COMMUNITY BASED REHABILITATION

PROJECT ON IDENTIFICATION AND

AWARENESS OF FAMILIES IN
EDUCATION SERVICES FOR VISUAL
IMPAIRMENT

Submitted by
T.RAMESH
M.A, B.Ed
Reg.No.93613382032

Under the guidance of

PROJECT SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF
THE DEGREE OF
B.ED SPECIAL EDUCATION IN VISUAL
IMPAIRMENT
1

Dr.B.R. AMBEDKAR OPEN UNIVERSITY

HYDERABAD

DECLARATION
I declare that the project work entitled Community Based
Rehabilitation Project on Identification and awareness of families
in Educational Services for Visual Impairment in ASWANI EYE
HOSPITAL,

NARASARAOPET,

GUNTUR

DISTRICT,

ANDHRA

PRADESH the guidance of __________________________________. It is an

original work done by me and submitted for the award of the B.Ed.
Special Education-Visual Impairment of Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Open
University, Hyderabad.

Hyderabad,
2

Dt:

signature of the student

CERTIFICATE

This

is

to

Certified

that

Mr.T.RAMESH

with

Reg.No.93613382032 is a bonafide student of B.ED (SE-DE) VISUAL

IMPAIRMENT,

under

Dr.B.R.AMBEDKAR

OPEN

UNIVERSITY,

HYDERABAD completed the project work on COMMUNITY BASED

REHABILITATION IN VISUAL IMPAIRMENT under my guidance and
supervision for the award of the degree of B.Ed. SE-DE VI Course.

Station: Hyderabad
Date:

SIGNATURE OF THE SUPERVISOR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my Research
Supervisor,

for his guidance, constant and untiring interest, support and

encouragement in the successful completion of the project work
within the time.

My heartfelt thanks to

for his guidance and valuable advice, suggestions and constant

encouragement throughout the project work.

My sincere thanks to Director, Dr.B.R.AMBEDKAR OPEN

UNIVERSITY,

HYDERABAD,

and

DEVNAR

FOUNDATION
4

Management for accepting me as a student to fulfill my ambition was

made possible.

I deem it my bounden duty to express my deep sense of

gratitude and indebtedness to Mrs.K.Sujatha Course coordinator and
Staff Members of Devnar Foundation for Blind, Begumpet, Hyderabad
for their valuable advice, suggestions and constant encouragement
throughout the project work.
Finally I wish to express my indebtedness to my family
members and all my friends who have helped me in the completion of
this project work.

Hyderabad
Date:

T.RAMESH

INDEX
Sl.
No.
1.

DESCRIPTION

Page No.

INTRODUCTION TO CBR

2.

PROJECT WORK

16

3.

CAPTER-I: INTRODUCTION

17

4.

CAPTER-II: COMMUNITY PROFILE

20

5.

CHAPTER-III: METHODOLOGY

27

6.

CODE LIST

31

7.

CASE STUDY

35

8.

CHAPTER-IV: OUTCOME

66

9.

CHAPTER-V: CONCLUSION

68

10.

REFERENCES

70

11.

APPENDIX

74

INTRODUCTION

Disparity between man and man is a grim reality of

human society. Human beings are often discriminated on the
grounds of age, sex, wealth, power, caste, creed, race and
religion, physical and mental abilities. The disabled are one
such under privileged group whose rights are profoundly
violated since ages.

A number of factors attribute to

disability. Most of the disability programmes suffer from the

lack of disability data. The reasons may be lack of uniform
definition of disability, inadequate methodologies, lack of
trained human resource, lack of political will, and absence of
6

priority to the issue, inadequate technology, so on and so

forth.

Many attempts have been made to provide a

productive life to persons with disability since long in different

ways. This process of upliftment of persons with disability is
generally called rehabilitation.
empowerment

and

The stages of rehabilitation,

community

based

rehabilitation

approaches.
Community Based Rehabilitation is a strategy within
community development for rehabilitation, equalization of
opportunities and social inclusion of all persons with disability.
It is a multi sect oral, dimensional and disciplinary approach
carried out with combined efforts of persons with disability,
their family members and community. It is the best option for
us owing to its advantages.
cost

effectiveness,

They include wider coverage,

community

participation

and

social

integration which is the basic principles of community based

rehabilitation programme. In general terms, it is defined as
enabling people with disability to fulfill their potentials, with
the help of appropriate aids and equipments, education,
training and retraining, understanding and support from the
family-community. The concept of CBR
was promoted by World Health Organization in late seventies,
to increase the coverage of rehabilitation services for disabled
persons.
CBR means shift to rehabilitation intervention from
intuition to the homes of persons with disabilities in the
process of intervention include persons with disabilities their
7

families an communities and planning, implementation and

evaluation thereby increasing coverage reducing costs and
achieving social integration.

