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3.

1 Relative Atomic Mass


Relative Atomic Mass
1.
The mass of an atom when compared to another is known as the relative
atomic mass (RAM).
2.

The relative atomic mass (RAM) of an element is the average mass of one
atom of the element when compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon12, which taken as 12 units.

3.

1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12 is named as 1 atomic mass unit


(amu).

4.

The mass of one carbon atom is 12 amu.

Example 1
The mass of a sodium atom is 23 times greater than 1/12 of the mass of carbon-12
atom. What is the relative atomic mass of sodium?
Answer:

23
Example 2:
The mass of element A is twice of the mass of carbon, therefore its relative atomic
mass is __________. (Relative atomic mass of carbon = 12)
Answer:

Relative Atomic Mass of Element A = 2 x 12 = 24

Example 3:
An atom of element X is 13 times heavier than one atom of helium. Calculate the
relative atomic mass of X.( Ar: He = 4 )
Answer:

Relative Atomic Mass of X = 13 x 4 = 52

Example 4:
How many times that the mass of 2 bromine atoms are greater than 4 neon atoms?
(Ar: Ne = 20; Br = 80 )
Answer:
2(80)4(20)=2

The mass of 2 bromine atoms is 2 time greater than the mass


of 4 neon atoms.
Example 5
4 atoms of element L have same mass as 1 tellurium atom. Find the relative atomic
mass of L. (Ar: Te = 128 )
Answer:
4L=1(128)L=1284=32

The relative atomic mass of L = 32


Relative Molecular Mass
The relative molecular mass (Mr) of an element is the average mass of one
molecule of the element/compound when compared with of the mass of an atom
of carbon-12, which taken as 12 units.

The relative molecular mass of a molecule is equal to the sum of the relative
atomic mass of all the atoms in the molecule.

Example
Find the relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide.
[ JAR: C = 12; O = 16 ]
Answer:

The formula of carbon dioxide = CO2


Relative molecular mass of CO2 = 1 x 12 + 2 x 16 = 44
Example
What is the relative molecular mass of aluminium sulphate [ Al2(SO4)3]?
( Ar: O = 16, S = 32; Al = 27 )
Answer:

Relative molecular mass of Al2(SO4)3 = 2 x 27 + 3( 32 + 4 x


16) = 342
Relative Molecular Mass - Example 1
Question:
Given that the formula of a compound is KXO3 and its relative
molecular mass is 167. Find the relative atomic mass of element
X? (Ar: O = 16; K = 39 )
Answer

Let's say the relative atomic mass of element X =


m
The relative moleculaar mass of KXO3
= 39 + m + 3(16) = 167
m = 167 - 39 - 3(16) = 80
relative atomic mass of element X = 80

Relative Molecular Mass - Example 2


Question:
The general formula of a hydrocarbon is CnH2n and the relative
molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 84. Find the value of n.
Answer:

Relative molecular mass of CnH2n


= n(12) + 2n(1) = 84
14n = 84
n = 84/14 = 6
Concept of Mole
1.

A mole is defined as the amount of substance which contains the Avogadro


Number of particles.

2.

The Avogadro Number (or Avogadro Constant) is defined as the number of


atoms in 12 g of the carbon-12 isotope, which is equal to 6.02 x 10 23.

1 mole = 6.02 x 1023


Example:
1 mol of atoms = 6.02 x 1023 atoms
mol of atoms = 3.01 x 1023 atoms
mol of atoms = 1.505 x 1023 atoms.
Note:
The particles in a material can be atoms, molecules or ions.
Therefore
1 mol potassium atom = 6.02 x 1023 potassium atom
1 mol carbon dioxide molecules = 6.02 x 1023 of carbon dioxide molecules.
1 mol sulphate ions = 6.02 x 1023 sulphate ions.
Example:
Find the number of atoms in:
a.
2 mol ferum
b.

3.6 mol zink

c.

2.8 mol zink

d.

mol ferum

Answer:
a.
2 mol iron = 2 x 6.02 x 1023 = 1.204 x 1024 iron atoms
b.

3.6 mol zink = 3.6 x 6.02 x 1023 = 2.167 x 1024 zink atoms

c.

