The Plasmoid Paradigm

and Economics and Physics Periodicity

Edward Lewis
1

Sciencejunk.org, USA, onyshua@gmail.com

Abstract-- The cold fusion field is a part of the plasmoid

paradigm. Cratering and anomalous tracks evidence
plasmoid activity. Physics paradigms change every 80 years
or so. Why this happened is explained, and what researchers
may expect both in terms of phenomena and future
economic development is explained.
Index TermsKondratiev wave, low temperature
sloshing, plasmoid paradigm, physics revolution.

I. INTRODUCTION
In 1989, this author developed a theory about why
scientific paradigms in the field of physics change every
80 years, and how this leads to economic depressions
along a 40 or 50 year pattern. Looking at the early cold
fusion results, it was clear that a revolution was in the
works. What were needed were new key principles to
identify seemingly different kinds of anomalies. Natural
ball lightning is a wonderfully interesting phenomenon
with a lot of characteristics of anomalous cold fusion
results. Here is a summary of two decades of modeling,
predictions, and results in the two fields.
In early 1992, T. Matsumoto started announcing that
he found highly unusual ring traces in nuclear emulsions
he used for particle detection. This is a common research
technique now, but at the beginning of the field, it was
innovative. I guessed he was probably looking at ball
lightning tracks since I knew that ball lightning and
tornadoes leave this type of track. See Figure 1.

electrodes or someplace in the apparatus, and this is

what was causing transmutation and excess heat effects.
Then I started to read about Ken Shoulders
discoveries about experimentally produced plasmoids.
Though he rarely uses the term in his writings, he
understands that this is what he is researching, following
on the work of W. Bostick.
Most people in the field probably dont know about W.
Bostick or his importance in the history of science.
Further reading about his 1950s experimental and
theoretical research on galaxy shape modeling and how
this led to Alfvens MHD theory and plasma cosmology
can be found in Lerners The Big Bang Never Happened
and in my writings including a long book[2] I wrote
mainly in the 1990s and is now on my website.
I started to try to understand everything, including the
Universe and matter as plasmoids. The difference
between my theoretical work and others is that I base my
thinking on observed natural anomalies such as ball
lightning and tornadoes and their energetic or strange
effects, cold fusion research anomalies, and Ken
Shoulders experimental results as far as I know about
them.
Here is a list of the predictions based on the two
models I am presenting, and you can verify that in the
past twenty years, the predictions were historically
proved out for the science-economic theory and
experimentally proved out for the plasmoid physics
theory. The physics model I work with is fundamental but
rudimentary. This is because few researchers have
published
experimental
results
explaining
the
characteristics or activities of the plasmoids.
II. SCIENCE THEORY MODELING

Fig. 1. Tornado-ball lightning-like tracks found on nuclear emulsion by

Matsumoto in 1994 [2]. He found several tracks like these. Like
tornadoes, they show a hopping and skimming behavior. See earlier
articles relating tornadoes to ball lightning and this type of plasmoid.

Even before I saw a picture of any track that he started

to publish in Fusion Technology in 1992, I assumed that
tiny ball lightning were probably being formed in the

The science-economic theory was developed in 1989.

Why did it seem that physics revolutions happened at 80
year intervals, but Kondratiev economic waves were
about 50 or 40 years apart? A key for bridging
productivity growth acceleration near the beginning of an
industrial revolution and economic depression was a book
called Technological Acceleration and the Great
Depression by JP Waters that was written in the 1970s.
It was clear that the industrial revolutions themselves
when old industries die and are replaced by new but
labor-intensive industry and many small startup
companies were occasions for economic depression. The
time of technological acceleration in the middle of the
industrial cycle was another occasion.
So this explained why high productivity and low
productivity growth economic depression periods
alternated at about 40 or 50 year intervals.

