You are on page 1of 57

< >

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Lecture 3 : The Radar System


Objective

- Function
Parameter


- 3.1 Coherence
- 3.2 Frequency Generation
- 3.3 Transmitter Functions and Parameters
- 3.4 Waveform Spectra and Bandwidth
- 3.5 Antenna Principles, Functions and Parameters
- 3.6 Receive Description and Functions
- 3.7 Signal Processing Functions and Parameters
- 3.6 Reference

Radar Engineering

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

Radar System Parameters

Radar Engineering

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

Radar Design Requirement


System Requirement
* Detection : high Pd , low Pf a
* Information : Range, Angle, Doppler
* Resolution : Range / Azimuth / Elevation
* System Accuracy : Frequency Stability, Waveform, SNR
* Radar Signal Processing : Clutter Rejection, Target Detection,
Tracking, Classification, Recognition

Radar Engineering

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

Radar Design Procedure


Mission Analysis

Sensor Requirement

Sensor Design

System Parameters

Weight, Volume,
Size, Power, Reliability

Subsystem/module
Parts/ SW design

Environmental limits
Applicable technology & components limits
* Radar frequency selection
* mechanical or electrical scan Ant.
* Choice of Polalization
* Radar waveform
* Type of processing : MTI or
pulse Doppler MTD
* Transmitting power :Tube/MPM or
Solid-state

Implementation

Radar Engineering

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

Radar System Parameter


Transmitter Parameter
- Peak Power(kW)
EMI/ ECM - Pulse Width()

- Frequency()
- Bandwidth
- PRF

System Parameter
- Detection Range
- Range/Azimuth Resolution &
Accuracy
- Detection Probability
- False Alarm Prob.

RC
S

STALO/COHO

Antenna parameter
- Beamwidth(H/Vl)
- Gain(dB):
- Rotation rate(rpm):
- Polarization
- Radar Cross Section(RCS)
- Height(ASL)

Radar Engineering

Receiver Parameter
- Minimum Detectable Signal(MDS)
- Intermediate Frequency(IF)()
- IF Bandwidth()
- Noise figure()
- Target Capability

Signal Processor
- Clutter Attenuation
- MTI/MTD Filter
- Improvement Factor
- CFAR Threshold
- Track Capability

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

Radar Equation & Parameters


- Frequency ( f )
- Detection Range( R )
- PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency)
- Pulse Width ( )
- System Bandwidth ( Bn )
- Range Resolution( R )
- Peak Power ( Pt )
- Max Average Power ( Pav )

- Scan Coverage
- Scan Rate
- Antenna Beam Width (3 )
- Antenna Gain ( G )
- Receiver Noise Figure ( Fn )
- RCS (Radar Cross Section, )
- Prob of False Alarm ( Pfa )
- Prob. of Detection ( PD )

PT G TD f r

R
3
(4 ) ( SNR)n k Te F L
2

Radar Engineering

1/ 4

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

Part 1.
Concept of Radar Transmitter

Radar Engineering

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.1 Coherence
Coherence

- coherent : continuity of signal phase


- coherent-on-receiver
- non-coherent incoherent

Coherent Oscillator

- signal from stable interval sources coherent & predictable


- MOPA = Master Oscillator Power Amplifier

knows the phase of each illumination pulse

< Coherent Phase Relationships >


Radar Engineering

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.1 Coherence
Coherent-on-Receiver = Quasi-Coherent
- unpredictable illumination phase

< Coherent-on-Receiver Phase Relationships >

Non-Coherent
- Ignore the illumination & received signal phase

No detection of measuring the Doppler shift

Radar Engineering

10

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

Spectrum of Basic Waveform


Continuous Waveform (CW)
with infinite length

Train of coherent pulses with infinite


length

Single pulse
Train of noncoherent pulses with random Train of coherent pulses with limited
length
starting phase

Bandwidth=2/NT
Radar Engineering

11

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

Effect of Coherent Waveform


Noncoherent case

Coherent case

- phase of successive pulses vary randomly from

pulse to pulse

- phase of successive pulses varies


randomly from pulse to pulse

- signals central spectral lobe is spread over


a broad band

Time domain

Time domain

Freq. domain
1
T

Freq. domain

f0

Radar Engineering

12

f0

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.2 Frequency Generation


Coherent Radar System

< Frequency Generation in Coherent Radar >


Radar Engineering

13

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

Coherent Frequency Generation

Coherent frequency generation - Example


1)

