.

""IVLA

2015

2015

:
:.

2007/20436 :
ISBN: 977-17-5077-1

" 1 "IVLA
1
2
3

International Visual Literacy Association

" "Visual Literacy

" " "

".

"Literacy

"Visual

"Communication

"Learning

"Visual "

Visual

" "

") "International Visual Literacy Association (IVLA

) 92

Moore, D. M., & Dwyer, F. M. (Eds.) (1994): Visual literacy: A
spectrum of visual learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational
Technology Publications.

.
E-mail: azmynabil@hotmail.com

: ( )

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/
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()

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( )

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: ( )

1993

.2012

2000

1984

1990

200

.
E-mail: azmynabil@hotmail.com

Imagery Theory

John Hortin
: ( ) ( )

: .

Frame of References( ) .

Filtering .

.
Richard Stern

Rhonda

Robinson
.

Nikos Metallinos

1 Neurophysiological Factors

( ) .

2 .

3 Codification .

Helen Miller

John

Burton

Dual-Code Paivio .

Forrest Wisely

John A. Hortin

- 1 .

- 2 .

- 3 .

4
.

5 . Turbaynes Theory of Metaphor

6

""Debes and The Rochester School

John Debes Clarence Williams

Colin Murray Turbayne Rudolf Arnheim Robert

McKim Kodak

.

1
:

Jonassen Fork

Linguistics :

Charles Carpenter Fries

Structure of English

Wendt :

Barley Fries

Dondis

:
4

Language and

Noam Chomsky

Mind
:

Gozemba

Feldman

Pictographs

Ideograms

Harpole

Phonic Symbols Letters

Hanhardt

Psycholinguistics

Neurological
Structuralism Semiology

Jonassen Fork

" Barley :

Photographs

Slide Sequences

One-reel single concept

film Longer motion Pictures

.

Arnheim

Barley

Art :

Cassirer

Visual Thinking

Nelson Davis

Theall Nash Whyte

Lewin

: Binkley Buettner

Parsons

.
Ruesch

Kees

( Pictorial Action

)Object Nonverbal Communication

.

Debes

( )

7

"

"

Drawings Illustrations
Cartoon Sequences Photographs

Slide Sequences Cinema

. Video

Barley

Johnson :

In Toward a Psychology of Art

Arnheim :
8

1967 McKim Edwards

Hadamard
Albert Einstein Combination

Play

Sapir Language

bits

Harry S. Broudy

:
(

.
Psychology :

Perceptionists : Gibson Taylor

: Ball Byrnes :

Piaget
.

Hill

Brainard :
Sensorimotor

Representation

Symbolic

Abstractions

( )

Preoperational( 27 )
Concrete Operational( 7 11 )

Formal

Operational( 11 15 )
.

10

) .

18

) .

: Gibson Vernon

Amey = +

11

Taylor Transaction

Theory : Tach MacLean Norberg

Franklin Fearing George Mead

Martin Buber :

:
(

"

Flory

1 .

2 .
12

- 3 .

- 4 .

Hutton :

Piaget Cagne

Newell

: ( )

13

Myth of

Colin Murray Turbayne

Philosophy :

metaphor

Evers

.
Shakespearean Metaphor
"

"

Aristotle :

Metaphor ()Meta-phora

. Michael Anglo

14

Feldman

: :
:

Communicative :

15

: Pragmatic :

Theory of Vision

()1

()2

"

()3 :

()4

() 5

.
() - 6

(- 6) .
(- 6) ( )

() - 7

(- 7)

16

() 8 .

()9

.
:

( )

( )

Molyneux(
)
.

17

Ruesch Kees

: Spoken

Fransecky Debes

Written

Fransecky Debes

( )

( )

( )

( )

18

Theoretical Foundations

( )

"

:
.

"

()1
.