Back in the 1990s, maybe nobody believed this model

could be true. But it is producing accurate predictions
as time goes by. This is described below.
There have been seven scientific revolutions in
physics:
The Copernican, about 1506. When he believed the
solar system was sun centered, he also innovated a new
physical model to explain to people how things are.
The Galilean, about 1593. Around this time in
response to the anomalies detected in the decades prior,
Gilbert, Galileo, and Kepler formulated similar physical
paradigms. We know that they thought that their models
were similar because Galileo and Kepler corresponded
and wrote about each other. It is clear that they had
knowledge of Gilberts book about geology, the solar
system, and various scientific topics.
The Newtonian, 1664. In his early 20s, in response to
various anomalies of the prior paradigm, he formulated
an influential theory about corpuscular atoms, aethers,
and action at a distance (gravity).
The Fluid paradigm originally formulated by
Franklin, about 1745. Others such as Aepinus and
Coulomb helped to develop the basic theory about
material fluids of electricity, heat and magnetism. This
paradigm was quickly adopted almost universally in
advanced countries. The quick adoption of the paradigm
enabled the development of heat, chemical, and electric
technology that enabled the First Industrial to occur
relatively quickly after the paradigms inception. This in
turn caused the long lull at the end of the 1800s and the
50 year Kondtratiev wave timing of the 1800s since
Faradays paradigm was accepted comparatively slowly.
The Classical Field theory paradigm, rudimentarily
formulated by Faraday in 1820 and developed by
Maxwell;
The Quantum Mechanics (Q.M.) and Relativity
theory paradigm formulated by Einstein, about 1905.
Modern industry of the 21st century is based on the
theoretical advances in Quantum Mechanics and
experimental research based on the theory and technology
based on QM precepts.
The Plasmoid paradigm, 1992, is apparently only
described by me. Obviously there have been numerous
discoveries in our field and the related ball lightning and
plasmoid fields. Many are described in this paper, and my
model is described below. The new phenomena are
fundamentally important. In order to speed up research
and spread understanding, Id like to encourage cold
fusion researchers to work and collaborate more with ball
lightning and plasmoid researchers. There could be joint
international conferences on these topics.
In 1992, I corresponded with Matsumoto, and he
accepted the idea of micro ball lightning. His work in this
field is very important to understand. I think perhaps lack
of access to his many early papers in Fusion Technology
is preventing is results from being analyzed and
understood by researchers now.
I also learned a lot from Ken Shoulders early patents
and statements in 1992. We corresponded also. I think it
may have been a reference in Ken Shoulders patent to W.

Bosticks articles that introduced me to earlier plasmoid

research. Understanding the galaxy as a plasmoid helped
me to understand that atoms are plasmoids, the stars are
plasmoids, and that electrical clumping can explain
atomic existence and behavior. As shown below,
Bosticks study of the plasmoid markings on his witness
plates is still useful for comparison to similar plasmoid
markings produced more recently such as those of
Energetics Technologies in the last few years.
A. Science-Economic Theory Model
There are major changes in the basic postulates of
physics during the scientific revolutions. Science doesnt
develop by incremental modification of theory, but by
replacement of fundamental theory by new theory based
on different principles. Major changes of physics enable
major revolutions of technology. The revolutions
happened about every 80 years. In fact, the period 1506
1905 is 399 years, or about 5 x 80 years. See Figure 2.

Fig. 2. Chart of the 7 paradigm revolutions over time.

What causes the paradigms to space like this? Clues

were in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Kuhn.
He himself never described that physics paradigm
changed happen at 80 year intervals. But it is interesting
that he did declare a length of time for the crisis periods
leading up to paradigm change of 10 to 20 years. As
explained below, the crisis periods happen through the
experimental and technical work of the third generation.
B. Three Generations to Create and Destroy 1 Paradigm
Thomas Kuhn described the causes that make
paradigm change a three generation process in his
writings. He wrote about the inhibition of apprehension
(sort of like the Planck principle: scientists are never
convinced of new ideas; new theories triumph because
they die.) He also wrote about how theorists and

technicians (experimentalists) are different.