A/c to CBR:

Rehabilitation is

Community integration
Opportunity

Equalization

of

Alma Atta declaration states essential health care is based on

Appropriate
Acceptable methods &
Technology made universally
Accessible to individual and families in the communities
through their participation at the cost that community can
afford maintain self reliance.

Definitions of CBR:
Community based rehabilitation involves measures
taken at the community level to use and build on the
resources of the community including the impaired, disabled
8

and the handicapped persons themselves, their families and

their community as a whole
According to WHO:
Community Based Rehabilitation is a strategy within
community development for rehabilitation, equalization of
opportunities and social inclusion of all persons with disability.
CBR is implemented through the combined efforts of disabled
people themselves, their families and communities, and the
appropriate health, education, vocational and social services.
According to E Helander:
CBR is a strategy for enhancing the quality of life of
disabled people by improving service delivery, by providing
more equitable opportunity and by promoting and protecting
their human rights.
A clear understanding of the three terms of this
concept,

namely

Community,

Based,

and

Rehabilitation, would be helpful here.

a) COMMUNITY:
The definition given by E. Helander is as follows, A
community consists of people living together in some form of
9

social organization and cohesion.

Its members share in

varying degrees political, economic, social and cultural

characteristics, as well as interests and aspirations, including
health. Communities vary widely in size and socio economic
profile, ranging from clusters of isolated homesteads to more
organized villages, towns and city districts.
It must be realized though that a desirable degree of
homogeneity for the implementation of the CBR project may
not be found in every community. There may be differences
of culture and religion and it may take a lot of time and effort
before community responds and shows willingness and unity
towards the cause of the disabled. A community, beginning
from a persons family members, includes the neighbours,
friends,
transport

co-workers,
authorities,

local

administrative

postman,

school

officers,
teacher,

local
village

headman, local revenue officials, nearby shopkeepers, local

development agencies, and such other people who are in a
position to guide and help a disabled person and his / her
family in the process of rehabilitation.

The support of the

community is important because it influences the life of an

individual by assisting directly or indirectly the progress,
development, and welfare of the individual.

b) BASED:
10

The term based means that the rehabilitation and

integration

of

an

individual

should

take

place

in

the

community itself, and that it is the responsibility of the family

and the community.

The community must realize that the

disabled too are entitled to equal rights, privileges and

responsibilities, and the family and the community must
accept the disadvantaged individuals totally and then also
plan for their total development and rehabilitation.

c) REHABILITATION:
The process of rehabilitation includes:

Medical intervention i.e. efforts for prevention of

preventable disability, cure if possible, and lessening
of the disability as much as possible;

Complete social integration;

Economic rehabilitation to the extent possible;

Provision of appropriate education for the children of

school going age;

Access to all the available concessions, privileges,

and guidance and counseling services;

The definition of Rehabilitation by ILO is as follows,

Rehabilitation involves the combined and coordinated use of
medical, social, educational and vocational measures for
training or retraining the individual to the highest possible
level of functional ability.

11

The number of disabled population in India is quite

large, and the finance, and other resources some times
because of poor logistics fall short of the actual needs; and
the needed manpower is yet to be trained adequately.
Hence, in the first place, very special and pointed efforts,
including

the

procurement/identification

of

essential

resources and training manpower needed for the purpose,

would be required to begin the project, work towards creating
the necessary climate and availability of services. The next
phase would be to ensure access for the disabled to health
and social services, to education and work opportunities, and
other necessities like housing, transportation etc.

When

these are taken care of for all the disabled population in the
community to the extent possible, attention should also be
paid to their needs for cultural and social life including sports,
recreational activities, and so on.
Objectives of the CBR:
The main objectives of CBR programme are:
To make the home of the disabled person to become
the rehabilitation centre:
To make the community / village / slum to become the
training site.
The specific objectives of CBR are:
To integrate the disable persons into family and
community with active participation.
12

 To dissuade family members and community people

form the deeply rooted and prevailing attitude that
disabled people are idle and unproductive;
To create awareness in the community regarding
specialist and referral services when the need arises;
To find out educated young people in the community
who are willing to serve and undergo training as CBR
workers;
Scope of CBR:
Prevention of disabilities
Identification of high risk mothers and infants
Easily identification of disabilities
Assessment of the needs of the family
Home based or neighbor hood programs
Play groups and integrated education
Advocacy groups and parent support groups
Equality and equalization of services
Solidarity and social integration
Principles of CBR:

