LGEC093: INTELLIGENT TRAIN SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
SIGNAL DETECTION UNIT:
We know that the railway network of India is the biggest in south Asia and
perhaps the most complicated in all over the world. There are so many
different types of trains local, fast, super fast, passenger, goods. etc. and
there so many multiple routs. Although the time table is perfect it is not at all
possible to maintain it. And thats why the train accidents are becoming
more and more usual. So why not we add a kind of intelligence to the train
engines itself so that it tries to avoid accidents.
The idea is whenever any engine observes a red signal on its track it will
start decreasing its speed gradually and stops automatically at some
distance from the signal pole. After then when it gets green signal the driver
can manually start the train and go on. In the mean time when train has not
stopped yet and a red signal becomes green then it crosses the signal pole
with low speed and then driver can slowly increase the speed.
So now before the driver observes the red signal the engine itself observes it
and automatically starts decreasing speed and then stops. The driver can
feel relax in driving because he doesnt have to take care about red signal.
Even if he forgets to take any action on red signal then also we can avoid
accidents by the implementation of this idea.
What we have to do is we have to attach a transmitter with signal pole which
will start transmitting signals only when the red light is on. If there is green
light no transmission. The engine has a receiver which catches these
transmitted signals and takes desire actions.
The project is divided in two parts
1. Transmitter
2. Receiver
The transmitter is housed in signal pole and it is activated only when red
light is ON. The receiver is housed in engine which senses the IR signals and
takes suitable action.
LOCATION DETECTION UNIT:
RF-ID technology merges wireless communication with unique identification
method, in which every source emits its unique Identification Code (UIC) and

then after receiving it, a receiver decrypts the signal and identifies the
particular transmitter. Then this information about the source is displayed
and stored for future use.
In this part we have used to deisgn a unit to automatic location display.
There are unique tag installed at various locations at the varoius places on
the poles. Each tag is a unique identity to the location. The train will be
provide with the reciever unit. As the train will traverse the place as soon as
he comes in range of the tag unit the identity will be displayed on the device
and so on. However more information can be added but due to controller
constraint we have only showed place identity.
Note: To make the project feasible to represent we have provide the
tagging with the switches means user can change the tag to show
different location but in real time this tag will be fixed. Tag is
basically four bit binary sequence in our case.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

MOTOR
2

SIGNAL DETECTION UNIT:

IR
TRANSMITTER

TSOP IR
RECEVER

MICROCONTROL
LER

MOTOR
DRIVER

MOTOR
1

LOCATION DETECTION UNIT:

TRANSMITTER

4-BIT UIC

POWER SUPPLY

ANTENNA

ENCODER

RF- TX

RECEIVER:
POWER SUPPLY

ANTENNA

DECODER
DECODER

RF-Rx

MICROCONTROLLER

DISPLAY UNIT

BLOCKS IN BRIEF:
SIGNAL SENSING UNIT:
Input Section:

1.

IR based sensing unit: The sensor is capable of detecting the IR

signal which will transmitted along with red color LED. The
transmitter unit is IR designed around 555 timers and TSOP 1738
is receiver for IR.

Processing Section:
1. Microcontroller: Programmed by the user to monitor the input and
generate proper output for the output unit. In general this is the
brain of the system.
Output Section:

Motor Driver: IC L293D will be used which can drive the motor to
provide proper voltage and current. It will control the stepper motor
DC Motor: 2 DC geared motors for train prototype control( 4-wheel
drive)

LOCATION DETECTION:

Input Section:

2.
3.

ID TAG using 4-bit DIP: 4-bit DIP switch

4.

Encoder: Consists of HT12E encoder IC that 4 bit parallel data of

the switch matrix into serial data.

5.

RF transmitter 434 MHz:

Modulates the serial data and
transmit it over carrier frequency of 434 MHz.

6.

Antenna: This is simple wire which will transmit the data through
it and receive the data at receiver end.

7.

RF receiver 434 MHz: Receive the modulated serial data.

8.

Decoder: Consists of HT12D decoder IC that converts the serial

data it 4- bit parallel data same as at the transmitter end.

RF transmitter Interface:
scheme.

RF based wireless communication

Processing Section:
1. Microcontroller: Programmed by the user to monitor the input and
generate proper output for the output unit. In general this is the
brain of the system.

Output Section:

16x2 LCD: Used as display device for required data (location).

COMPONENTS DETAILS:
HARDWARE:

The major components used in this project are:

Part1: IR Transmitter, TSOP, Microcontroller, Motor Driver and DC Motor.
Part2: HT12E &HT12D encoder/decoder IC,4- bit DIP switch, RF transmitter,
RF receiver, AT89S8253 microcontroller, Liquid Crystal Display

Power supply block

TSOP 1738:
Receive modulated infrared signal and converts into electrical signal.
Features

Photo detector and preamplifier circuit in the same casing.