19

(:)1

: (

20

: brain chemistry

psychobiology unconscious intellect visualization

biofeedback . mind-body connection

Brown Supermind

21

1971 Postman Literacy

Printed Non printed :

( )

Universal Literacy

1977 Johnson :

Media Literacy Visual Literacy

"

22

: (

) ( )

"

)
.

( )

( ) .


.

Dworkin

23

1 .

1
Richard C. Stern & Rhonda S. Robinson
:

2" .
3

4 .
5 .

"

24

.
:

"
.

25

Hermeneutic or interpretive circle

Process of perception Attribution of

meaning

Perception Meaning Memory

Cognition

( - )

Gestalt

Analog Digital

26

Analogy

.

.


.

"( )

27

) .

"
.

: Selection

Organization Interpretation

. Frame of Reference

.

28

: Analysis

Adaptation

( )

" :"Characteristics

29

" .

( ) .
":"Personal Assessment

30

" :"Selection Factors

Fleming Levie 50

Winn 75

31

.:

. :

. : .

" :"Physiological Factors

" 20 20000


.

.
" :"Psychological Factors

Needs
.

32

" :"Past Experience

Snow
Whorf-Sapir

- 1

- 2 .

- 3 .
- 4 .

Anthropologists

" :"Present Feelings

33

":"Organizing Data

Simplicity Pattern Proximity Similarity

Figure and Background Closure

Good

Form . Perceptual Constancy

":"Simplicity

":"Pattern

( ) 609291413121948531

() 1948/5/31
1413 12
60929

()

()

":"Proximity

34

":"Similarity

":"Figure and Background

( .)1

(:)1

35

" "Closure ":"Good Form

( .)2

(:)2

":"Perceptual Constancy

36

. Halo Effect

":"Interpreting Information

.
:Beliefs, Values, and Attitudes

37

.
/ ":"Recency/ Primacy

" :"Present Feelings and Expectations

( )

38

Stereotyping

" :"Interaction of Stages

( )3

.
":"Self-Concept

39

(:)3

":"Formation of Self-Concept

":"Self-Appraisal

( ) (

40

( ) .

) (

.
" :"Reactions and Responses

. "

.
" :"Roles

"

41

" .

" :"Impact of Roles

42

Functions of Self-Concept

" :"Self-Concept Filters

"

"

43

Gibson

":"Self-Concept as a Predictor

.
":"Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

44

" "Self-Concept as Influence on Communication Style

( )

""Nonverbal Communication and Self-Concept

45

46

1 .
2

Nikos Metallinos 1

3 .

4 .

( )

) ( ) .

1 .

47

- 1 .

- 2 .

- 3 .

( )

: Duplication Polarization
Interconnection .

- 1" .

- 2 .
- 3

48

Stereopsis

( )
.

Basic Anatomy of the Eyes :

: Cornea Aqueous humor Iris

Pupil Lens Retina Fovea

Vitreous humor

Optic nerve( .)1

49

(:)1

Gregory 1966 :
Cones

Photopic Rods

. Scotopic

Eyeball

50

Optic Chiasm

Basic Anatomy of the Ear :

- 1 : External auditory

meatus . Eardrum

- 2 : Ossicles(

Malleus Incus )Stapes window

. Eustachian Tube

Oral

- 3 :

Canals

Semicircular (

) Cochlea

Organ of Corti Auditory Nerve

(:)2

51

: .

Murch 1973

: Forebrain

Midbrain Hindbrain
.

52

(:)3

Cerebral

Cortex
Occipital lobe Temporal Lobe

Survival Organ

Boddy 1978 :

Spinal Cord

Primary Visual Area

. Image

Primary

Auditory Area

53

.
:

StimulusResponse
()

( ) .

Perception
Sensation

Murch 1973 :

- 1 ( ) .
- 2 .
- 3 / .

54

- 1 .

- 2 .
- 3 .

