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GENERAL ANATOMY
KIDNEY FUNCTION
THE NEPHRON
URINE FORMATION
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
CLEARANCE
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Guiding Questions
What constitutes the Urinary System ?
How much blood flows through the kidneys in 24 hours ?
What are the excretory functions of the kidney ?
What are secretory functions of the kidney ?
What are the two major components of the Nephron ?
In what part of the kidney is the urine formed ?
What is the meaning of GFR ?
How is Estimated GFR and Creatinine Clearance measured ?
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Kidney Anatomy
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Fibrous capsule
Renal artery
and vein
Pelvis
Pyramid (medulla)
Ureter
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Kidney Function
Function is both excretory and secretory
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The Nephron
The urine producing part of the kidney
Distal tubule
Proximal tubule
Bowmans
capsule
Peritubular
capillaries
Collecting duct
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Loop
of Henle
Efferent arteriole
(narrow)
The efferent arteriole, which
is narrower than the afferent
arteriole, creating a
hydrostatic pressure in
glomerulus
Glomerulus
Afferent arteriole
(wider)
The Nephron
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Urine Formation
In the Nephron, divided into a three step processes
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
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Glomerular Filtration
Primary urine is formed
Step 1
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Tubular Reabsorption
Most of primary urine (99%) is reabsorbed
Step 2
Tubular reabsorption:
most substances needed by the body that
were filtered into the primary urine (99%)
are selectively reabsorbed to the blood
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Tubular Secretion
Active transport from blood to urine
Step 3
Tubular secretion:
some specific substances, often of high
molecular weight, are selectively
transported from the blood to the urine
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120 ml/min
1,200 ml/min
1,080 ml/min
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Autoregulation
Selective vasoconstriction or dilatation to maintain organ blood
flow at a constant rate, despite changes in perfusion pressure
Ability to maintain renal perfusion pressure through autoregulation is
limited; only until MAP reaches approximately 60 - 80 mmHg.
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KEYPOINTS
Approximately 1200 ml of blood or 25 % of Cardiac Output flows
the kidneys in one minute
through
The Nephron is the urine producing part of the kidney, there are about
one million in each kidney
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KEYPOINTS
The formation of urine in the kidney is divided in three different steps
Approximately 180 liter of glomerular filtrate is produced every 24 hours,
as much as 99% is reabsorbed
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