(I) Older, more experienced people learn new ideas
slowly or not at all, especially when the ideas are very
different from their own. I call this constraint the
inhibition of apprehension.
(II) Theoreticians are not usually the best
experimenters or technicians, and vice versa. I call this
constraint the difference between theoreticians and
technicians.
Kuhn wrote: Almost always the men who achieve
these fundamental inventions of a new paradigm have
been either very young or very new to the field whose
paradigm they change.
He also wrote: what scientists never do when
confronted by even several and prolonged anomalies.
Though they may begin to lose faith and then to consider
alternatives, they do not renounce the paradigm that has
led them into crisis anomalies are seldom just an
increment to what is already known. [Their] assimilation
requires the reconstruction of prior theory and the reevaluation of prior fact. This explains why no one in the
cold fusion field except maybe Ken Shoulders as far as I
know has stopped believing in QM or can understand
what I am writing about well.
Principle 1 keeps no one but the young or newcomers
from formulating a new paradigm. They do this
historically between the age of 23 and 45, the usual
productive years for starting new things. Since almost no
one else in his generation may believe him, it is the
younger people (the next generation) who accept and
develop his ideas.
They generally develop their ideas when they reach
their thirties and forties. But due to Principle 2, the
theoretical developers of the paradigm are not good
inventors. Especially, they dont invent the seminal
technologies for industrial revolution, and they dont
discover the anomalies (contradictions) of their own ideas.
This happens in the next generation.
A 3rd generation of young people who grew up being
taught the paradigm began to invent the major new
technologies and new scientific devices, and some
discover fundamental anomalies. Of necessity, they begin
to do this about 20 to 30 years after the theory was well
developed by the 2nd generation. This is necessary
because children below the age of 10 or teenagers can not
do this type of laboratory work. Work of this caliber
requires about 30 or 40 years of training and experience.
This is why the early cold fusion researchers were
mostly middle-aged when this field started, and why they
are old men now. This is why the field is mainly the
province of old men which makes it difficult for my ideas
to be understood or accepted.
A crisis period starts and continues with 10 or 20 years
(Kuhns stated length of time) until a newcomer
formulates new principles based not on older theoretical
axioms and hypotheses but directly based on the nature
of the anomalies themselves as I describe in my book.
However, our field is facing a different situation than
the prior formulators faced after Newton. Now, the very

anomalies themselves are still generally believed by most

scientists as not to be true. (Many say we are a bunch of
liars and freaks). However, Copernicus and Galileo faced
a similar situation during their times. Scientists have
faced similar times before. Maybe we can learn some tips
from them about how to carry on this debate for public
opinion.
C. Industrial Revolutions and Kondratiev Waves

Fig. 3. Chart showing the spacing of technological acceleration

periods when the productivity growth accelerates. That depressionary
times arise when productivity is rapidly rising is initially counterintuitive. But the rising productivity (as now) is a mirror of the
increasing unemployment or disemployment and the lowering incomes
in the most technologically advanced economies.

Industrial revolutions begin at about the time of the

crisis periods in physics. A group of major new industries
form at the same time. Both the new industries and the
finding of fundamental anomalies happen due to the
development of new technology at these times. The last
crisis period and industrial revolution happened during
the period 1960-1992. See my earlier articles on this topic
to see how industrial revolution leads to the two kinds of
economic depressions and how the Kondratiev long wave
arises.
So far, there have been three industrial revolutions.
The first one can be said to have started in 1790. The
second one can be said to have started about 1890. The
third one can be said to have started about 1973. Do you
know what happened industrially in the US at these
times? You might remember the semiconductor, PC, laser,
and electronics revolutions of the 1970s if you were alive
then. All of these industries were based on QM
technology.
In the 1890s, there was a revolution of automobile
manufacture, electrical appliances, and steel and
petroleum.
In the 1790s, the technological revolution had to do
with perfecting workable steam engines, "caloric"
chemical industries, and electric batteries and their
applications. All of these industries were developed by
people who believed in the new fluid paradigm of physics.