.
Visual Stimulation

Frisby 1980

Structural

Description of Seeing Murch 1973

Spatial Visual Fixation

55

Auditory Stimulation

Sound Localization

Verbo-Visual Literacy "

56

":"Distal Stimuli

":"Proximal Stimuli

.
":"Perceived Stimuli

"

57

Intensification

Clarification

Interpretation ( .)4

(:)4 //

- 1 .

- 2

- 3

58

1
Helen B. Miller & John K. Burton

:
:
1 :
.

2 .

3 .

4 .
5 .
6

. Inner Eye

) .

500

1 NCR .

NCR .

- 1977

59

).

Simonodes

St. Augustine 1952( )

Descartes 1958( "

)
.

2000 Plato 1961

1952

Aristotle

Imagery Constructivism

Gardner 1985

1956 Broadbent

1958
1967
.

: Sensory registers
60

Short Term Memory STM Long Term Memory LTM

Klatzky 1980

( - -) A

Rehearsal

Maintenance

Miller 1956 ( )

Klatzky 1980

( .)1

61

(:)1 ( )1980

Cleveland & McGill 1984

:
-1

- 2 "
.

Bruner, Goodnow & Austin 1967

62

( )Cues

( ) .

Larkin & Simon 1987

63

"

.
:

: ( )

Flavell 1985

:

.

64

Piaget Information Processing

Iconic Auditory

Sheingold 1973

"

Gross 1985

.
Finkle

1973

65

Eimas & Miller 1980 (

Broadbent 1958

Lane & Presson 1982

Doyle 1973

"

( 2030 )

Capacity

Case 1978

66

( )

Digit Span Test

Chi 1978

.
Visual Cognition

Dale 1946

Dwyer 1978

" Levie 1987

67

- 1 .

Posner 1969

- 2 .

Kosslyn, Ball, Reiser 1978

Kosslyn, Baddeley 1975

White,

Grant,

Thomson 1975
.
:

: Imagery

Propositions

68

Kosslyn, Pomerantz 1977

- 2

- 1

- 3 .
- 4

- 5 .
:Dual Coding

Paivio1971 1986 Dual

Code Model ( )

( .)2

69

(:) 2 ( )1986

1986

: .

70

"

Pictorial Superiority Effect

. Brown 1977

( )

"


Rehearsal Chunking Imagery

71

"

Flavell, Beach, Chinsky 1966

( 60 )

5 11 7 17 10 .

Keeney, Cannizzo,

Flavell 1967

:
: :

1970 Production Deficiency

Mediation Deficiency

Chunking

Rosner 1971

Ice

72

Cream Noble

"

"

" Maccoby, Jacklin 1974

" :"Detail of Visuals and Experience

Nelson, Metzler, Reed 1974

" .

"

Mandler, Parker 1976

.

( )

73

Egan, Schwartz

1979

":"Visual Schema and Priming

Johnson

Bransford, 1972

Priming

The Problem with Images

) ( )
( )

( )

74

75

Forest G. Wisely 1

:
:
1 .
2 .
3

4 .

6 .
""Definition of Communication

70%
(
) .

Ruben

1984
:

- 1 .

- 2
.

1
.

76

- 3 .

- 4 ( )

- 6 ( )
) .

- 5

() .

- 7 .

Edgar Dale1969 :
.

.
:

Theodorson & Theodorson

1969 :
( ) .

77

Aristotale

" "Development of Communication Studies

: ( )1

(:)1

" "Functions of Models

:- 1 .- 2

.- 3 .
"

Karl W. Deutsch

: 1963 :

78

"

: .

( )

( )

" "Communication Models

":"Laswells Model

1948

:
( .)2

79

(:)2

( )

Control Analysis Content Analysis

Media Analysis Audience Analysis

Impact

":"Shannon and Weavers Model

1949

( )

( .)3

80

(:)3

" :"Schramms Models

1954

(:)4

81

C.E. Osgood

(:)5

":"Berlos Model

David Berlo1960

82

(:)6

Source, Message, Channel & Receiver

) (SMCR
"

"

" .