2.8 mol zink = 2.8 x 6.02 x 1023 = 1.686 x 1024 zink atoms

d.

mol iron = x 6.02 x 1023 = 1.505 x 1023 iron atoms.

Mole and mol


1.
Mole is the unit of amount of substance.
2.

mol is the symbol of mole.

Number of Mole and Number of Particles


1.

We have just learn that, mole is a quantity, and it is equal to 6.02 x 1023. The
number 6.02 x 1023 is called the Avogadro constant.

2.

Therefore, if we are given the number of mole of substance, and asked to


find the number of particles (atoms, molecules or ions) in it, we multiply the
number of mole by the Avogadro constant.

3.

Likewise, if we are given the number of particles, and asked to find the
number of mole of the particles, we divide the number of particles by the
Avogadro constant.

Example
Which contains more atoms, 1 mol of helium or 1 mol of uranium? Which has a
greater mass? [ RAM: He=4; U=238 ]
Answer:

1 mol of helium and 1 mol of uranium has equal number of


atoms.

The mass of one Uranium atom ss greater than the mass of


one helium atom.
Example
Find the number of atoms in 2.5 mol of gold.
Answer:

Number of atoms
= Number of mole x Avogadro constant
= 2.5 x 6.02 x 1023 = 1.505 x 1024
Example
How many moles of magnesium that contain 2.76 x 1023 of magnesium atom?
Answer:

Number of mole
= Number of atoms Avogadro constant
= 2.76 x 1023 6.02 x 1023
= 0.46 mol
Number of Mole of Atoms and Number of Mole of Molecules
1.

All molecules contain more than one atom.

2.

For example, in a carbon dioxide molecule (CO 2), there are 3 atoms - 1
carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms.

3.

Therefore, in 5 carbon dioxide molecules, there will be 15 atoms - 5 carbon


atom and 10 oxygen atoms.

4.

Similarly, in 1 mole carbon dioxide molecules, there will be 3 mole


atoms - 1 mole carbon atoms and 2 mole oxygen atoms, and in 3 mole carbon
dioxide molecules, there will be 9 mole atoms - 3 mole carbon atoms and 6 mole
oxygen atoms, so on and so forth.

Example:
a.
How many hydrogen molecules can be made with 20 mol of hydrogen
atoms?
b.

How many hydrogen atoms are there in 20 mol of hydrogen molecules?

Answer:

a.
Each hydrogen molecules (H2) consist of 2 hydrogen atoms.
Therefore, 20 mol of hydrogen atoms can make 10 mole of
hydrogen molecules.
b. Number of mole of hydrogen atoms in 20 mole of hydrogen
molecules
= 2 x 20 mole = 40 mole.
Example:
a.
Find the number of carbon atom in 0.75 mol of carbon dioxide.
b.

Find the number of oxygen atom in 0.75 mol of carbon dioxide.


Answer:

a.
Each carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) consist of 1 carbon
atom and 2 oxygen molecules.
Therefore, 0.75 mole of carbon dioxide contain 0.75 mole
carbon atoms.
b.
Number of mole of oxygen atoms in 0.75 mole of carbon
dioxide
= 2 x 0.75 mole = 1.50 moles.
Number of Mole and Mass of a Substance
Molar Mass
1.

The mass of one mole of atoms is its relative atomic mass in grams, and is
called a molar mass.

2.

A Molar mass is the mass of a substance containing the Avogadro Constant


of particles.
Element

Relative atomic

Mass of 1 mol of

Molar Mass

mass

particle

Hydrogen

1g

1 g mol-1

Carbon

12

12 g

12 g mol-1

Oxygen

16

16 g

16 g mol-1

Copper

64

27 g

27 g mol-1

Iron

56

56 g

56 g mol-1

Example
1.

The relative atomic mass of copper is 64, therefore the mass of 1 mole
copper is 64g

2.

The RAM of sodium is 23, therefore the mass of 2 mole sodium is 46g

3.

The RAM of nitrogen is 14, therefore the mass of 2.5 mole l nitrogen is 35g

4.