Youll notice that Franklins fluid ideas spread and were

developed unusually quickly. He was a publisher, famous
and influential for many reasons, had leading scientists
for friends who assisted him, and his theoretical
framework was simple and intuitive.
Industrial revolutions have arisen about 45 to 73 years
after the scientific revolutions for the reasons described
above. When major new industries arise in a paradigm,
there are many small companies who invest in inventing
better products and features.
But about 30 years after the industries start, for various
reasons, products standardize. For example, there were
lots of automobile companies about 1910 or so, but by
1930 or so, the shape and functions of cars were
standardized, and the companies invested in automation
to compete on prices for basically the same product. This
is called the "switch from product innovation to process
innovation in the industrial life cycle." The same
oligopoly and automation process is happening nowadays.
Since many big industries start in each industrial
revolution, when all these industries hit this stage of
development at the same time, unemployment rises a lot
as human labor productivity rises substantially. People
learn to make the same things faster and cheaper without
so much human labor, and prices on products may go
down, though unemployment goes up as companies have
layoffs, merge, go bankrupt, and a few companies emerge
as the survivors in each industry. This is why US
unemployment probably really is about 18 or 23 percent
if measured how it was measured in the US before the
Clinton administration.
Another kind of depression happens during the
industrial revolutions because old industries die off and
new ones start. Remember the 1970s? A lot of "rust-belt,"
"smokestack" industries closed in the US, and the new
industries stated. See Figure 3. At those times the US has
had depressions or deep recessions when productivity
growth is historically low. It dipped to about .5% per year
in the 2nd and 3rd Industrial Revolutions.
As you can see, the timing of economic depression
periods are a little more irregular than the timing of
scientific revolutions. They average about 40 years apart.
See Figure 4.

Fig. 4. Chart showing the relationship of the productivity growth curve

and the economic depressionary times. The depressions or deep

recessions happen at the points of lowest productivity growth and at the

points when the productivity growth curve has the highest slope. The
grey areas show the times of depressionary periods: 1780s-1790s,
1830s-1840s, 1890s, 1930s, 1970s-early 1980s, late 2000s-2010s.

III. PHYSICS: PLASMOID PARADIGM MODELING

The Plasmoid paradigm can be said to have begun
in 1992. From about 1973 to 1992, there was a crisis
period. After reading about ball lightning and cold fusion
experiments, it was clear that ball lightning had some
superconductive effects, that ball lightning was similar to
cold fusion in many ways (excess heat, explosions,
radioactivity, evidence of transmutation, transitory
existence), and that cold fusion, ball lightning, and HTSC
were fundamental anomalies. What was the natural key
that ties these phenomena together? Ball lightning-like
material forms in experiments in the right conditions.
This suggests that atoms change to a plasmoid state.
Atoms in the plasmoid state may behave like ball
lightning.
Electricity clumps. Ball lightnings are clumps of
electricity. Experimental research on plasmoids shows us
some of their characteristics. They are highly energetic,
can change state from an active and to an inactive state,
vary greatly in size, and produce atoms transmutations
and make atoms disappear where they travel.
It is clear that electricity clumps of itself. There is no
reason to believe that regular atoms are anything other
than plasmoids in the inactive state. Stress of various
kinds including compression, electrical stimulation, or
heating can cause atoms to change state. A region of
atoms in this state may emerge as objects that travel like
ball lightning. This would leave voids, tunnels, holes, pits
and craters. These spots of plasmoid activity would
evidence atomic transmutation and strange behavior.
What keen researchers with good equipment, insight, and
patience find in their experiments.
Lipson and Celani started researching the
superconductivity associated with transmutation and cold
fusion experiments around 1990. I wrote about
superconductivity as a plasmoid phenomena in the middle
of the 1990s. In the early to middle 2000s, Lipson and
Miley published their research at the U of I of evidence of
superconductivity in environments associated with cold
fusion effects.
There is no direct evidence of nuclei in atoms. But
there is direct evidence in the form of tracks, plasmoid
craters and markings, bore holes, and electrode structures
such as Dashs filaments (that kept growing and
transmuting after experiments were over) of plasmoid
formation and activity in electrodes or other sites in
various experiments. The atoms are converting to a
previously unknown state that can be likened to ball
lightning or the anomalous plasmoids researched by
Shoulders.
Since 1992, Ive written and published many articles
about these ideas in the publications in the the fields of
cold fusion and ball lightning. The most comprehensive
articles are a long descriptive article written in 1992
called Description of Phenomena According to My
Theory and Experiments to Test It, my papers in