83

"

" "

"

"

"

"

T. S. Eliot

"

"

"

"

"

" " " " " "

"

84

Barbara A. Seels 1

4 "
5

: :

"

"

"

"

" "
"" :

"

"

"

"

"

" " :

Verbal Literacy Media Literacy

Literacy
Literacy

Visual

Literacy

Technological Literacy

Computer
Aesthetic

85

Environmental Literacy

Gavriel Salomon

Print Literacy

" "

Howard Gardner Harvard University

"

" "

" Functional Literacy

"
Edgar Dale
:

: " "

"

: "

"

"

"

Cassidy & Knowlton

Anthropologists

"

Gordon Hewes
86

"

"

Digitized Photography Interactive Video"

Computer Graphics

"
"

"

" " " "

Darkrooms(" "

Compact Disc images

" "

"

Deborah Curtiss :

" "
"

"

" "

Jack

Debes
"

30

1973 Donis A. Dondis "

: "

87

( "

"

"

" "

"

Jerome Bruner :

Enactive Iconic

Symbolic :

" "

1982 LaConte "

"

"
" "

"

"

"
"

: /

"

/ " :"Visual/Visible Language

" "

Kodak - Rochester, New York

"

"

" " "
88

"

1969

" 1968

25 "

" "

" "

Gallaudet College

Arizona State University

" (

( : ( :
( :

/ Journal of

Visual Literacy /

Journal of Visual/Verbal

Languaging /
"
"

"

1982 :

"

Dissolves

1966
89

"

"

Susanne Langer 1955

"

"

" "

Calvin Pryluck 1973

"

"

" "
"

"

"

" "

Dondis 1973

90

":"Concept or Construct

"

"

"

" " "

"

" "
" "

"

"

"

"
"

"

"

Arnheim

" "

"

"

"

" "

" "

91

" "

Herring 1980 Elucidatory Inquiry

"

"

"

"

Evaluative Inquiry -

"

"

" "

"

"

" 1975
Joan Platt "

National Education Association :

Braden

& Walker 1980

:

Wileman 1980 :

1982

" Instructional Media and the New Technologies of Instruction

92

: Heinich, Molenda & Russell :

Braden & Hortin

1987

Curtiss :
"

"
" "

:

"

" "

"

Bikkar S.

Randhawa 1978

"

(: 1

93

"

"

( 2 "

( 1
Sub-concepts

(: 2

( 3

"

(: 3

" " "

" ( 4

94

(: 4

"

" "
" "

"
Robert H. MacKim 1980

"

Mike & Nancy Samuels 1975

1987

" "

Samples 1976

95

" "

1976

: "

Dwyer (1972 1978

Fleming & Levie1978 1993

Randhawa, Bach, and Myers 1977

Jonassen & Fork

1978

"

"

Design

Instructional Design "

" "

" Reading Pictures

Learning from Pictures

"

( 1982

"

"

Message

D. W. Meinig 1992

"

"

"
"

96

"

"

" "

Wileman 1980 : "

"
"

McFee 1969

"

"

Bill
"

Moyers " Consuming Images

"

Mark Miller

"

John Hopkins University :

"

"

"

"

" "

"
97

" "

"

:
"

" "

" "

"
"

" :

"

98

Ann Marie Seward Bary 1

: :

3
4

"

Johannes Kepler

" Rene Descartes

"

"
Ulric Neisser 1971 :
"

: "

"

"

"

"

99

80%

"

Maurice Merleau Ponty 1964 :

"

In

Understanding Video Jarice Hansen 1987 75

38

" 100 "

"

"

"

" " ""

" "

"

"

" "

"

" "

" "

100

"

" "

"

Immanuel Kant "

" Critique of

Judgment
"
Subjective Universality Universal Voice

"

" "

" Aristotle
(384 322- " "
"

: "
"

"

"

"

"

Rudolph

Arnheim "

101

Art and Visual Perception

"

"

" "

: "

"

"

: "