Services are shifted from institutions to home of

disabled persons

Shifted the services from professionals to minimally

trained community members

Delivery of optimum quality of services which we

build on traditional methods of rehabilitation

13

Community based rehabilitation develop on local

area with better network

Community participation can be used as amines to

make programs more effective and reduce cost. It is also an
objective in itself if one believes that people have to be
involved in decision that affect their lives.
Concept of CBR:
Awareness and concern of the community
Initiatives from the community
Planning by the community
Resources of the community
Implementation by the community
Evaluation by the community
Modification by the community
Components of CBR:
1. Prevention of cause of disabilities
2. Provision of long term care facilities
3. Creating

positive

attitude

towards

people

with

disabilities
4. Provision of functional rehabilitation services
5. Empowerment, provision of education & training
opportunities
6. Creation of micro & macro income generation
opportunities

14

7. Management / monitoring and evaluation of CBR

projects

Community Awareness and Empowerment:

The essence of empowerment is that people with
disabilities and their families take responsibility for their
development within the context of general community
development.
Empowerment of community to assume responsibility
for ensuring that all its members, including those with
disabilities, achieve equal access to all of the resources that
are available to that community, and that they are enabled to
participate fully in the social, economic and political life of the
community.
Approaches for empowering may be social mobilization,
political

participation,

communication,

Self

Help

Groups

(SHGs) and Disabled Peoples Organisation (DPOs).

People

come together in groups to pursue common interests. A DPO

is a bigger than a SHG. It is more formally structured, with
office bearers and with systematic ways of conducting its
work.
Providing information and choices about rehabilitation,
education and livelihood, and laying out choices and opening
15

up opportunities for decision making enhances the process of

empowerment. For empowerment to happen five approaches
can be used
1. Social mobilization
2. Political participation
3. Language & communication
4. Self Help Groups (SHGs)
5. Disabled Peoples Organization (DPOs)
Community Participation in CBR:
a) To make projects / programmes more effective:
To facilitate a need-based plan, since they know the
problems with in the Community and can priorities
needs.
To make them feel responsible for the project
They can identify people-who are capable and
interested
They are better implementers.
b) To contribute towards costs of the programme:
Because the programme is with the Community and
is for them
It is for the Communitys own development and
benefits
It helps them to exercise their rights
It helps to get a better control over local resources
politics etc.
16

Community participation can be used as a means to

make programmes more effective and reduce costs. It is also
an objective in itself if one believes that people have the right
to be involved in decisions that affect their lives.
CBR Vs Institution Based Rehabilitation (IBR)

CBR Vs Institution Based Rehabilitation (IBR)

IBR Merits:
It creates a new environment and promotes solclarity and cohesiveness among disabled people
It is based on a high degree of professionalism and IS
expected to bring in quick and desirable results
There is general acceptances especially from ablebodied persons because of institutional care for the
disabled persons.
IBR Limitations:
It is mostly confirmed to towns and cities
It

develops

negative

attitudes

among

disabled

persons towards returning to their homes. This leads

17

to

segregation

of

disabled

persons

from

the

community
It needs a structured Organized and professional
environment and sound technology
It is cost effective and affordable to both the
government and individuals with limited resources
It is flexible, creative and innovative and aims a
achieving sustainable results since it is based on the
principles of non-institutional approach
It ensures effective Community participation and
involvement

CBR Merits:
It tries to address the needs of all identified disabled
persons in the community through comprehensive set of
interventions,

such

as

medical

rehabilitation

education

rehabilitation, vocational rehabilitation, social rehabilitation,

economic rehabilitation, awareness and leadership building
etc.
It encourages innovative use of local resources,
which can make intervention more effective and
more acceptable
It is a shift from everything for a few to something
for everyone
18

 It avoids segregation of disabled persons from the

community and promotes social integration
It attempts to change the negative attitudes of
people in the community and enables disabled
people to fulfill their needs for an active role in the
society, and to live a life with dignity, independence
and self esteem
It is cost effective and affordable to both the
government and individuals with limited resources
It is flexible, creative and innovative and aims at
achieving sustainable results since it is based on the
principles of non-institutional approach
It ensures effective community participation and
involvement

CBR Limitations:
There is no universal model of CBR which is
applicable everywhere
Results are slow and time consuming
Low

literacy

levels

and

superstitions

prevent

acceptance of the system

People with disabilities are not organized in villages
people think that they can achieve a permanent
remedy for their disabilities through treatment in
institutions.
19

 Some parents prefer to cash on the disability of their

children
Steps in Implementation of CBR:

Identification

of

person

requiring

rehabilitation

services

Assessment of disabilities and various needs for

rehabilitation of identified person

Provide the basic services through PHC, such as

drugs,

dressing

materials,

protective

footwear,

counseling and training in self care

Introduce / escort the person to Village Health &

Sanitation Committee along with his / her problems
or issues

Refer him / her to secondary or tertiary care center

for physical rehabilitation services, like ulcer care,
physiotherapy, surgical treatment, treatment of eye
complications, prostheses and so on.