ICCF10 and ICCF11, and the 2009 articles in Infinite

Energy and The Journal of Condensed Matter Nuclear
Science.
My model is based on certain assumptions.
(I) Plasmoids exist that evidence superconductivity,
ability to bore through materials and make tunnels, the
ability to travel through materials without making tunnels,
produce time and gravity change (heuristic hypothesis
needing confirmation), cause atoms to transmute, explode
and do the activities that ball lightning and anomalous
plasmoids are known to do. They clump and divide and
tend to form geometrical formations. Since these
phenomena have been so little researched experimentally,
much is unknown about them. But understanding their
characteristics will develop the paradigm.
(II) Regular atoms are plasmoids in an inactive state.
But they may convert to the state where they evidence the
above anomalies.
(III) A heuristic hypothesis is that everything is a
plasmoid. There has been good research in this direction
of modeling the universe by others though they usually
dont use the term plasmoid. In the past, the field was
called plasma cosmology (including Alfven who won the
Nobel Prize for MHD theory), and more recently the term
electric universe is used. The plasma cosmology
developed from Bosticks 1950s research on
experimental plasmoids and their galactic shapes.
(IV) Electricity clumps. This is why matter exists
(atoms, ball lightning, stars, particles, maybe even
electrons).
(V) Gravity is the clumping of material, and time is the
rate of change of a characteristic process. Ive wanted the
idea tested that time and gravity effects occur in
anomalous plasmoid sites. In 1992, I proposed that
people try to detect time change in cf experiments. A
good technique would be to detect light phase shifts (red
shifts/ blue shifts). Another way would be to use various
kinds of clocks. Radioactive atoms are a natural clock.
The problem with understanding what is happening when
radioactive change is reported as has happened in the past
in our field is that it is uncertain what exactly is causing
the radioactivity change. Is it due to isotopic or elemental
transmutation of atoms or is it due to what can be
characterized as a change of time?
IV. SCIENCE CHANGE AND ECONOMIC PREDICTIONS
AND VERIFICATIONS
There has never been a paradigm for the field of
economics. This is why economists can rarely predict
events even a few years into the future. What were
needed were fundamental principles of human activity
that remained true over hundreds of years. The
Kondratiev wave was an interesting feature of advanced
capitalist economies, but Schumpeter and others couldnt
identify the cause.
The cause is the two principles of physics learning
and technology development that cause paradigm

changes in physics to follow a 3 generation (80 year)