"

"

"

Max Wertheimer

Wolfgang Kohler Kurt Koffka

"

"
" "

Phi

"
Gestalt
"

102

"

" Gestalt

"

"

" (

( "
"

Gestalt Isomorphism

". .":

"

"

"

T. S. Eliot ( 1965- 1888

1922

" "

1919 Hamlet"

""

: " "

Objective Correlate

" "

"

" " "

103

" "

"

"

Tradition and the Individual Talent :1919

: "

"
"

" "

1922

" "

: "

"

"

/ " "
"

"

"

: /

/ / "

/ /
/ / /
/

"

104

""

Gestalt Principles

"

Law of Pragnanz

: (
" "

"

""Gestalt Perceptual Simplicity

:Shape, Omission, and Closure

"

"

( 1

(: 1

" :

( 2

105

(: 2

"

"

Impressionism

"

"

Ernest Hemingway

Gertrude Stein

"

"
"
""Gestalt Perceptual Regularity

:Cohesion, Segregation, Figure & Ground

" "

"

106

"

" " "

" ( 3

" " " "

(: 3

Edgar Rubin 1915 "

"

" :

"

" /

"

" The

Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

" "

" "
"

Ego

107

" " ( Michelangelo

" "

" "

" "
"

"

""Gestalt Perceptual Symmetry

:Closure, Good Continuation, and Unity

" "

" "( 4

"

"

(: 4

"

" (

1 1923

108

" Christian Von Ehrenfels

1927

"

"

"" : "

"

" " " "

"" "

"

: "

Edgar

Allan Poe Poetic Principle :

"

"

Perceptual Aesthetics and Analysis

"" ""Poe and the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning

Cezanne :

"

" "

"

"

"

109

""

" "

M. August Dupin

"

1922

" "

" "

" "
"

"

"

"

" "
" : " "

" " " "

" "
:

"

:
"

110

" "

"

"

"

: "

" " " "

"

"

Closer Scrutiny

" " "

"

"

"

"

" "
:

" " " "

"
" "

"

" "

Michael Gazzaniga

1985 Social Brain

"
Programs

Interpreter

" " " "

111

Timothy Ferris1992

: "

"

Program

Integration

The Mind's Sky "

"

"

"

"

Perceptual Aesthetics and Visual Art

"

"

" " "

" "

"

"

"

:

" "

"
"

"

On Writing

"

: "

112

"

"

" "

: "

"

"
"

Code " " "

John Dos Passos :

"

"

Emile Bernard 1905 :

"

" " :

"" "

" "

"

"

"

Iceberg "

Death in the Afternoon

" "
113

"

" " Moveable Feast "

" "

"

The Art of the Short Story : " "

1959

"

"
:

" "

: " "

" " " "

" " "

" "

": A Sea Change

"

Out of Season

" "
" : " The House of the Hanged Man

"

" "

"

"

Ghost Henry James Ambiguity

"

"

114

: "

Perceptual Aesthetics and Film

"

Renais, Eisenstein, and Montage

Alain Renais Night and

Fog 1955

" "

"

"

: " " " "

" "

" " "" " "

"" "
"

"

" Hiroshima, Mon Amour

1959 Last Year at Marienbad 1961

"

Sergei Eisenstein

1968

Montage " "

115

"

"

Leninist

" "

Kabuki

- Marxist-

1928

1929 "

The Cinematographic Principle and the

: Ideogram "

"

" :

" " "

"

"

" "

The Battleship Potemkin

1925 "
" " "

"

" " "

Close-up

"

116

"

"

1917 Stephen David Ross A Theory

of Art Contrast "

"

"
: " ( " "
" "

"

"

" "

"

Von Hornbostel "

"

: " "

" " "

Joseph Conrad "

"

"

117

" "

" "Symbolism

" "

" "

" "

""

""

118

: :

Edward H. Sewell, Jr. 1

" "Symbol ""

