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The relative atomic mass (RAM) of an element is the average mass of one
atom of the element when compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon12, which taken as 12 units.
3.
4.
Example 1
The mass of a sodium atom is 23 times greater than 1/12 of the mass of carbon-12
atom. What is the relative atomic mass of sodium?
Answer:
23
Example 2:
The mass of element A is twice of the mass of carbon, therefore its relative atomic
mass is __________. (Relative atomic mass of carbon = 12)
Answer:
Example 3:
An atom of element X is 13 times heavier than one atom of helium. Calculate the
relative atomic mass of X.( Ar: He = 4 )
Answer:
Example 4:
How many times that the mass of 2 bromine atoms are greater than 4 neon atoms?
(Ar: Ne = 20; Br = 80 )
Answer:
2(80)4(20)=2
The relative molecular mass of a molecule is equal to the sum of the relative
atomic mass of all the atoms in the molecule.
Example
Find the relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide.
[ JAR: C = 12; O = 16 ]
Answer:
2.
c.
d.
mol ferum
Answer:
a.
2 mol iron = 2 x 6.02 x 1023 = 1.204 x 1024 iron atoms
b.
3.6 mol zink = 3.6 x 6.02 x 1023 = 2.167 x 1024 zink atoms
c.
2.8 mol zink = 2.8 x 6.02 x 1023 = 1.686 x 1024 zink atoms
d.
We have just learn that, mole is a quantity, and it is equal to 6.02 x 1023. The
number 6.02 x 1023 is called the Avogadro constant.
2.
3.
Likewise, if we are given the number of particles, and asked to find the
number of mole of the particles, we divide the number of particles by the
Avogadro constant.
Example
Which contains more atoms, 1 mol of helium or 1 mol of uranium? Which has a
greater mass? [ RAM: He=4; U=238 ]
Answer:
Number of atoms
= Number of mole x Avogadro constant
= 2.5 x 6.02 x 1023 = 1.505 x 1024
Example
How many moles of magnesium that contain 2.76 x 1023 of magnesium atom?
Answer:
Number of mole
= Number of atoms Avogadro constant
= 2.76 x 1023 6.02 x 1023
= 0.46 mol
Number of Mole of Atoms and Number of Mole of Molecules
1.
2.
For example, in a carbon dioxide molecule (CO 2), there are 3 atoms - 1
carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms.
3.
4.
Example:
a.
How many hydrogen molecules can be made with 20 mol of hydrogen
atoms?
b.
Answer:
a.
Each hydrogen molecules (H2) consist of 2 hydrogen atoms.
Therefore, 20 mol of hydrogen atoms can make 10 mole of
hydrogen molecules.
b. Number of mole of hydrogen atoms in 20 mole of hydrogen
molecules
= 2 x 20 mole = 40 mole.
Example:
a.
Find the number of carbon atom in 0.75 mol of carbon dioxide.
b.
a.
Each carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) consist of 1 carbon
atom and 2 oxygen molecules.
Therefore, 0.75 mole of carbon dioxide contain 0.75 mole
carbon atoms.
b.
Number of mole of oxygen atoms in 0.75 mole of carbon
dioxide
= 2 x 0.75 mole = 1.50 moles.
Number of Mole and Mass of a Substance
Molar Mass
1.
The mass of one mole of atoms is its relative atomic mass in grams, and is
called a molar mass.
2.
Relative atomic
Mass of 1 mol of
Molar Mass
mass
particle
Hydrogen
1g
1 g mol-1
Carbon
12
12 g
12 g mol-1
Oxygen
16
16 g
16 g mol-1
Copper
64
27 g
27 g mol-1
Iron
56
56 g
56 g mol-1
Example
1.
The relative atomic mass of copper is 64, therefore the mass of 1 mole
copper is 64g
2.
The RAM of sodium is 23, therefore the mass of 2 mole sodium is 46g
3.
The RAM of nitrogen is 14, therefore the mass of 2.5 mole l nitrogen is 35g
4.
The RAM of calcium is 20, therefore the mass of 0.3 mole calcium is 6g
Conclusion
Note:
The relationship between the mass of a substance and the number of mole of the
particles in the substance can be summarised by using the following equation:
m
n= Molar Mass
If you are given the mass of substance and asked to find the number of mole of the
substance (or vice versa), the problem can be solved by using this equation.
Example:
Find the number of mol of atoms in 4.6g sodium [Relative atomic mass: Na=23]
Answer:
Number of mole,
4.6
23
n=
=0.2mol
Example
How many moles of each substance are there in 191 g NaOH [Relative atomic
mass: Na=23, O=16, H=1]
Answer:
n= 40
=4.775mol
Sodium = 23]
Answer:
1.
Sometime, you may be given the mass of a substance, and asked to find the
number of particles (or vice versa).
2.
To solve the problem, we must find the number of mole of the substance
then only we can find the number of particles (or mass of the substance).
Example:
How many molecules are there in 16 g of oxygen (O 2)? [ Ar: O =.16, Avogadro
Number = 6 x 1023]
Answer:
The relative molecular mass of O2 = 2(16) = 32
Number of mole of oxygen molecules
mas s of oxygen
Mass of CH4
= Number of mole x molar mass
= 0.3 x 16 = 4.8g
Number of Mole and Volume of Gas
Molar Volume of Gas
1.