Radar Engineering

STALO f s = 5.535 GHz


- COHO f c = 320 MHz
- target velocity vt = 14,733 mph outbound
- SSB modulation use the upper sideband (sum)
- mix output at receiver = differences

14

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

Case. #1 : Coherent System


transmit freq.(illumination)

fT f c f s 5.855 GHz
received echo freq.?
target Doppler freq. f d 2vt , outbound signal

vt 14,733 mph 6586.2 m / sec


fd

2vt

fT f d

257.08 KHz

f
5.855 0.257,08 10 4 5.854,742,920 GHz

RF signal output : 5.854,742,920


Freq. out of the mixer

f c f d ( fT f d ) f s 5.854,742,920 5.535 319.742,920MHz


Freq. out of the IF = mixer output
I/Q demod.= ( f c f d ) f c Doppler shift 257,080 Hz

Radar Engineering

15

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.2 Frequency Generation


Phase Relationship in Coherent System

< Phase Relationship in Coherent and Coherent-on-Receiver Systems>


Radar Engineering

16

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.2 Frequency Generation


Coherent-on-Receiver System
-

Transmit freq. & phase are determined by the magnetron


COHO must be phase-locked to the illumination
Illumination freq. is free-running
STALO & COHO freq. are derived from the Tx samples

< Frequency Generation in a Coherent-on-Receiver Radar >


Radar Engineering

17

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.2 Frequency Generation


Non-Coherent
- Do not recover Doppler
- No need to phase-locking
- Cheap

< Frequency Generation in a Non-Coherent Radar >


Radar Engineering

18

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.3 Transmitter Functions and Parameters


-

Waveform gen. : pulse width, pulse position, RF modulation


Exciter / Driver : up conversion to the Tx freq
Final power amp. : Tx freq. Amplified to its final level of power
Modulator : control the Tx pulse width and the receiving pulse
width during listening period.

< Coherent Amplifying Transmitter >


Radar Engineering

19

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.3 Transmitter Functions and Parameters


Waveform

< Transmit Waveform Envelope, Typical >

Pulse Width
- Length of time the illumination time is ON
- Compression Ratio (CR)
CR
Radar Engineering

E
Expanded width

C
Compressed width
20

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.3 Transmitter Functions and Parameters


Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)
: Number of illumination pulses transmitted per second
- PRF agility : pulse-to-pulse, look-to-look, scan-to-scan,
burst-to-burst
- Blind velocity

PRF stagger : to prevent blind velocity, where the PRF are sampling
at the integer multiples of the Doppler shift
PRF jitter : to prevent jammers for locking to the radars pulse rate

- Variable PRF : resolving the range/Doppler ambiguities


PRI
PRI 1
Radar Engineering

PRF
21

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.3 Transmitter Functions and Parameters


Peak power ( Pt )
: RMS signal power from the Tx during the time the pulse is on

Duty Cycle Duty Factor


dc E
where

PRI

E PRF E PRFAVG

PRFAVG

N PRF
1

PRF1

PRF2

..... 1

PRFN

Duty cycle correction factor


dccf 10 log (dc) in dBm

Average power for rectangular pulse


PAVG PT dc(Watt ) PT
Radar Engineering

E
PRI

PT E PRF
22

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.3 Transmitter Functions and Parameters


Pulse energy in each transmitted waveform
WP PT E (Watt sec joule) PAVG PRI

Look energy : total energy by the Tx during the


processing period dwell time energy
WL WP N L ( joule) PT E N L

PAVG N L

PRF

PAVG TL

Efficiency of transmitter
T

Pout ( RF )
avg. RF power of Tx

Pin (TOTAL) DC power AC power RF input

Transmitter stability = Tx spectral purity


Radar Engineering

23

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

Case. #2: Transmit parameters


2) Given Parameters

PT 500kw peak, E 1.5s, PRF 1.5kHz


Dwell time pulse 16 pulses / Dwell time
Total input( DC AC ) 3.2 kw
total input P 3199 w
RF drive power 1 w