Follow up of

referral services is also an essential task.

Facilitating
rehabilitation

the

accessibility

services

to

through

socio-economic
social

welfare

department by a CBR worker. A health supervisor,

MPHW, ANM, AWW, ASHA, or even a volunteer can
play the role of CBR workers.

Joint efforts by

Village health & sanitation committee will be often

required.

20

Review meetings by all stake holders, to discuss the

progress of CBR project or individuals problems will
help in expediting the rehabilitation.

District Nucleus steers the rehabilitation activities

and provides support to CBR workers in facilitating
the accessibility to different services

Coordination with social welfare department and

working jointly

Education

of

people,

behavioral

change

communication and all effort to reduce stigma need

to be carried out simultaneously and jointly so that
rehabilitation activities can be carried out smoothly.

21

PROJECT REPORT

22

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
To day many problems are exist in the rural villages.
They influence differently at different levels. These problems
are interdependent and their affect is deep rooted which
23

hinders the progress of the whole community.

The main

problems are illiteracy and lack of awareness, non availability

of proper information or guidelines, poverty and over
population, lack of rehabilitation services, lack of employment
facilities, lack of social and economic security, misconception
and stigma. All these issued are not within the limits of single
person, or institution to deal with them.

These can be

resolved only at community level.

NEED AND REASON FOR SELECTION OF CBR PROJECT
To work on my community based rehabilitation project.
I have chosen Endada village of Visakhapatnam district in
Andhra Pradesh. In this village near 60% people are under
poverty line according to the 2001 censes.

Most of the

people

without

in

the

community

are

absolutely

knowledge regarding visual impairment.

any

As there is no

special school and special teacher in this village, so I choose

this village to aware them.
Endada village is being covered by Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyan
educational

(SSA)

which

levels

of

mainly
children

focuses
with

on

visual

increasing
impairment.

Through the children are being provided with education in

regular schools, in order to orient the parents of visual
impairment on importance of inclusive education, the needs
for this study is essential.
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
24

During the survey I observe most of the people in the

community are not much aware of disabilities. Even though
the community is near to the city, the people who are living
there are not much educated. Being illiterate people are not
interested and not cooperative.
people

of

this

community

I found that most of the

are

absolutely

without

any

knowledge regarding visual impairment.

TARGET GROUP
In the Endada village I found eleven numbers of
different types of disability people in the community. Among
them two of Visual Impaired, two of Hearing Impaired, four of
Physical Handicapped and three of mentally Retarded. So my
target group is visual impairment people.
OBJECTIVES OF THE COMMUNITY
1. To conduct door to door survey of the selected
community

for

identifying

persons

with

visual

impairment
2. To create awareness among he community members
regarding different needs of children with disability.
3. To educate and create awareness about visual
impairment in the community
4. To provide an orientation to the parents of the
identified cases on the various rehabilitative aspects
25

5. To create awareness about the services and facilities

available for the visual impairment children
6. To create awareness about the special schools which
are rendering services for the visual impairment
children
7. To create awareness about the institutes offering
counseling or treatment or services further visual
impairment children
8. To identify visually challenged persons and to plan
need based programme for the identified persons

26

CHAPTER II
COMMUNITY
PROFILE

27

YELLAMANDA PANCHAYATH OFFICE

About Yellamanda
Yellamanda is a Village in Narasaraopeta Mandal in Guntur
District of Andhra Pradesh State, India. It belongs to Andhra
region . It is located 47 KM towards west from District head
quarters Guntur. 246 KM from State capital Hyderabad
Yellamanda is surrounded by Muppalla Mandal towards North ,
Nadendla Mandal towards East , Rompicherla Mandal towards
west , Santhamaguluru Mandal towards South .
Narasaraopet , Chilakaluripet , Sattenapalle , Vinukonda are
the nearby Cities to Yellamanda.
This Place is in the border of the Guntur District and Prakasam
District. Prakasam District Santhamaguluru is South towards
this place .
Demographics of Yellamanda
Telugu is the Local Language here.
HOW TO REACH Yellamanda
By Rail
Narasaraopet Rail Way Station , Munumaka Rail Way Station
are the very nearby railway stations to Yellamanda. Satulur
Rail Way Station (near to Narasaraopet) , Narasaraopet Rail
28