periodicity. The Kondratiev wave had a 50 year
periodicity before 1900 and a 40 year periodicity after
1900 due to the rapid acceptance and development of the
Fluid paradigm.
Based on this model, from 1989 onwards I predicted
the following events. It is easy to verify that I was
predicting all this two decades ago.
1. A physics revolution was imminent unless it already
had happened. 1905+80=1985. I believed that someone
was going to formulate a new physics paradigm based on
the obvious anomalies of the crisis period or that
someone had recently done so.
It is clear the cold fusion field didnt die off though it
has been popularly declared a hoax. Most of the
researchers focus on technical applications, but there is
much evidence that the phenomena falls outside the old
paradigms box. I believe my basic model serves as a
new paradigm.
2. Technological acceleration would begin about the
year 2000 with productivity growth rates suddenly
doubling as happened in 1820 in Britain and 1920 in the
US. This happened in 1999 or so and surprised many
economists. But I understood this is what happens in
industry about 20 years after the end of an industrial
revolution depression.
3. Economic boom times similar to the 1920s in the
US in the 2000s. This happened. Harry Dent predicted
this also based on demographic principles. His work is
instructive, but doesnt explain the paradigm change
periodicity.
4. Predicted a financial crash about 2009 like the 1929
crash in the US and the similar crash in Great Britain
about 1830. This would be followed by a decade long
depression period in this decade. This is happening. The
financial crash happened in 2008. However, there has
been unprecedented peace time deficit stimulus spending
and bank lending since 2008. In the US, this is thought to
amount to 1 or 2 trillion dollars per year, a substantial
fraction of the GNP. This is keeping the stock market
high temporarily. However, real unemployment in the US
as measured in the way it was measured before Clinton is
still about 15 to 22 percent. The model predicts the rest of
the decade will experience a depression like the 1930s
(US) and the 1820s-1840s (Britain and the US) associated
with high and increasing labor productivity. See the
economics charts here. Labor productivity growth rates
will peak and start to decrease long after the depression
period is over if the past cycles continue.
5. The major industries of the Plasmoid paradigm
wont start to form until after 2045 or 2052. (1992 + 60).
And the next crisis period will start about 2050. Ive been
surprised there is yet no industry arising in this paradigm
at all. If the timing holds, the theory of this paradigm
should be well developed by 2032 (1992+40).
To encourage people, relatively small industries in a
paradigm have been developed within a few decades after
a paradigms inception. The telegraph industry of the
1840s that was developed by people who believed in the
fluid paradigm and the interaction of magnetic and

electric fluids and the early nuclear power industries of

the 1950s are examples.
Any good theory for economics and scientific
development will allow for predictions that can be
verified historically. Thus far, this theory has proved
correct in its major predictions. No other economic
theory as far as far I know has this record. In the 1990s,
long-wave theorists predicted a K-wave dip at the end of
the century. People I interacted with in the 1990s
generally dismissed my idea of a Kondratiev trough in the
2010s.
V. PHYSICS PREDICTIONS AND VERIFICATIONS
In my early articles in the early and middle 1990s, I
was suggesting that people search for plasmoid markings,
time and gravity change, and superconductivity in their
experiments. In 1992, I formulated a theory about how
the formation of plasmoids in electrodes would be
associated with transmutation phenomena and gravitation
production.
1. I predicted approximately micrometer-size ball
lightning would be commonly found by CF researchers in
various kinds of devices. Matsumoto was the first to
produce evidence of plasmoid tracks in nuclear emulsions
in the 1990s. He described how cells with evidence of
transmutation also produced such tracks. (Figure 1 and
many others in Fusion Technology). Then Ken Shoulders
started to research transmutation (cold fusion
phenomena). He described that plasmoid strike marks
evidence transmutation of atomic species[3]. I have tried
many times to point out how closely many of the
anomalous markings found by Urutskoev, Savvatimova,
Adamenko, the SPAWAR group, and the Energetics
Technologies group look like plasmoid strike marks on
metals or plasmoid tracks on detection films and witness
plates as shown by Bostick, Shoulders and Matsumoto.
However, using such detection films or plates still isnt
generally done. But they have been found often enough
by those who try to detect these markings that I think the
prediction is verified.
Ive written about markings on more than ten groups
of experiments in picture articles for more than a decade.
Recently, the Energetics Technologies have published
some photographs of some craters. I would like to point
out that the sloshing lips around some of the craters
look much like Fig 19. of Ref. 3 by Shoulders where he
also records the elemental change detected by X-ray
analysis. I dont understand why his work is relatively
unknown or unmentioned.
2. I predicted that people working with the usual
electrodes of various metals would find that micrometersized areas of their electrodes were missing or melted and
associated with transmutation. This idea originally arose
from seeing SEM microscope pictures shown by
Matsumoto, and the detail of apparent melting and
transmutation species he recorded around the inside of
the voids. This looks much like the sloshing seen in
Energetics Technologies recent crater photographs and
the sides of Dashs plasmoid trench mark on an electrode
that I described many times. I predicted these areas would