0.000667sec 667s
PRF
b) duty cycle E PRF 0.00225
a ) PRI 1

c) duty cycle correction factor 10 log dc 26.5 dB


d ) Avg. power PT dc 500kw 0.00225 1,125w
e) pulse energy PT E 0.75J
f ) look energy PAVG TL 1,125 16PRI 12J
g ) efficiency 1125
0.352 35.2%
3199

Radar Engineering

24

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.4 Waveform Spectra and Bandwidth


Generic time domain pulse waveform
vTX ( t ) u( 0 ) u( ) AT cos T ( t ) T 0 ( volts )
where

u( 0 ) : unit step at t 0
vTX ( t ) : Tx waveform
AT : peak amplitudeof the wave( volts )

T ( t ) : phase of Tx waveform
T 0 : absolute phase of the wave

Gated CW pulse waveform


f (t ) f 0 : sin usoidal freq. in the phase

(t ) w(t )dt
w(t ) 2 f (t )
GCW (t ) 2 f 0 t (radian) : gated CW

< Gated CW time versus freq. >


Radar Engineering

25

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.4 Waveform Spectra and Bandwidth


Envelope of Spectrum
sin (X ) sin ( f f 0 )
sin c ( X )

( f f 0 )
(X )
Bandwidth
B 1 : matched bandwidth of the signal

< Gated CW Wave and Spectrum >


Center Frequency=30MHz, Pulse Width=2.0s
Radar Engineering

26

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.4 Waveform Spectra and Bandwidth


Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM)
- known as a chirp waveform, down-chirp, up-chirp
df LFM ( t )
where

dt

( fB fF )

f B : freq . at the beginning of the pulse


f F : freq . at the end( fall ) of the pulse

E : exp anded( transmitted ) pulse width

- The wider the pulse width/bandwidth product, the more it


approaches a rectangle
f0 ( f H f L )

2
compressed bandwidth
E B 1 ,
CB 1
B fH fL
Radar Engineering

C 1B

< Linear FM waveform :


Down-Chirp time/freq.characteristic>
27

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.4 Waveform Spectra and Bandwidth


Linear FM Waveform

< Linear FM Wave and Spectrum.


Start Frequency=35MHz, Stop Frequency=25MHz, Pulse width=2.0s >
f LFM (t ) ( f F f B ) t f B
E

( f F f B )t 2
LFM (t ) w dt
2 f B t T 0
E
Radar Engineering

28

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.4 Waveform Spectra and Bandwidth


Pulse-Coded Waveform

< Phase-Code Waveform and Subpulses-13-Bit Barker Sequence >

- biphase coded with a 13-bit biphase sequence


Barker sequence phase of

0o :

phase of 180 :

C S subpulse width compressed pulse width


E B 1 ,
CB 1
B NS E
Radar Engineering

29

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.4 Waveform Spectra and Bandwidth


Continuous Wave (CW)
- monotonic, unmodulated CW, Doppler shift recovery,
but no range information

< Sinusoidally Frequency Modulated CW Wave > < Triangularly Frequency Modulated CW Waveform >

< Unmodulated CW Wave >


Radar Engineering

<Unmodulated CW spectrum>
30

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

Part II.
Concept of Radar Antenna

Radar Engineering

31

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.5 Antenna Principles, Functions, Parameters


Parameters
- Radiation pattern & directivity

- Beam Width & length efficiency


- Aperture : effective area & efficiency

- Gain & Efficiency


- Sidelobe definition & effects
- Field zones / Polarization

Radar Engineering

32

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.5 Antenna Principles, Functions, Parameters


Functions
- Act as a transducer & impedance match between Tx and propagationmedium & between the medium and receiver
- Provide gain & steer the Tx power to the desired angular position

< Antenna Functions >


Radar Engineering

33

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.5 Antenna Principles, Functions, Parameters


Radiation Pattern

< Vertical Dipole Antenna Pattern >

Radar Engineering

34

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.5 Antenna Principles, Functions, Parameters


One/Two Way Pattern
- One-Way Pattern

Communications
Secondary radar
ECM

- Two-Way Pattern

Radar target
Clutter
Square of one-way pattern
(Gain3dB B/W6dB B/W) & (Sidelobelower double)

< One-and-Two Way Patterns >


Radar Engineering

35

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.5 Antenna Principles, Functions, Parameters


Beam Width and Beam Shape
3dB D
eff

(radians)