The RAM of calcium is 20, therefore the mass of 0.3 mole calcium is 6g
Conclusion

Note:
The relationship between the mass of a substance and the number of mole of the
particles in the substance can be summarised by using the following equation:
m

n= Molar Mass

If you are given the mass of substance and asked to find the number of mole of the
substance (or vice versa), the problem can be solved by using this equation.
Example:
Find the number of mol of atoms in 4.6g sodium [Relative atomic mass: Na=23]

Answer:

Number of mole,

4.6
23

n=

=0.2mol

Example
How many moles of each substance are there in 191 g NaOH [Relative atomic
mass: Na=23, O=16, H=1]
Answer:

Relative Formula Mass of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40


Number of mole of 191g NaOH,
191

n= 40

=4.775mol

Example 1 - Number of Mole and Mass of a Substance


Question
What is the mass of 7.12 mol NaI.

[Relative atomic gas: Iodine = 131;

Sodium = 23]
Answer:

The relative formula mass of NaI = 23 + 131 =


154.
The mass of 7.12 mol NaI
= Number of mole x Relative Foemula Mass of
NaI
= 7.12 x 154
= 1096.48g
Mass of Substance and Number of Particles

1.

Sometime, you may be given the mass of a substance, and asked to find the
number of particles (or vice versa).

2.

To solve the problem, we must find the number of mole of the substance
then only we can find the number of particles (or mass of the substance).

Example:
How many molecules are there in 16 g of oxygen (O 2)? [ Ar: O =.16, Avogadro
Number = 6 x 1023]
Answer:
The relative molecular mass of O2 = 2(16) = 32
Number of mole of oxygen molecules
mas s of oxygen

= Molar mass of oxygen


16 g

= 32 gmol1 =0.5 mol

Example 1 - Mass of Substance and Number of Particles


Question:
Find the number of atoms in 34g of ammonia gas (NH3). [Relative
atomic mass: Nitrogen: 14; Hydrogen: 1]
Answer:

Relative molecular mass of NH3


= 14 + 3(1)
= 17

Number of mole of ammonia =3417=2 mole


Number of NH3 molecules = 2 x 6.02 x 1023 =
1.204 x 1024
Each NH3 molecule contain 4 atoms (1 nitrogen
atom and 3 hydrogen atoms).
Therefore, number of atoms
= 4 x 1.204 x 1024
= 4.816 x 1024
Example 2 - Mass of Substance and Number of Particles
Find the mass of methane (CH4) that contain 1.806 x 1023 of methane molecules.
[Relative atomic mass: Carbon: 12; Hydrogen: 1]
Answer:

The relative molecular mass of CH4


= 12 + 4(1)
= 16
Number of mole of CH4=1.80610236.021023=0.3 mole

Mass of CH4
= Number of mole x molar mass
= 0.3 x 16 = 4.8g
Number of Mole and Volume of Gas
Molar Volume of Gas
1.
Equal amount of gas occupies same volume of space.

2.

Molar volume of a gas is defined as the volume occupied by one mol the
gas at certain condition

3.

At room temperature(25C) and pressure (1 atm), one mole of any gas


occupies a volume of 24 dm (24 000 cm )

4.

At standard temperature(0C) and pressure (1 atm) one mole of any gas


occupies a volume of 22.4 dm (22400cm).

Number of mole of gasses


1 mol of O2 gas
1 mol of H2 gas
2 mol of He gas
3.5 mol of N2 gas

Volume at s.t.p. (dm3)


1 x 22.4 = 22.4
1 x 22.4 = 22.4
2 x 22.4 = 44.8
3.5 x 22.4 = 78.4

Number of mole of gasses


1 mol of O2 gas
1 mol of H2 gas
2 mol of He gas
3.5 mol of N2 gas

Volume at r.t.p. (dm3)


1 x 24 = 24
1 x 24 = 24
2 x 24 = 48
3.5 x 24 = 84

Example:
What volume (at room temperature and pressure r.t.p.) would 2 moles of oxygen
gas occupy? (Molar Gas Volume at r.t.p. = 24 dm)
Answer:

Volume of gas = 2 x 24 = 48 dm
Example:
A sample of ozone gas has a volume of 960cm at room temperature and pressure.
Find the number of mole of the ozone. [Molar volume at r.t.p. = 24.0dm]
Answer:

Number of mole=

900 cm3
24000 cm3

=0.04 mol

Volume of Gas, Mass of Substance and Number of Particles

Figure below shows the relationship between the number of mole of particles in a
substance with the mass, number of particles and volume of gas.