Equal amount of gas occupies same volume of space.
2.
Molar volume of a gas is defined as the volume occupied by one mol the
gas at certain condition
3.
4.
Example:
What volume (at room temperature and pressure r.t.p.) would 2 moles of oxygen
gas occupy? (Molar Gas Volume at r.t.p. = 24 dm)
Answer:
Volume of gas = 2 x 24 = 48 dm
Example:
A sample of ozone gas has a volume of 960cm at room temperature and pressure.
Find the number of mole of the ozone. [Molar volume at r.t.p. = 24.0dm]
Answer:
Number of mole=
900 cm3
24000 cm3
=0.04 mol
Figure below shows the relationship between the number of mole of particles in a
substance with the mass, number of particles and volume of gas.
Example
Find the number of particle in 1200cm of nitrogen gas at room temperature.
(Molar Gas Volume at r.t.p. = 24 dm)
Answer:
Question:
A container contains 3.913 x 1023 methane molecules. What is the volume of the
methane gas at r.t.p.? [Avogrado constant = 6.02 x 10 23; Molar volume of gasses at
r.t.p. = 24,000 cm3/mol]
Answer:
Chemical Formulae
1.
2.
3.
a.
b.
4.
For example, the chemical formula for ethene is C 2H4. This shows that
ethene is the result of the combination of the elements carbon and hydrogen, and
there are 2 carbon atoms and 4 hydrogen atoms in each molecule of ethene.
5.
a.
Empirical formula
b.
Molecular formula
6.
7.
Empirical Formula
1.
The empirical formula of a substance is the chemical formula that gives the
simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in the substance.
2.
Molecular
Formula
C6H12O6
H2O
CO2
C6H6
C4H8
Empirical Formula
CH2O
H2O
CO2
CH
CH2
Element
Fe
Mass
Number of
mole
Simple ratio
Ratio in
round
number
The
4.23g
1.80g
4 . 23 g
56
1 . 80 g
16
=0.0755 =0.1125
0. 0755
0. 0755
0 .1125
0. 0755
=1
=1.5
Molecular Formula
1.
2.
3.
For example, the empirical of carbon dioxide is CO2 and the molecular formula is
also CO2.
4.
Whereas, the empirical formula of ethane is CH3 while the molecular formula of
ethane is C2H6.
Hydrogen: 1]
Answer:
13n = 78
n = 78/13 = 6
C6H6
Formula of Ions
1.
2.
Potassium
Symbol
K+
Ion
Symbol
Symbol
Calcium
Ca2+
Aluminium
Al3+
Magnesium
Mg2+
Iron (III)
Fe3+
Sodium
Na+
Lithium
Li+
Zinc
Zn2+
Hydrogen
H+
Barium
Ba2+
Argentums(I)
Ag+
Iron (II)
Fe2+
Mercury(I)
Hg+
Tin (II)
Sn2+
NH4+
Lead(II)
Pb2+
Copper(II)
Cu2+
Manganese(II)
Mn2+
Ammonium
Ion
Carbonate
Nitrate
Hydroxide
SO42-
CO32-
NO3-
OH-
Fluoride
F-
Chloride
Bromide
Iodide
Oxide
Cl-
Br-
I-
O2-
PO43-
Ethanoat
CH3COO-
MnO4-
Cr2O72-
S2O32-
a.
Potassium bromide
b.
Sodium chloride
Answer:
a. Potassium bromide
b. Sodium chloride
b.
Sodium oxide
Answer:
a. Calcium iodide
b. Sodium oxide
Zinc nitrate
Answer:
a. Ammonium sulphate
b. Zinc nitrate
Sulphuric acid
c.
Nitric acid
d.
Ethanoic acid
e.
Phosphoric acid
f.
Carbonic acid
Answer:
a. Hydrochloric acid
b. Sulphuric acid
c. Nitric acid
d. Ethanoic acid
e. Phosphoric acid
f. Carbonic acid
Formula of Molecule
In SPM, you need to know the formulae of the following molecules
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
CO2
H2O
NH3
SO3
SO2
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Carbon dioxide
water
Ammonia
Sulphur trioxide
Sulphur dioxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen iodide
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrous oxide
Tetrachloromethane
Hydrogen sulphide
Glucose
HCl
HBr
HI
NO
NO2
N2O
CCl4
H2F
C6H12O62
Chemical Equation
Writing Chemical Equations
A Balance Equation
According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, atoms cannot be
created or eliminated in the process of chemistry reaction.
Therefore, the amount of atom of each element before reaction
must be equal after reaction.
Example:
Balance the following chemical equations:
a.
Mg +
O2
b.
CuO + H2
c.
Na +
H2O
d.
Li +
Cl2
MgO
Cu + H2O
NaOH + H2
LiCl
Answer:
a.
2Mg +
O2
2MgO
b.
CuO + H2
Cu + H2O
c.
2Na +
2H2O
2NaOH + H2
d.
2Li +
Cl2
2LiCl