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FORCE

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

3.0 : FORCE
3.1 The Concept Of Force
Force and its units
Force can be defined as a push or a pull. Force is measured by N (Newton). A force is a
vector quantity . A newton meter is used to measure force.

Example of force effects:


(i)
A change of movement ( external effect ) move, stop or accelerate

(ii)

A change of shape (internal effect )

Weight and mass


Mass and weight are different in physics.
For example, your mass doesn't change when you go to the Moon, but your weight
does.
Mass
Mass shows the quantity

Weight
weight shows the size of
gravity, W = mg

m is mass in kg

W is weight in Newton (N)

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FORCE

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Newtons Second Law, F = ma


Newtons Second Law states that when the net force acting on an object is not zero, the
object will accelerate at the direction of the exerted force. The acceleration is directly
proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the mass. It can be expressed
in formula F = ma where:
F is the net force in N,
m is the mass of an object in kg and
a is its acceleration in m/s2.
Example:

Force in equilibrium
a) The resultant force, R acting on the object is zero.
b) Fx = 0 , Forces acting upward (F = forces acting downward(F
c) Fy = 0 , Forces acting on the right (F = forces acting on the left(F

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FORCE

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Simple Breakdown of Forces


You can break down forces into several components easily. For example, the force F 1
can be broken into two forces: Fx and Fy.

The following formulas are true:

Fx=cosA*F1
Fy = sin A * F1

Magnitude of F1 =
Direction angle of F1 is
Example 1:
The figure below shows three forces acting on a block. Calculate the resultant force.
4N
5N
1N

Fx (4 cos 0 0 ) (5 cos 0 0 ) (1cos 0 0 )


Fx (4 5 1) N
Fx 8N

Fy (4 sin 0 0 ) (5 sin 0 0 ) (1sin 0 0 )


Fy 0 N

Resultant force = ((8) 2 (0) 2 = 8 N to the right


Example 2:
From Figure below, calculate FA and FB if the system in equilibrium
FA
320

FB

2.5 kN
FA cos 320+ (- FB cos 00)+(2.5k cos 900)= 0 0.85 FA - FB + 0 = 0 0.85 FA = FB

FA sin 320+FB sin 00- 2.5k sin 900 0.53 FA+0- 2500=0 FA= (2500/0.53) FA = 4717 N
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FORCE

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

0.85 FA = FB FB = 0.85(4717) =4009 N

3.2 The Concept Of Moment Of Forces


The moment of the force is the tendency of force to toist or rotate an object.
Moments may cause objects to rotate clockwise or counter-clockwise.

MOMENT = FORCE X DISTANCE Or M = F x d . Unit : Nm


Moments principal state that for equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments equals
the sum of the counter-clockwise moments, and the sum of the forces up equals the
sum of the forces down.
Moments

= Moments

AND

Force

= Force

Centre of Gravitational for Equilibrium


Example:
Find the centre of gravitational ( x ).

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FORCE

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Resultant Moment

Resultant moment force = Total moment force acting

Example:
Calculate centere of gravity from point A.
A

Tutorial 3.1 : the equilibrium of forces


1. The force A has magnitude of has a magnitude of 7.25 N. Find the component s for direction
angles of
a) = 5.00
b) = 125
c) = 245
d) = 340.0
2. Find the resultant force for the following:
12N
5N
5N
(a)
(b)
12N

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FORCE

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

3. Find the component of forces for the following:


c)

4. Find the total forces that act on the R point

12N

5.

Find the resultant of forces for the following:

6.

Figure 3

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Two horizontal forces of 300N each act on a 20kg


object as shown in Figure 3. If the angle between the
two forces is 60o, the object will move with an
acceleration of?

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FORCE

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Tutorial 3.2 : moment of forces


1. Find the centre of gravitational (x) for the following:
a.

b.

Answer: Tutorial 3.1- Equlibrium of Forces

1. a) Ax = 7.22 N, Ay = 0.632 N
c) Ax = -3.06 N, Ay = -6.57 N
2. a) 17 N

b) Ax = -4.16 N, Ay = 5.94 N
d) Ax = 6.81 N, Ay = -2.48 N

b) 7 N to the left (-7N)

3. a) Fx = 5N, Fy = 8.66 N
4. Resultant Force = 8.095 N

b) Fx = 3N, Fy = 5.196 N
5.Resultant Force = 10.63 N

6. Acceleration = 25.98 ms-1


Answer: Tutorial 3.2- Moment of Forces
1. a) x = 4.0 m

, b) x = 3.93 m c) x = 7.2 cm

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FORCE

BB101- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Minimum requirement assessment task for this topic:

1 Theory Test & 1 End Of Chapter


Specification of Theory Test : CLO1 - C1 & CLO3 (C2, A1)
Specification of End Of Chapter: CLO3 - (C2,A1)
*****************************************************************************************
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME (CLO)
Upon completion of this topic, students should be able to:
1.
2.

Identify the basic concept of force, (C1)


Apply the concept of force in real basic engineering problems. (C2,A1)

Compliance to PLO : PLO1 , LD1 (Knowledge) Test 1


PLO4, LD4 (Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Skills) Test 1, End Of Chapter 1

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