Way Station (near to Narasaraopet) are the Rail way stations

reachable from near by towns. How ever Guntur Jn Rail Way
Station is major railway station 47 KM near to Yellamanda
By Road
Narasaraopet are the nearby by towns to Yellamanda having
road connectivity to Yellamanda
By Bus
Narsaraopet APSRTC Bus Station , Chilakaluripeta APSRTC Bus
Station , Sattenapally APSRTC Bus Station are the nearby by
Bus Stations to Yellamanda .APSRTC runs Number of busses
from major cities to here.
Pincodes near Yellamanda
522601 ( Narasaraopet ) , 522611 ( Kavuru ) , 522603
( Ravipadu (Guntur) )

29

30

MAPS

i)

Social conditions:

In this village based on religion Hindu, Muslim and

Christians are the main categories; most of them belong to
Hindus. Based on caste wise majority of the people belong to
Backward Communities, little percentage of people belongs to
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes.

31

ii)

Economic conditions:

In this village near 60% people are under poverty line

according to the 2012 censes.

They are depending on

cultivation, fishing and daily wages.

Remaining people are

employees, business people.

iii)

Cultural conditions:

The villagers are following old traditions. They follow all

religious festivals, and village festivals.

Even though today

they believe god and ghost are leads their lives.

Curse,

superstitions

village

and

misconceptions

are

ruins

the

peoples.
iv)

Environmental conditions:

The village have very pleasant environment.

village locates besides the beach view.

The

The total village

covers with trees and coconut groves.

32

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY
33

Methodology focusing on transfer of knowledge and

skills

to

persons

with

disabilities,

their

families,

and

communities with the purpose to reduce the impact of

disability for a person, enabling him / her to achieve
independence, social inclusion, a better quality of life and
self-actualization.

Extension of these programmes through

earlier rehabilitation methods to all rural areas is difficult

which requires huge amount of human resources, funds and
materials. In such a case, the community based rehabilitation
methodology provides an effective alternative for providing
essential services and extension of rehabilitation services to
the rural, semi urban and other remote areas.
countries

the

local

NGOs

practiced

In many

community

based

rehabilitation methodology and organizing persons with

disability into disabled persons organizations to support a
productive life for people with disability. When compared to
Institutional

Based

Rehabilitation

the

community

based

rehabilitation approach permits coverage of large number of

people, is cost effective, favours the community participation
and PWDs social inclusion. At the end, it becomes a collective
effort for achieving the common goal of facilitating a
productive life for these unprivileged sections of the society.
Door to door survey was conducted during the study in
the selected community for identifying persons with visual
impairment.

The people in the community have extended

good cooperation.

The identified cases were directed to

district head quarter for detailed assessment and treatment in

the community. The ensuring project has two components
34

a) Base line Survey

b) Holistic Intervention
Base line Survey:
To achieve the objectives of the project a base line
survey is planned
The survey includes identification of persons with
disabilities particularly with visual impairment
The survey includes parental awareness about the
disabilities specifically on visual impairment
Screening of suspected cases by using schedule
The survey also examines perception regarding
facilities available and also their views regarding
rehabilitation
Holistic Intervention
On the basis of the report, Holistic Intervention is
planned in terms, of sensitization of families, awareness
creation regarding rehabilitation services and special schools
and government institutions, NGOs working for the disabled in
general and specific to visual impairment.

Creation of

awareness regarding government concessions in bus, train

and also regarding vocational employment ensured.

35

CONTINNUM OF EDUCATIONAL SERVICES

A continuum of educational services ranging from the
totally integrated setting of the regular classroom to the
totally segregated settings of the residential programme has
been

established

to

implement

the

least

restrictive

environment. A student with disability would be placed in the

placement alternatives based on the needs, skills, abilities
and motivation. According to Blackhunt and Berdine (1981)
the ten levels of educational provisions as follows.
10. Hospital /
Institute
9. Home bound
Instruction
8. Remedial School
7. Special Day School
6. Full time Special School
5. Special class with part time in
regular school
4. Regular classroom placement with
resource room assistance
3. Regular class placement with itinerant
specialist assistance
2. Regular class placement with consulting
teacher
assistance

36

1. Regular class placement with free or no support

service
1. Regular class placement with free or no support
service
The lease restrictive environment in placement of a
child with special need in a regular classroom with few or no
supportive services.
2. Regular class placement with consulting teacher
assistance
During the entire day the child will be in the regular
classroom without receiving any special services. The regular
class teacher will receive consultative services from a special
educator or other support personnel depending on the nature
and severity of the needs.
3. Regular class placement with itinerant specialist
assistance
At itinerant teacher travels from school to school to
provide direct services to students.