Example
Find the number of particle in 1200cm of nitrogen gas at room temperature.
(Molar Gas Volume at r.t.p. = 24 dm)
Answer:

Number of mole of nitrogen gas=1200 cm324000 cm3=0.05


mol
Number of nitrogen molecules= 0.05 mol 6.02 1023= 3.0
1 1022

Example 1 - Volume of Gas, Mass of Substance and Number


of Particles

Question:
A container contains 3.913 x 1023 methane molecules. What is the volume of the
methane gas at r.t.p.? [Avogrado constant = 6.02 x 10 23; Molar volume of gasses at
r.t.p. = 24,000 cm3/mol]
Answer:

Number of mole of methane gas, n


=3.913 10236.021023=0.65 mol
Volume of gas=0.6524000 cm3=15600 cm3

Example 2 - Volume of Gas, Mass of Substance and Number


of Particles
Question:
A gas jar containing 200cm of oxygen gas at s.t.p. Find the mass of the oxygen
gas. [Relative atomic mass: Oxygen = 16; Molar volume of gas at s.t.p. = 22.4
dm]
Answer:

Number of mole of oxygen gas, n


=200 cm322400 cm3=1112 mol
Relative molecular mass of oxygen = 216=32
Mass of oxygen=(1112) 32 gmol1=0.286g

Chemical Formulae
1.

Each element is represented by its own chemical symbol.

2.

In an element, the chemical formula represents the atoms in the molecule.

3.

The chemical formula tells us:

a.

the types of atoms or ions in the compound,

b.

the number of atoms or ions in the compound,

4.

For example, the chemical formula for ethene is C 2H4. This shows that
ethene is the result of the combination of the elements carbon and hydrogen, and
there are 2 carbon atoms and 4 hydrogen atoms in each molecule of ethene.

5.

Generally, chemical formula can be divided into

a.

Empirical formula

b.

Molecular formula

6.

The empirical formula of a substance is the chemical formula that gives


the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in the substance.

7.

The molecular formula of a substance is the chemical formula that gives


the actual number of atoms of each element in the substance.

Empirical Formula
1.

The empirical formula of a substance is the chemical formula that gives the
simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in the substance.

2.

Empirical = information gained by means of observation, experience, or


experiment.
Example:
Chemical Substances
Glucose
Water
Carbon Dioxide
Benzene
Butane

Molecular
Formula
C6H12O6
H2O
CO2
C6H6
C4H8

Empirical Formula
CH2O
H2O
CO2
CH
CH2

Finding Empirical Formula


Steps to determine the empirical formula of a compound
STEP 1: Find the mass
STEP 2: Find the mole
STEP 3: Find the simplest ratio
Example:
In a chemical reaction, 4.23g of iron reacts completely with 1.80g of oxygen gas,
producing iron oxide. Calculate the empirical formula of iron oxide. [Relative
atomic mass: Iron = 56; Oxygen = 16]
Answer:

Element

Fe

Mass
Number of
mole
Simple ratio
Ratio in
round
number
The

4.23g

1.80g

4 . 23 g
56

1 . 80 g
16

=0.0755 =0.1125
0. 0755
0. 0755

0 .1125
0. 0755

=1

=1.5

empirical formula of iron oxide = Fe2O3

Example 1 - Empirical Formula

Example 2 - Empirical Formula

Molecular Formula
1.

The molecular formula of a substance is the chemical formula that gives


the actual number of atoms of each element in the substance.

2.

A molecular formula is the same as or a multiple of the empirical formula.

3.

For example, the empirical of carbon dioxide is CO2 and the molecular formula is
also CO2.

4.

Whereas, the empirical formula of ethane is CH3 while the molecular formula of
ethane is C2H6.

Finding Molecular Formula


Example
Given that the empirical formula of benzene is CH and its relative molecular mass
is 78. Find the molecular formula of benzene. [Relative Atomic Mass: Carbon: 12;

Hydrogen: 1]
Answer:

Let's say the molecular formula of benzene is CnHn.