180

where Deff

(deg)
eff
effective length of antenna

< Effect of Illumination Taper on Length and Area >


Radar Engineering

36

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.5 Antenna Principles, Functions, Parameters


Antenna Beam Shape

< Antenna Shapes, Effective Dimensions and Beams >


Deff ( AZ ) L ( AZ ) D( AZ )

Deff ( EL ) L ( EL ) D( EL )

3( AZ ) D
(radians ) ,
eff ( AZ )
Radar Engineering

180
3( EL ) D

eff ( EL )
37

(deg)

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.5 Antenna Principles, Functions, Parameters


Effective Area
AE A A
where AE effective aperture( square meter)

A aperture efficiency
A antenna' s actual projected area( square meter)
Aperture efficiency of shaped beam ant.
A L ( AZ ) L ( EL )

Gain

Solid angle in a sphere


4
32,400
Gain

Solid angle in main beam beam width 3( AZ ) 3( EL ) (deg)


for a circular aperture uniformly illu min ate
gainG R DIR
where

R radiation efficiency
DIR directivity

G 4
Radar Engineering

AE
38

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.5 Antenna Principles, Functions, Parameters


Antenna Field Zone
- Flatness : for practical purpose,
less than
of curvature
16

- Far field : longest distance to any point


on plane of ant.must be
less than R 16

- Near field : range less than far field

< Near-and Far-Field Waves >

range
RFF 2 D

2
R R
16
2

< Geometry for Solving Far-Field Distance >


Radar Engineering

39

D2
2 R 2
2
2
R R

4
16 162
2
R D 2

R 2D

8
4
Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

Part III
Concept of Radar Receiver

Radar Engineering

40

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.6 Receive Description and Functions


General
- Radar echo signal from antenna: -20dBm ~ -100dBm
- very low amplitude of for minimal detectable target
- Thus, its amplitude must be increased by the receiver amp
Superheterodyne Receiver

< Superheterodyne Receiver >


Radar Engineering

41

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.6 Receive Description and Functions


Super-heterodyne Receiver
- Mixer
f IF f SIG f LO or f LO f SIG

< Receiver Frequency Relationships >

Radar Engineering

42

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.6 Receiver Functions


- IF: channel-select filtering
matched filter rejecting max interference
treat the max possible signal
- Demod:
Envelope det.
Amplitude
Synchronous det.
Amplitude & phase
I/Q det. Amp & phase
Vs (t ) Vs cos[2 fc s (t ) c (t )]
VSE (envelope det) VS : No Doppler MTI

VS (synch) VS cos(S C ) : Synch det.

Doppler information & direction

VS (in phase) VS cos(S C )


I /Q

VS (out phase) VS sin(S C )


Vout I 2 Q2
Radar Engineering

43

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.6 Receive Description and Functions


AGC (Automatic Gain Control)
- Hold the amplitude at the output of the receiver constant
- Set receiver gain after averaging many pulses, does not

normally follow rapid changes in signal amplitude


AGC producing a typically const. output on the order of
10Mz fluctuation

STC (sensitivity time control)


- point targets at short ranges produce more echo power than

at the long ranges


- large target at close range may saturate receivers with gains
set for weak targets at long ranges
- usually use in search radar

Radar Engineering

44

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.6 Receive Description and Functions


Typical STC
- Pulse Gain 12dB(16)

R4 STC

< Typical STC Gain Curve >

constant output

< Effect of R4 STC on Equal-RCS Point Targets >


Notes)

R3 STC : 9 dB(8 )gain: useful i n clutter area


R 2 STC : 6dB(4)gain : in volume clutter and chaff

Radar Engineering

45

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.6 Receive Description and Functions


Sensitivity
- Measure of how small an echo signal can be successfully received

: 1) Noise Ultimate Interference, 2) MSD, Noise Figure, or Sys Temp


rms noise voltage VN
4KTBN R KTBN R
(open circuit)

(if R is terminate)

BN : noise B/W
R : Resister
K : Boltsman's const (1.38*10-23Joule/ 0 K )

Power delivered by the resistor into its termination


PNT KTBN

Noise Bandwidth
BN

Radar Engineering

H ( f ) df
H ( f0 )

46

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.6 Receive Description and Functions