The regular education

programme is delivered in the regular class rooms and

student

receives

itinerant teachers.

weekly

supportive

services

from

the

Depending on the school arrangement,

the teachers may deliver services within the regular class

room or in the place provided for them.
4. Regular classroom placement with resource room
assistance
37

Like the itinerant teacher, the resource room teacher

often provides services to the students with disabilities. Only
the difference is, the itinerant teacher travels from one school
to other, while the resource room teacher has a classroom
within the school.

The resource teacher usually serves the

students who can be mainstreamed for the majority of the

school day.
5. Special class with part time in regular school
Here the students main placement will be in a class
setting within the same building or regular school.

The

academic programme for these children will be supervised by

a special educator.
6. Full time Special School
In this facility the children are in special class but their
normal peer will be exclusively in a social, rather than
instructional settings. They share common experience on the
school bus, lunch, recess and school functions. This is also
appropriate for children with visualy impaired.
7. Special Day School
The commonly found model in India is special day
school.

Students in this placement attend a special school.

All the instructional and therapeutic will be looked after in

special school only.

Children with visually impaired with

varied range of severity levels attend the schools.

38

8. Residential School
Residential
disabilities.

programmes

are

designed

to

sever

Children who do not have families or for those

who do not have special schools nearby their homes students

in special day schools return home at the end of the school
day, but students in residential schools live at the school day,
but students in residential schools live at the school for 24
hours, and visit their home during holidays.
9. Home bound instruction
Some students who are recovering form surgery or
illness or who cannot be taught in schools owing to the
severity

of

instructions.

the

condition

may

require

home

bound

A teacher visits the home and delivers the

instructional programme.

The training will be given to the

parents in the home situation.

This is suitable for those

children also who do not have special educational facilities in

their locality.
10. Hospital for institution
This is a facility where persons with disabilities are
segregated and looked after for throughout their lives.

In

India such a facility does not exit.

A good decision making in educational placement
should try placing a child starting from level 1 and going
towards 10. The objectives of education should be to have
39

process and procedures to aiming at moving the child to level

1.
A child with visually impaired usually benefits best from
special class in regular school settings, which allows from
optimum integration without compromising on the quality of
education.
Positive attitudes among community members can be
created by involving them in the process design and
implementation,

and

by

transferring

disability issues to community members.

knowledge

about

The provision of

functional rehabilitation services includes.

Eye care services
Hearing services
Physiotherapy
Occupational therapy
Orientation and mobility training
Speech therapy
Psychological counseling
Orthotics and prosthetics
People with disabilities must have equal access to educational
opportunities and to training that will enable them to make
the best use of the opportunities that occur in their lives. In
communities where professional services are not accessible

40

or available, community workers should be trained to provide

basic levels of services in the following areas:

Early childhood intervention and referral, especially

to medical rehabilitation services

Education in regular services

Non-formal education where regular schooling is not

available

Special education in regular or special schools

Sign language training

Braille training

Training in daily living skills

41

CODE SHEET

42

CODE SHEET
Sl.

Variables

Code number

No.
V1

Serial

01, 02, 03, 04, 80.

V2
V3

Number
Sex
Age

Male = M; Female = F
01 to 05 years = 1; 06 to 15 Y = 2; 16
to 25 Y = 3; 26 to 50 Y = 4; above 51 Y

V4

Marital

=5
Married = 1; Unmarried 2

V5
V6
V7

status
Religion
Caste
Economic

Hindu = 1; Muslim = 2 ; Christian = 3

OC = 1; BC = 2; SC = 3; ST = 4
Rs. Below 5000 = 1; 5001 to 10000 =

Status (per

2; 100001 to 20000 = 3; Above 20000

V8
V9

month)
Family type
Consanguini

=4
Nuclear family = 1; Joint family = 2
Congenital = 1; Non congenital = 2

V10

ty
Education

Illiterate = 0; 1 to 5th class = 1; 6th to

10th = 2; Inter = 3; Graduate and above

V11
V12

Occupation

=4
Cultivation = 1; Labour = 2; Employee

Disability

= 3; Business = 4
Visual Impaired = VI; Hearing Impaired
= HI; Mental Retardation = MR

43

IDENTIFICATION OF DISABILITY- CODE SHEET

V1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

V2

V3

V4

V5

V6

V7

V8

V9

V10

V11

V12

44

38
39
40

V1
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73

V2

V3

V4

V5

V6

V7

V8

V9

V10

V11

V12

45

74
75
76
77
78
79
80

CHILD & TEACHER PHOTO

46

47

48

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. / Mrs.T.RAMESH with Reg.No.
93613382032 is a bonafide student of Dr.B.R.AMBEDKAR
OPEN

UNIVERSITY,

Hyderabad

has

collected

necessary

information about _____________________ for the purpose Case

Study

COMMUNITY

BASED

REHABILITATION

IN

VISUAL

IMPAIRMENT.

