COMPUTER LANGUAGES

In all over the world, language is the source of communication among human beings. Different countries/regions
have different languages. Similarly, in order to communicate with the computer user also needs to have a language
that should be understood by the computer. For this purpose, different languages are developed for performing
different types of work on the computer.Basically, languages are divided into two categories according to their
interpretation.
1. Low Level Languages.
2. High Level Languages.

Low Level Languages

Low level computer languages are machine codes or close to it. Computer cannot understand instructions given in
high level languages or in English. It can only understand and execute instructions given in the form of machine
language i.e. language of 0 and 1. There are two types of low level languages:

Machine Language.

Assembly Language

Machine Language: It is the lowest and most elementary level of Programming language and was the first
type of programming language to be Developed. Machine Language is basically the only language which
computer Can understand. In fact, a manufacturer designs a computer to obey just one Language, its
machine code, which is represented inside the computer by a String of binary digits (bits) 0 and 1. The
symbol 0 stands for the absence of Electric pulse and 1 for the presence of an electric pulse . Since a
computer is Capable of recognizing electric signals, therefore, it understand machine Language.

Advantages of Machine Language

Assembly Language

It was developed to overcome some of the many

inconveniences of machine language. This is another low level but a very important language in which

operation codes and operands are given in the form of alphanumeric symbols instead of 0s and ls. These
alphanumeric symbols will be known as mnemonic codes and can have maximum up to 5 letter combination
e.g. ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, START,LABEL etc. Because of this feature it is also known as
Symbolic Programming Language. This language is also very difficult and needs a lot of practice to master
it because very small
English support is given to this language. The language mainly helps in compiler orientations. The
instructions of the Assembly language will also be converted to machine codes by language translator to be
executed by the computer.

Advantages of Assembly
High Level Languages

High level computer languages give formats close to English language and the purpose of developing high
level languages is to enable people to write programs easily and in their own native language environment
(English). High-level languages are basically symbolic languages that use English words and/or
mathematical symbols rather than mnemonic codes. Each instruction in the high level language is translated
into many machine language instructions thus showing one-to-many translation

Types of High Lev

In computing, an input device is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data
and control signals to aninformation processing system such as a computer or other information appliance.
Examples of input devices include keyboards, mice,scanners, digital cameras and joysticks.

Many i

Keyboard is the most familiar input device. It is most widely used input device to enter data and instructions into the
computer. Keyboard has a set of keys like a typewriter. It has alphabetic keys for A,B,CZ or a,b,c,z. It has
numeric keys like 0,1,2,3,9. It has function keys F1,F2,F12 used to perform specific tasks.
It has other keys used for editing like Delete, Backspace, Home, End, etc.
- See more at: Mouse is an input device used to control motion of pointer on screen. A mouse has two or three
buttons called Left, Right and Middle button. Buttons are used to perform different functions. It has a rubber or metal
ball inside its body. Mouse is rolled over a flat surface called mouse pad. The movement of ball is detected by
internal circuits of mouse. These circuits convert this movement into digital signals, which are sent to computer.
Mouse is used in graphical applications. It is also used for playing video games on computer.
- See more at: Joystick is an input device used to play games on computer. It is used to control motion of an object
quickly in game with the help of a hand held stick. This stick can be moved forward, backward or side ways. This
stick is mounted on a ball. When stick is moved then ball is moved and signals are sent to the computer
Light pen is an input device consisting of a special pen that is connected to a computer's monitor. The user points at
the screen with the pen and selects items or chooses commands either by pressing a clip on the side of the light
pen or by pressing the light pen against the surface of the screen (the equivalent of performing a mouse click).
A digital camera is one of the latest input devices. We can take pictures with he help of digital camera. These
pictures are saved on digital camera's internal memory. There is no need of a film role as used in traditional
cameras. Later on we can easily input these pictures with the help of a data cable into computer's memory. Latest
digital cameras can take still snapshots and can record video as well

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results
of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) which
converts the electronically generated information into human-readable form.
Monitor is the most commonly used output device used to display results of processing. It has a TV like shape.
Pictures on monitor are formed with picture elements called PIXEL. Monitors may be Monochrome that will display
results in Black & White. Color Monitors are also available. They display results in multi colors. Monitor produces
soft copy output.
Speaker produces sound output. We can listen recorded voices, sounds or music with the help of speaker. Speaker
produces sound output with the help of sound card.
projector is used to produce computer output on a big screen. These are used in meeting rooms or in classrooms of
educational institutes.
Plotters are used to draw different designs of buildings or internal structure of machines. Mostly Engineers and
Architects use plotters.
Multimedia projector is used to produce computer output on a big screen. These are used in meeting rooms or in
classrooms of educational institutes

Input devices are those devices which takes input from

user's in the simple form and convert the
data/information into digital form i.e. 1 or 0