams
attached by a long, slender STALK that can contract into a spiral shape
when it is disturbed
Bell-shaped body
Has a surrounding pellicle, which helps maintain the shape of the body
Reproduction by longitudinal binary fission, but budding may also occur

Stentor




SPONGES
Phylum Porifera
Considered to be the simplest metazoans
Division of labor among their cells
No organs, no systems, no mouth or digestive tract, only a very
rudimentary nervous integration
Adult sponges are ALL in SESSILE form
Some have no regular symmetry, others have radial symmetry
May be either solitary or colonial
Pores and canal systems
Flagellated sponge feeding cells = choanocytes
Internal skeleton = spicules
Organic fibers = sponging
Internal cavity = spongocoel

Sycon (Phylum Porifera, Class Calcarea)
Strictly a marine form, living in clusters in shallow water, usually attached
to rocks, pilings or shells
Reproduction
o Sexual
o Asexual







RADIATE ANIMALS
Phylum Cnidaria (Hydra, Obelia, Aurelia)
Radially symmetrical
Tissue level of organization
Anemones, jellyfish, corals
Germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm)
Internal space for digestion (gastrovascular cavity)
Polyp and medusa
Class Hydrozoa
Both polyp and medusa
Medusa with velum
Found in fresh and marine water
o Hydra
Solitary
Found in pools, quiet streams, spring ponds
Reproduction
Sexual
o Some are monoecious, having both testes and
ovaries
o Dioecious, having separate sexes
Asexual
o Budding
o Hollow outgrow

o Obelia
Colonial hydroids found in marine waters and attached to
sea weed, rock, shells,
Both polyp and medusa stage


Class Scyphozoa
Solitary
Medusa stage emphasized
Polyp reduced or absent
Enlarged mesoglea
Medusa without a velum
True jellyfish
Tetramerous radial symmetry
o Aurelia
Moon jelly
Generally larger than hydrozoan medusa
Jelly layers (mesoglea) generally thicker
Short tentacles
Gastrovascular system
Reproduction
Sexes are separate
Sex cells are shed from the gonads into the
gastrovascular cavity and are discharged through
the mouth for external fertilization
Planula larvae, free-swimming

Anemona
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa
Genus Metridium
most are solitary sessile animals and do not live in colonies
all polyps in form
NO medusa
All are marine
Body is cylindrical
Mouth, pharynx, gastrovascular cavity


ACOELOMATE
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Animals that have no coelom
Include flatworms, robbin worms, jaw forms
Presence of well developed mesodermal layer maked acoelomates
tripoblastic having three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
BILATERAL symmetry
Tissues are defined and organized into functional organs
Cephalization organized nervous system
Excretory system
Platyhelminthes have a gastrovascular system, but ribbon worms have
separated the two functions and have a complete mouth-to-anus digestive
tract and circulatory system.
Flatworms have a tissue-organ level of organization

Turbelaria (Planaria)
Mostly free-living, with ciliated epidermis

Freshwater, underside of stones or submerged leaves or sticks in


freshwater springs, ponds, and streams.
Often confused with leeches
Triangular head (auricle)
Locomotion: gliding, path of mucus
Digestive system: gastrovascular cavity
Reproduction: monoecious, asexually by transverse fission
Excretory canals
Eye spots or ocelli



Class Trematoda
Clonorchis (liver fluke)
all trematodes are parasitic
the adult or sexual stage of Clonorchis live in the human bile duct

Schistosoma (human blood fluke)


blood flukes of humans
live in venules of the body


Class Cestoda (Tapeworms)
Taenia
all endoparasitic
lack digestive system
most require two hosts of different species
long bodies made up of proglottids, continued process of budding in the
anterior end



PSEUDOCOELOMATE ANIMALS
Phylum Nematoda, Rotifera, Nematomorpha
body cavity: true coelom or pesudocoel
organ system level of organization
Phylum Nematoda
o Terrestrial, freshwater, marine, and parasitic worms
o Elongated roundworms covered with a flexible nonliving cuticle
o Circular muscles are lacking in the bidy wall
Ascaris, longitudinal muscles
Common intestinal parasite in human

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