Equivalent Noise Bandwidth

< Equivalent Noise Bandwidth Definition >

Minimum Discernible Signal (MDS)


- Minimum signal power which can be discerned from noise

good measure of the receivers overall absolute sensitivity

Radar Engineering

47

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.6 Receive Description and Functions


Noise Figure / Noise Factor
- Noise figure is a measure of how much noise is added by
the system
F

( S / N )in
S / N at the input of sys

( S / N )out S / N at the output of sys

- Input Noise Power :

PN KT0 BN F

- Thus Noise Figure :

( if it is assumed that all the noise is at the syss input, the noise can be
compared to the received signals )
PN
KTBN

System Temperature : TS T0 F

Ant. Trans line, receiver equi. temp : TS TA TR LRTE

Receiver equivalent temp : TE T0 ( F 1),

Radar Engineering

48

T0 290 o K
Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.6 Receive Description and Functions


Matched Filter
- Optimize the S/N by filtering out as much noise as possible,
while at the same time retaining as much signal as possible
Ideal filter, not realizable, approximation

- Two type

one in receiver, amplitude match


one in signal processor, phase match in pulse compress

- Actual matched filters

own characteristics transmitted waveform, echo Doppler shift,


echo range, interference type

- By def.

where G0 : filter gain

H ( f ) G0 S ( f ) exp( j 2 ft1 )
*

Radar Engineering

S* : complex conjugate of the spectrum of the received echo


t1 : time of max, response of the filter (pulse shape )
49

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.6 Receive Description and Functions


Matched Filter Definition

< Matched Filter Principle using Rectangular Envelope


Signal and Rectangular Filter (non-matched approximation) >

G0 S * ( f ) exp( j 2 ft1 )
H( f )
[ Ni ( f )]2
Radar Engineering

50

for other noise


Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.6 Receive Description and Functions


Linearity & Dynamic Range
- Composite target + noise + clutter + jamming + EMI +
spillover in Radar Receiver

- Superposition of these signal for separating the components


only if they are remain a superposition

- Thus requires that they be amplified & filtered linearity

Radar Engineering

51

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.6 Receive Description and Functions


Log Receiver
- Signal + interference case in time
- Amp. of the output is proportional to the logarithm of the
amplitude of the input

< Linear and Log Receiver Response Example >

Radar Engineering

52

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

Part IV
Concept of Radar Signal
Processing

Radar Engineering

53

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.7 Signal Processing Functions and Parameters


Signal processing
- Case1

Target echo signal in one bin, other types of interference are spread
out equally among all bias

- Case2

Target echo in one bin, and interference concentrate in another bin

- Block Diagram

< Signal Processor >


* Signal filter delay-line digital filter
Radar Engineering

54

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.7 Signal Processing Functions and Parameters


Radar Signal Filter

< Signal Filter Response (Typical) >

Spectrum Analyzer
- Residual clutter to be further suppressed
- Noise & other random interference is spread equally through Doppler freq
- Segregation by Doppler freq allows the velocity of moving target to be
determined

Radar Engineering

55

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.7 Signal Processing Functions and Parameters


Signal Processing Parameters
- Processing Gain
GP

S / I 0 output S / Interference power

S / Ii
Input S / Interference power

GP B / RI

Signal Bandwidth
Information Bandwidth

- Jamming Margin

M j I / Si Input interference-to-signal(power)ratio
GP /(S / I min )

where S / I min

min S
interference ratio at the processor's output for detection

- Processor noise :

Process itself introduces interference

Radar Engineering

56

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

3.6 Reference
[1] Radar Handbook 2nd ed. by M. I. Skolink, McGraw-Hill, 1990
[2] Principles of High Resolution Radar by A. W. Rihaczek, Palo Alto, 1977

[3] Radar Transmitters by G.W. Ewell, McGraw-Hill, 1981


[4] Antenna Engineering Handbook by R.C. Johnson and H. Jasik, McGraw-Hill,
1984
[5] Microwave Receivers with Electronic Warfare-Applications by J. B. Tsui, Jhon
Wiley & Sons, 1986
[6] Antenna Theory and Design by W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Jhon Wiley &
Sons, 1981
[7] Introduction to Radar Systems by M. I. Skolnik, McGraw-Hill, 1980

Radar Engineering

57

Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab

You might also like