be associated both with superconductivity and time and

gravity change.
In the field, it became a common assumption by many
that micrometer size active areas (as described by
Storms) were the loci of the unusual cold fusion-type
activity. Later, the idea that these areas are Bose Einstein
Condensates (BECs) (Kim and Miley) with
superconducting properties was accepted by some. So I
think this prediction of the early 1990s was verified too.
From other work, including natural ball lightning
research and the electrical discharge experiment of
Zhukov and Egorov[4], I understood that plasmoid
activity was associated with anomalous activity in this
regards at lower temperatures than would be expected.
Ball lightning apparently doesnt bore through materials
and make a tunnel by heating it and melting it in the
conventional sense.
Only a plasmoid-type theory can probably well explain
why the plasmoids tend to form geometrical shapes
lines, rings, and quadrilateral patterns. For example,
photo 5 (micro-crater in palladium in SEM images from
Energetics Technologies, Ltd.) in Duncans ICCF 15
presentation[5] is clear enough to show that the pits were
formed in a circle: a round plasmoid ring necklace with
a central pit. This is a typical plasmoid track pattern seen
also in Shoulders (Figure 5), Mileys (2 rings in Figure 6
photographed by me), and W. Bosticks experiments as
was described in past papers.

Fig. 5. SEM microscope picture of a ring plasmoid track (pits arranged

in a circle). The scale here is 25 micrometers. By Ken Shoulders.

This author hoped to show that predictions based on

the two models presented herein have been verified as
far as the passage of history can verify or the
experimental technique of researchers in the field have
tried to thus far verify. The two models have remained
the same for two decades and may serve as the paradigms
for physics and economics.
This last point is important to consider, since the
author is not aware of any models so fundamental and far
reaching in either field proving to be accurate.
For more detailed explanations about the models, the
reader is referred to past papers and my book[2] on my
website: sciencejunk.org.
Fig. 6. Optical microscope picture taken by me in 1996 of two plasmoid
ring tracks of pits arranged in a circle. The one on the left shows an
inner central pit like the one described above by Energetics
Technologies. If there is a central pit on the right one, it isnt clear. The
markings were pictured and described by me in other articles in the past.
They were on microspheres of Ni on Plastic Cell #8, a light water
electrolysis cell of George Mileys Fusion Studies Laboratory of the U
of I.

3. Any model that is a general physical paradigm has

to have astronomical predictions. In the early 1990s, I
predicted that people would increasingly find evidence of
plasmoid activity in space and on the earth. In particular,
I predicted toroidal stars matching the shape of toroidal
ball lightning. That wasnt discovered as far as I know,
but what were discovered were solar tornadoes and other
astronomical anomalies reminding me of plasmoids.
Some recent astrophysical discoveries about solar
tornadoes and sunspots are further confirmation of the
plasmoid universe idea. In a paper by Zhukov and
Egorov[4], they showed a picture of an approximately
micrometer-size area of an electrode in the process of
being used for electrical discharge. The ring that appeared
on the surface of the electrode at below the materials
melting point I think was a plasmoid. The ring looks
much like a sunspot which I think are also plasmoids.
Would people detect light red shifting or lowering of
radioactivity rates (signifying time change) or gravity
production at the points of sunspot, solar tornado, and
plasmoids found on experiments? Gravity-like effects
of tornadoes are natural evidences of gravity production
in plasmoids. It is known that the solar tornadoes are
associated with solar flares, and there was some evidence
of spacecraft radio telemetry light frequency shifting
occurring during solar flares.
Another interesting recently discovered natural
plasmoid phenomena are the balls of light that lead
lightning strokes as shown in super slow motion videos
recently taken Tom Warner using new technology. Ken
Shoulders pointed out to me that these are like the EVs
leading electrical discharges in his experiments. Ball
lightning was leading the natural lightning.
In general, as far as things have been tested so far, the
plasmoid model is proving correct in its predictions.
VI. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to acknowledge using photographs by
Matsumoto and Shoulders and of one of Mileys
experiments in this paper.
REFERENCES
[1] T. Matsumoto, Observation of Tiny Ball Lightning During
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