""Symballein " "to bring together

""Symbola

119

Approaches to the Study of Symbols

"

"Paul Ricoeur

"" " " ""

" "

" "Ernst Cassirer

" "Expressive Function

" "Intuitive Function

""
" "Carl Jung

""
"

"Mary Douglas

" Charles

"Morris 1945 " "Sign " "Symbol

""

""Signals
120

" "

" "

"Symbol

"The Index " "The Icon " The

" :

" "C.S. Peirce 1958 ""Semiotics

" "

" " "

Ralph

1980 "Wileman

" : "Pictorial Symbols

" "Graphic Symbols
"

"Verbal Symbols

"" " "Raymond Firth

1973
: " "Expression
:

" "Communication

: " "Knowledge

" "Control

121

" "

Symbols as Communication

"

"

" "

""

""

" "Silhouette

122

Symbols as Knowledge

""Halo " "Dove "

"Holy Spirit " Christian

"Iconography

" "Universal

Symbols as Expression

1777
123

1795

""

Symbols as Control

124

" "Swastika ""Mandala

Symbols in Political Cartoons

" "Uncle Sam "

"Statue of Liberty " "John Bull " "Jimmy Carter "

Strategic
"Ronald Reagan " "James Watt "

"Defense Initiative

"

"George Bush "

"

" "

125

" "snail

" "Snail Shell

" "Capitol
""

" "Steve McBirde "

"The Independence " "German Unification

" SUPER POWER

"AVE.
" "Hammer & Sickle

" "

126

" :

"

" "New Kids on the Block

" "Rock

" "Scott Stantis "

"Arizona Republic

" :

"

""

" "Star of David

127

" "Bob Dornfried "

"Citizen "" "

"

""Abortion " "

" " "Balloon

" :"Dialogue

"

" "

128

David M. (Mike) Moore 2

: :

2 :
3
4
5
6

1992

" :

"

""

" "

129

" "1970 Ruesch and Kees "

"

() Action (body) Language

%65 " "

130

" "1984 Ruben

" "1983 Patterson

- 1

- 2

- 4

- 3

- 5

" "1983

" "

131

"

"

" :"Reflexive Actions

" "1977 Morris

"

"

" "1977 Morris

"

"Non verbal leakage

" :"Conventional Signals

132

" :"Appearance

" "

"

"

""

" :"Physical Attributes

"

"
" "1984 Ruben

133

" "Sharlock Holmes

" :"Gestures

: 1

134

" "1977 Morris :

" "1969 Brannigan & Humphries

80

55

""

135

" "

" :"Roles

" "

136

" :"Groups

"

"Group Identification

: 2

" "Loose Group

: 3

" "Proximity

137

: 4

"

"Similarity :

: 5

: 6

138

" "Common Movement

: 7

" :"Space

" "1959 Hall "

"The silent language

139

" "

" :

"

" "

" "Proxemics

" "

" "

- 1

- 2
- 3
- 4

" "1970 Fast

140

"

Object Language

"

" "1970 Ruesch & kees

" :

"

" "1978 Burgoon " "Artifacts

" "

141

":"Utility

"
"

142

":"Command

" "

: 8

"

"

143

" "1984 Ruben "

" "

"

: 9

144

""

145

Merton Thompson

Design Considerations

Design elements Design Principles

Ann Saunders

Roberts Braden (

Nancy Knupfer

146

147

4
5
6

Merton E. Thompson 1

Computer Drawing Programs Scanners Printers

Plotters Electronic Photography
.

148

Design Elements

":"Point

Dot .

149

" :"Line

Straight

Curved Irregular.

150

" :"Shape

151

":"Form

.
" :"Space

152

" :"Texture

153

":"Light

":"Color

Hue Value Saturation

154

( )

155

":"Motion

156

":"Simplicity

Design Principles

157

":"Clarity

.
" :"Balance

158

Formal Informal

159

":"Harmony

":"Organization

( )
160

.
" :"Emphasis

161

":"Legibility

Letter Style Capital &Small.