Receives and amplifies the infrared signal without any external
component.

5 V output (active at level 0).

38 kHz integrated oscillator.

High sensitivity.

High level of immunity to ambient light.

Improved shielding against electrical field interference.

TTL and CMOS compatibility.

Applications: infrared remote control.

4-bit DIP Switches: This is simple integrated switch combination

interface with the encoder unit. This will assign different tag to the buses
using 4-bit tagging that is 16 tags.

HT12E Encoder: HT12E is an encoder integrated

circuit of 212 series of encoders. They are paired with
212 series of decoders for use in remote control system

applications. It is mainly used in interfacing RF and infrared circuits. The

chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses
and data format. Simply put, HT12E converts the parallel inputs into
serial output. It encodes the 12 bit parallel data into serial for
transmission through an RF transmitter. These 12 bits are divided into 8
address bits and 4 data bits.HT12E has a transmission enable pin which is
active low. When a trigger signal is received on TE pin, the programmed
addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or
an infrared transmission medium. HT12E begins a 4-word transmission
cycle upon receipt of a transmission enable. This cycle is repeated as
long as TE is kept low. As soon as TE returns to high, the encoder output
completes its final cycle and then stops.

HT12D decoder: HT12D is a decoder

integrated
circuit that
belongs
to
212 series of decoders. This series of
decoders are mainly used for remote
control system applications, like burglar
alarm, car door controller, security
system etc. It is mainly provided to
interface RF and infrared circuits. They
are paired with 212 series of encoders.
The chosen pair of encoder/decoder
should have same number of addresses
and data format. In simple terms, HT12D
converts the serial input into parallel
outputs. It decodes the serial addresses
and data received by, say, an RF receiver,
into parallel data and sends them to output data pins. The serial input
data is compared with the local addresses three times continuously. The
input data code is decoded when no error or unmatched codes are found.
A valid transmission in indicated by a high signal at VT pin. HT12D is
capable of decoding 12 bits, of which 8 are address bits and 4 are data
bits. The data on 4 bit latch type output pins remain unchanged until new
is received.

Microcontroller Details: This unit is the brain of the system. This is

responsible for the full control of the system. The microcontroller used
here is a common 8 bit Atmel microcontroller AT89s8253.It is a lowpower, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with12K bytes of InSystem Programmable (ISP) Flash program memory and 2K bytes of
EEPROM data memory. It has 32 programmable input output lines.

Features:
12K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP)
Flash Program Memory
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
2K Bytes EEPROM Data Memory
Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
2.7V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz (in x1
and x2 Modes)
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Nine Interrupt Sources
Enhanced UART Serial Port with Framing
Error Detection and Automatic
RF
transmitter
&receiver:
This RF
module comprises
of
an RF
Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The
transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates
at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF
transmitter receives serial data and
transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected at pin4.
The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The transmitted
data is received by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as that
of the transmitter.

Liquid Crystal Display: This is 16x2 B/W LCD for the display of the
data.

Motor Driver: Used to drive the DC motors as directed by the

microcontroller. This is the OUTPUT block. Here we used L293D to drive the
motors .whatever signals it receives from the microcontroller on the basis of
that it will drive the motors.
An H-bridge is an electronic circuit which enables a voltage to be applied
across a load in either direction. These circuits are often used in robotics and
other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards and backwards. H-

bridges are available as integrated circuits, or can be built from discrete

components.

MOTOR: For the train prototype control of the locomotive platform. A direct
current (DC) motor is a fairly simple electric motor that uses electricity and
a magnetic field to produce torque, which turns the motor. At its most simple,
a DC motor requires two magnets of opposite polarity and an electric coil,
which acts as an electromagnet. The repellent and attractive
electromagnetic forces of the magnets provide the torque that causes
the DC motor to turn.

Power Supply Block: The power supply consists of a step down

transformer 230/12V, which steps down the voltage to 12V AC. This is
converted to DC using a Bridge rectifier. The ripples are removed using a
capacitive filter and it is then regulated to +5V using a voltage regulator
7805 which is required for the operation of the microcontroller and other
components.
Note: Remote unit is DC battery powered.

Software Components:
This unit consists of the
programming unit that is
the compiler used.
The MIKRO
C
for
8051
Compiler is
a
powerful
feature-rich development tool
for
Atmel's
8051
microcontrollers.
It
is
designed to provide the user
with the easiest possible
solution
for
developing
applications for embedded
systems
without
compromising
on
performance.
Its
highly
advanced
integrated
development
environment

(IDE), broad set of library routines, ready-to-run and comprehensive documentation

should be more than enough to get anyone off to a great start when developing
8051 applications.
Advantages

It is user-friendly.
Safer to use.
Reduces the time of switching due to automation.
Requires least maintenance

Applications:
Hardware Automation
Wireless range control system on RF channel