The relative molecular mass of CnHn
= n(12) + n(1)
= 13n

13n = 78
n = 78/13 = 6

Therefore, the molecular formula of benzene


=

C6H6

Example 1 - Molecular Formula

Percentage of Composition of a Compound

Formula of Ions

1.

Ionic compounds made up of positive ions and negative


ions.

2.

To write the formula of an ionic compound, we need to know


the symbol and charge of the ions in the compound.
Positive ions that you need to know in SPM form 4
chemistry:
Ion

Potassium

Symbol

K+

Ion

Symbol

Symbol

Calcium

Ca2+

Aluminium

Al3+

Magnesium

Mg2+

Iron (III)

Fe3+

Sodium

Na+

Lithium

Li+

Zinc

Zn2+

Hydrogen

H+

Barium

Ba2+

Argentums(I)

Ag+

Iron (II)

Fe2+

Mercury(I)

Hg+

Tin (II)

Sn2+

NH4+

Lead(II)

Pb2+

Copper(II)

Cu2+

Manganese(II)

Mn2+

Ammonium

Ion

Negative ions that you need to know in SPM form 4


Chemistry
Sulphate

Carbonate

Nitrate

Hydroxide

SO42-

CO32-

NO3-

OH-

Fluoride

F-

Chloride

Bromide

Iodide

Oxide

Cl-

Br-

I-

O2-

Negative ions that you need to know in SPM form 5


Chemistry
Phosphate

PO43-

Ethanoat

CH3COO-

Manganate(V Dichromate( Thiosulphate


II)
VI)

MnO4-

Cr2O72-

S2O32-

Chemical Formula of Ionic Compounds


2 Requirements to form the formula of an ionic compound
1.
2.

Have at least 2 types of ions that contain opposite charge.


The amount of positive charge/charges must be equal to the amount of
negative charge/charges in the compound.
Example 1 If the Charge of the Positive Ions = Charge of Negative Ions
Write the formula of each of the following compound

a.

Potassium bromide

b.

Sodium chloride
Answer:
a. Potassium bromide

b. Sodium chloride

Example 2 If the Charge of the Positive Ions Charge of Negative Ions


Write the formula of each of the following compound
a.
Calcium iodide

b.

Sodium oxide
Answer:
a. Calcium iodide

b. Sodium oxide

Example 3 If there is more than 1 element in the ion


Write the formula of each of the compound
a.
Ammonium sulphate
b.

Zinc nitrate
Answer:
a. Ammonium sulphate

b. Zinc nitrate

Example 4 Formulae of Acid


Write the formula of the following acid
a.
Hydrochloric acid
b.

Sulphuric acid

c.

Nitric acid

d.

Ethanoic acid

e.

Phosphoric acid

f.

Carbonic acid
Answer:
a. Hydrochloric acid

b. Sulphuric acid

c. Nitric acid

d. Ethanoic acid

e. Phosphoric acid

f. Carbonic acid

Formula of Molecule
In SPM, you need to know the formulae of the following molecules

F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
CO2
H2O
NH3
SO3
SO2

Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Carbon dioxide
water
Ammonia
Sulphur trioxide
Sulphur dioxide

Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen iodide
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrous oxide
Tetrachloromethane
Hydrogen sulphide
Glucose

HCl
HBr
HI
NO
NO2
N2O
CCl4
H2F
C6H12O62

Chemical Equation
Writing Chemical Equations

A Balance Equation
According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, atoms cannot be
created or eliminated in the process of chemistry reaction.
Therefore, the amount of atom of each element before reaction
must be equal after reaction.
Example:
Balance the following chemical equations:
a.

Mg +

O2

b.

CuO + H2

c.

Na +

H2O

d.

Li +

Cl2

MgO
Cu + H2O
NaOH + H2
LiCl

Answer:
a.

2Mg +

O2

2MgO

b.

CuO + H2

Cu + H2O

c.

2Na +

2H2O

2NaOH + H2

d.

2Li +

Cl2

2LiCl

Writing a Balance Equation


Example:
Lead(II) nitrate aqueous react with potassium iodide aqueous to produce lead(II)
iodide precipitate and potassium nitrate aqueous.
Answer:

Mind Map - Chemical Formulae and Equations

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