Date:

SIGNATURE OF THE PARENT

/GUARDIAN

49

Format of Case Study / History ( A Sampled)

Name : Date: ..
Age / D.O.B. : .

Sex: M/F/MC/FC

Address:
Permanent:
Temporary:

Religion: . Aid User: Yes/No,

If so, Model:

Nature & type of disability: Degree of Disability:

..
Fathers / Guardians Name

Mothers Name

Age:

Age: ..

Education:

Education: ..

Occupation:

Occupation: ..

Income:

Income: ..

Religion:

Income: ..

Education:
..

Mother tongue:

Occupation: Income: ..
Earlier investigation / treatment : .
Childs Educational History:
Attends school: Regular / Special,

Studies in Class ...

50

Age of Admission:
Instruction : ..

Medium of

Mode of Communication: .

Failure, if any,

Indicate level:
Parental History:
Problems during pregnancy, if any: Viral infection / Drug taken
/ Physical and emotional Trauma / Rh incompatibility / Any
other : Nil
Perinatal History:
Delivery at : Home / Hospital, Full time / Premature / Post
mature
Birth cry
: Normal / Delayed / Feeble
Birth weight
: Blueness: Yes / No
Postnatal History : (Indicate the age of onset and duration of
illness)
Family History:
a. Nuclear family / Joint Family :
b) Consanguinity :
Yes / No
c. Viral infection / Drug slacken /Respiratory infection/Head
Injury/Any other ..
b. History of family deafness / other handicaps

..
Social and behavioral history :
Gross motor activity:

Fine motor activity:

Social interaction:
..
Receptive language:

Expressive language:
Reading : .
Writing :
.
Numbers:
Time :

Money :
.
Domestic activity:
.
51

Recreation / leisure time activity:

.
Additional information for child / adult if any:

..
(You may add more information if relevant to your case-study
and the general report)
Name of interviewer:
Date:
Signature
Preliminary Information:

Name of the Case

Sex

Age

Date of Birth

Father name

Age

Education

Occupation

Religion

Mother Tongue

Income

Mother Name

Age

:
52

Education

Occupation

Family History:
Mr.B.Srinivas family is nuclear family. He has two
childrens. the elder child Santhosh is studying 8th class.
Santhosh is normal child. Giri is younger one is a mild visually
impaired who is under study. It is a consanguinity marriage.
Case History:
Pre-natal: Smt.Devi has no any problems during pregnancy
like viral infection, physical and emotional trauma.
Peri-natal: It was full time and normal delivery in the home.
Birth cry was delayed (they cant remember then the
situation) and they dont know birth weight.
Post natal: There are no any significant factors in post-natal
period.
Development:
Giri was no physical development up to 5 years of age
attainment. After 5 years he gradually developed. He has
53

good weight and height. His speech is also good and hearing
also good. He has very good remembering power. Some time
he was very active and some times he was very dull.

Education:
Giri parents are not willing to send the normal school.
But Giri wants to go to school. He was very much interest to
play with other students. Giris parents never sent to school
regularly. The school teachers were also neglecting the child.
Though he was attain 11 years of age he was studying third
class only.
There is no special school in the village. Due to
illiteracy of the family and cause of the visual impairment, his
parents wont send the school, even though neighbor house
also they are not willing to send. Giris uncle takes care about
his education and development.
Causes of Visual Impairment:
Parents marriage is consanguinity and the delivery at
home in traditional system, and genetic factors may be
leading the visual impairment for this case.
Goal Selection & implementation:
54

I discussed with his parents and according to their

condition I have given instructions to the parents and his
uncle how to develop academic skills. Giri has very much
interest to go to school. So I select a goal to develop his
listening and speaking skill. Due to illiteracy of the parents I
gave suggestions to the Giri and his uncle how to develop
listening and speaking skills.
Follow-up Programme:
I gave instruction to his parents and uncle how to teach
and how to behave with the child in critical conditions. I also
told to his friends and neighbors how to behave with Giri and
ask them to help him to achieve the goal.
Future Planning:
I have given some suggestions to improve better life
and

awareness

concessions

and

of

educational

benefits

in

bus,

services,
train

government

reservation

in

governmental institutes like education, employment, selfemployment and loan facilities for the disabled persons.

aware them about special schools and where the schools are
available.
Outcome:
The community based rehabilitation survey helps the
parents of visually challenged child and aware them about all
facilities provided by the government.

It changes the

attitudes of parents of visually challenged. Not only parents

55

of visually challenged and rest of the community also got

aware towards the disabilities.
Particularly, in this case I suggested to the giris parents
the facility of home bound instruction as well as special day
school services are very use full for improve education and
enhance better life.