Size Contrast

12 32/3

12

12 .

162

Helvetica, Geneva

Palatino, New Century

Schoolbook .

25

.
":"Unity

163

" :"Perspective

164

.
":"Point of View

Objective Point of View

Subjective Point of View

.
165

":"Framing

Inner Frame
.

166

167

2
3
4
5

Ann C. Saunders 1

.
1978 . 1980

168

:Graphics

- 1 .

- 2 .

( ).
.

.
169

( ).

( ).

( ).

:Symbol

( )

( )

: Map

: Graph

USA Today

170

: Diagram

: Illustration

) : Photo (Still or Moving

: 3-D Model

:Graphic Device

* # @.

:Composite Graphic

171

( )

.
.1

.
Caroline Hightower

.2

172

( )

()

( )

1988 .

.3 :

.4

: 1990 Foote &Saunders

( ).
.

173

Howard Levie

( )

)
. .

1986 Richard Sinatra

1972 Fransecky & Debes

.5

174

.6

(.)1

( )1

()2

175

( )2

.1

.2 .

.3 ( .)...
.4 .

.5 ( )
.

.6 (

)

.7
.
.8

.

176

.9

Attributes

Elements Forms

( 1 )9

.1 .

.2 .
.3 .
.4 .

.5 .
.6 .
.7.

177

.


.

178

Roberts A. Braden 1

2
3
4
5
6

.
.

Visualize

Visualization Visual

1

179

Visual Metaphors Visual Skills

Visual Language Visual Literacy

Charts

Graphs Diagrams Paintings

Sketches


.

Verbalize

Verbal Verbalization

Jack Debes

()

( )

.
( )

180

1989 Pettersson

Audio-Verbal

Verbo-Visual, Oral-Visual, Lexi-Visual

Audio-Visual

Verbo-Audio-Visual

Types of Visuals

" :"Static Visuals

" :"Dynamic Visuals

" :"Personal Visuals

Pantomime .

181

() ()

()

( )1

( )1

( ) 1
Degree of Realism

)Program of Systematic Evaluation (PSE

182

Degree of Visualization Vs. Degree of Verbalization

150 )

Wilemans Typology

Ralph Wileman ( )1980

Slides

Reader Slide

Pictorial or Graphic

Symbol Slides .

( )1993 Frame Slide

( .)2

183

( )2 1993

( )

184

1987 Braden and Beauchamp

22 ( .)3

49
.

( ) 3

.

.

1978 Duchastel

Attention role Explicative role

185

Retention role

1979 Duchastel & Waller

Wiley
.

( )

- 1 :

Parbuckle

.

- 2 :

(
).

186

- 3

( )

:
.

- 5

Graphics

Hartley
Iconic Digital

( .)4

( )4 -

187

Visually Dominated Graphics

.
Verbally Dominated Graphics

1989 Pettersson

Infography

Instructional Graphics Presentation Graphics

Explanatory Graphics News Graphics

Locating

Graphics Expo (Exhibition) Graphics

()1

188

Pattern Notes

Outline Graphics

.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
(
).
.
.

Matrix Display

Flowcharts

Time Lines

GANTT Charts

PERT Charts

Algorithms

Systems Models

Schematic Diagrams

Logic Diagrams

Hierarchical Displays

.
.
.
.
.

Models
Organization

Multi-Level Writing

.
.
.

Information Mapping

.
.
.
.

( )1

.
.
.
.

Charts

189

The Printed Word

Text

Visible Language

Format & Layout.