CHAPTER IV
OUTCOME
56

57

OUTCOME
The community learned many things about Mental
Retardation i.e. causes of mental retardation, misconceptions
of mental retardation, intervention programmes, special
education, special school and government support towards
the mental retardation.

Community was ready to change

their attitudes towards mental retardation.

ready to teach their children.

They are also

They knew about facilities

provided by the government of India.

EXPERIENCE
In my project work I got very good experience from this
community. People are very cooperative and helpful. They
were

very

programmes

enthusiastic
and

to

know

intervention

about

the

programmes.

awareness
Local

administrative like Panchayati President, School Head Master,

and Teachers are also involved in the awareness programme.
FOLLOW UP WORK
In orientation programme I told to the community about
mental retardation, causes and the facilities provided by
Government of India and also Rehabilitation Council of India.
Programmes

about

the

teaching

learning

of

students

according to their level, age and need were given.

In

awareness programme I educated the community how to

58

behave with mentally retarded children. Also I assured them

to help in such cases.

CHAPTER
V
CONCLUSION

59

CONCLUSIONS
The overall goal of this project has been to assist in
identifying

the

opportunities

and

constraints

which

community rehabilitation faces with respect to community

participation.
follows:
interests

The critical lessons can be summarized as

Community diversity reminds us of the disparate

of

participation
community.

communities
can

and

overburden

Examination

of

that

specific
the

expectations
segments

process

of

of

of
the

eliciting

community needs highlights several other problems around

the determination of the meaning of disability and what
counts as needs. We also know that disability may not be a
community priority, and what is in the best interests of
individual disabled persons may not be in the best interests of
the community as a whole.

Finally, critical examination of

community mobilization strategies reveals that projects

grounded in local participation can still be rejected.
Suspicion of community based projects in a time of
shrinking global economies and diminishing resources for
health should not come as a surprise.

If community

participation is to escape this dilemma, it seems imperative

that those who are interested in developing a community
approach take note of others experiences. Critical analysis is
clearly the starting point for understanding the history and
lessons of community participation.

60

We have shown that community diversity, needs

identification and mobilization strategies have represented
considerable challenges to the development of community
based

rehabilitation.

Those

interested

in

community

participation should take note of these experiences and adapt

their plans accordingly.

We assert that knowing the

communities in which we live and work is crucial to this task.

Community

is

term

with

powerful

positive

characteristics, but also with the potential to divert attention

from significant problems in society. Its idealist basis is easily
co-opted without regard for its true characteristics and
values.

We need to be aware of this danger and critically

examine claims to community for the legitimate signs of

communitas

and

integration,

and

community

based

biocenosis

common

interdependency.
rehabilitation

is

The
in

concern,

challenge

finding

ways

of
of

integrating persons with disabilities in such communities.

In

the

community

based

rehabilitation

awareness

program my main principle is to identify the disabilities to

assess

the

disability

and

to

suggest

instruments

and

appliances as per the need and further suggest suitable

education rehabilitation and for their overall development.
In awareness programme I educate them towards the
educational services, government concessions and benefits in
busses

and

trains

and

reservations

in

governmental

institutions like education, employment, loan facilities for

their enrichment.
61

The community learned many things about visual

impairment i.e. causes of visual impairment, misconceptions
of

visual

impairment,

intervention

programmes,

special

education, special school and government support towards

the visual impairment. Community was ready to change their
attitudes towards visual impairment. They are also ready to
teach their children.

REFEREN
CES

62

63

REFERENCES
World

Health

rehabilitation.

Organization

Disability

prevention

and

(Report of the WHO Expert Committee on

Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Technical Report

Series No. 668). Geneva: 1981.
Midgeley.

J,

Hall

A,

Hardiman

M,

et.

al.

Community

Participation, Social Development and the State.

London,

Great Britain: Methuen, 1986.

Rifkin, SB. Lesson from community participation in health
programs, Health Policy & Planning 1986; 1 (3); 240-249.
Stone L. Cultural influences in community participation in
health, Social Science and Medicine 1992; 35 (4); 409-17.
Boyce

W.

Structural

Dimensions

of

the

Community

Participation Process: The Health Promotion Contribution

Program.

Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Toronto,

Toronto, Canada, 1997.

Lysack C. Community participation and community-based
rehabilitation: An Indonesian case study.

Occupational

Therapy International 1995; 2 (3) : 149-165.

Dr. Jayanthi Narayan, (Ed.2002): A practical Mannual on
special Education Practical and Teaching Practice in Mental
Retardation, B.Ed Special Education Self-Instructional Material
MPBOU, Bhopal.
64

Statistical data of Guntur District, DSO, Yellamanda.

65