" :"Typography

" :"Typographical Cuing

190

" :"Printing Conventions rules

SeLeCtEdPrInTiNg CoNv EnTiOnSHeAdIn GsSkIpTwOlIn EsPrIo RsKiPoNeLi

NeAfTeRsEtOfFwItHcUIn GwOrDsPaCeBeFoReAnDaFtErInIt IaLcApItAlIzA
TIoNfOrPrOpErNoUnSpHrAsEbOu NdArYpUn CtUaTiOnExTrAsPaCe*SeNt En
CeBoUnDaRyInItIaLcApItAlIzAtIoNfInAlPuNcTuAtIoNmArKs ExTrAsPaC
e*PaRaGrApHiNdEnTaTiOnSkIpAlIn E*bOlDfAcEiNiTiAlChArAcTeReNlArG
eDeTceNdOfLiNeRiGhTaNd LeFtJuStIfIeDh YpHeNIn DiCaTeSwOrDdIvIsIoN
*iNbOoKsUsUaLlYnOb EcOnSiStEnT

Capitalization

Punctuation Spacing ( )

SELECTED PRINTING CONVENTIONS Headings Skip two lines prior Skip

One line after Set off with cuing word space before and after initial
*Capitalization for proper nouns Phrase boundary Punctuation Extra space
*Sentence boundary initial capitalization final punctuation marks Extra space
Paragraph indentation skip a line* bold face initial character enlarged,
etc.
End of line right and left justified hyphen indicates word division *in books
Usually no. Be consistent

( )5

( )5

191

SELECTED PRINTING CONVENTIONS

HEADINGS

SENTENCE BOUNDARY

Skip two lines prior

Skip one line after
Set off with cuing

WORD

Initial capitalization
Final punctuation marks
Extra space*

PARAGRAPH

Space before and after

Initial capitalization for
proper nouns

PHRASE BOUNDARY
Punctuation
Extra space*
* In books, usually no. Be consistent

Indentation
Skip a line
Two or more sentences

END OF LINE
Right and left justified
Hyphen indicates word
division

)) ( 5(
Outline Graphics

) OG(

) 6(

192

( )7

Skeletal

Orderly Holistic ( .)7 6

193

2
3
4
5
6

Nancy Nelson Knupfer 1

. .

194

( )1

Aspect ratio

195

Structure of the Image

" :"The Image

.
":"Text

1988 Soulier

%90- 80

Capital

Small

Cuing

Typographic

196

( )2

( )3

Serif Sans Serif

197

12 100 .

26

Resolution.

1992 Gibson & Mayta

VGA SVGA

" :"Graphics

198

1988 Soulier

( )4

( )4

199

1988 Soulier

- 1

- 2

- 3

( )
.

- 4

- 5

200

":"Color

1978 Dwyer

1988 Hannafin & Peck

Filling

201

":"Animation

DVEs

.
":"Multimedia

360 .

Hypertext

202

":"Screen Design

":"Good Design of Screen Layout

( )6( )5
( )5

203

( )6

( )5

( )6

(
).

204

( )7

( )7

1988 Hannafin & Peck

.

205

Hint Frames Interlaced Frames

Copy Frames Prompt Frames

":"Elements of Good Screen Design

206

Status Lines

( )

Menus

Pull Down Menu

Visual Cue .

( ) 65

1988 Ross & Morrison

1988

.

207

Outline Style

lettering ( )7

Flashing Text

Zooming

Panning Tilting

Close Up view

Overscan Underscan

208

Rate of Display Pauses

Meaning of the Image

.
" :"Learning from the Image

Similarity

Proximity Continuity Closure

" :"Computer creation of data displays

209

Circle Pie

" :"Computer Graphics

Bar Histogram Line Graphs

Scatterplots
.

Edward Tufte

KSU

( )8
.

(
) .

1992 1991

1992 .

210

( )8

1992


.

( )11( )10( )9

( )9 Area Maps

211

( )9

( )10

( )10

( )11

212

()11

( )13( )12 .

( )12

1992 .

213

( )13

.
":"Data Visualization

214

Power of the Image

Virtual Reality.

":"Realistic Data Display

ABC

215

:"Reality

" Tapping the Imagination with Artificial

Video

Arcade Simulators

Architectural Design

Airplane
.

Viewing

Device

216

217