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- Function
Parameter
- 3.1 Coherence
- 3.2 Frequency Generation
- 3.3 Transmitter Functions and Parameters
- 3.4 Waveform Spectra and Bandwidth
- 3.5 Antenna Principles, Functions and Parameters
- 3.6 Receive Description and Functions
- 3.7 Signal Processing Functions and Parameters
- 3.6 Reference
Radar Engineering
Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab
Radar Engineering
Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab
Radar Engineering
Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab
Sensor Requirement
Sensor Design
System Parameters
Weight, Volume,
Size, Power, Reliability
Subsystem/module
Parts/ SW design
Environmental limits
Applicable technology & components limits
* Radar frequency selection
* mechanical or electrical scan Ant.
* Choice of Polalization
* Radar waveform
* Type of processing : MTI or
pulse Doppler MTD
* Transmitting power :Tube/MPM or
Solid-state
Implementation
Radar Engineering
Prof. Kwag@RSP-Lab
- Frequency()
- Bandwidth
- PRF
System Parameter
- Detection Range
- Range/Azimuth Resolution &
Accuracy
- Detection Probability
- False Alarm Prob.
RC
S
STALO/COHO
Antenna parameter
- Beamwidth(H/Vl)
- Gain(dB):
- Rotation rate(rpm):
- Polarization
- Radar Cross Section(RCS)
- Height(ASL)
Radar Engineering
Receiver Parameter
- Minimum Detectable Signal(MDS)
- Intermediate Frequency(IF)()
- IF Bandwidth()
- Noise figure()
- Target Capability
Signal Processor
- Clutter Attenuation
- MTI/MTD Filter
- Improvement Factor
- CFAR Threshold
- Track Capability
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- Scan Coverage
- Scan Rate
- Antenna Beam Width (3 )
- Antenna Gain ( G )
- Receiver Noise Figure ( Fn )
- RCS (Radar Cross Section, )
- Prob of False Alarm ( Pfa )
- Prob. of Detection ( PD )
PT G TD f r
R
3
(4 ) ( SNR)n k Te F L
2
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Part 1.
Concept of Radar Transmitter
Radar Engineering
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3.1 Coherence
Coherence
Coherent Oscillator
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3.1 Coherence
Coherent-on-Receiver = Quasi-Coherent
- unpredictable illumination phase
Non-Coherent
- Ignore the illumination & received signal phase
Radar Engineering
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Single pulse
Train of noncoherent pulses with random Train of coherent pulses with limited
length
starting phase
Bandwidth=2/NT
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Coherent case
pulse to pulse
Time domain
Time domain
Freq. domain
1
T
Freq. domain
f0
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f0
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fT f c f s 5.855 GHz
received echo freq.?
target Doppler freq. f d 2vt , outbound signal
2vt
fT f d
257.08 KHz
f
5.855 0.257,08 10 4 5.854,742,920 GHz
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Pulse Width
- Length of time the illumination time is ON
- Compression Ratio (CR)
CR
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E
Expanded width
C
Compressed width
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PRF stagger : to prevent blind velocity, where the PRF are sampling
at the integer multiples of the Doppler shift
PRF jitter : to prevent jammers for locking to the radars pulse rate
PRF
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PRI
E PRF E PRFAVG
PRFAVG
N PRF
1
PRF1
PRF2
..... 1
PRFN
E
PRI
PT E PRF
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PAVG N L
PRF
PAVG TL
Efficiency of transmitter
T
Pout ( RF )
avg. RF power of Tx
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0.000667sec 667s
PRF
b) duty cycle E PRF 0.00225
a ) PRI 1
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u( 0 ) : unit step at t 0
vTX ( t ) : Tx waveform
AT : peak amplitudeof the wave( volts )
T ( t ) : phase of Tx waveform
T 0 : absolute phase of the wave
(t ) w(t )dt
w(t ) 2 f (t )
GCW (t ) 2 f 0 t (radian) : gated CW
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( f f 0 )
(X )
Bandwidth
B 1 : matched bandwidth of the signal
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dt
( fB fF )
2
compressed bandwidth
E B 1 ,
CB 1
B fH fL
Radar Engineering
C 1B
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( f F f B )t 2
LFM (t ) w dt
2 f B t T 0
E
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0o :
phase of 180 :
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< Sinusoidally Frequency Modulated CW Wave > < Triangularly Frequency Modulated CW Waveform >
<Unmodulated CW spectrum>
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Part II.
Concept of Radar Antenna
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Communications
Secondary radar
ECM
- Two-Way Pattern
Radar target
Clutter
Square of one-way pattern
(Gain3dB B/W6dB B/W) & (Sidelobelower double)
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(radians)
180
where Deff
(deg)
eff
effective length of antenna
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Deff ( EL ) L ( EL ) D( EL )
3( AZ ) D
(radians ) ,
eff ( AZ )
Radar Engineering
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3( EL ) D
eff ( EL )
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(deg)
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A aperture efficiency
A antenna' s actual projected area( square meter)
Aperture efficiency of shaped beam ant.
A L ( AZ ) L ( EL )
Gain
R radiation efficiency
DIR directivity
G 4
Radar Engineering
AE
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range
RFF 2 D
2
R R
16
2
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D2
2 R 2
2
2
R R
4
16 162
2
R D 2
R 2D
8
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Part III
Concept of Radar Receiver
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R4 STC
constant output
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(if R is terminate)
BN : noise B/W
R : Resister
K : Boltsman's const (1.38*10-23Joule/ 0 K )
Noise Bandwidth
BN
Radar Engineering
H ( f ) df
H ( f0 )
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( S / N )in
S / N at the input of sys
PN KT0 BN F
( if it is assumed that all the noise is at the syss input, the noise can be
compared to the received signals )
PN
KTBN
System Temperature : TS T0 F
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T0 290 o K
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- Two type
- By def.
H ( f ) G0 S ( f ) exp( j 2 ft1 )
*
Radar Engineering
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G0 S * ( f ) exp( j 2 ft1 )
H( f )
[ Ni ( f )]2
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Part IV
Concept of Radar Signal
Processing
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Target echo signal in one bin, other types of interference are spread
out equally among all bias
- Case2
- Block Diagram
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Spectrum Analyzer
- Residual clutter to be further suppressed
- Noise & other random interference is spread equally through Doppler freq
- Segregation by Doppler freq allows the velocity of moving target to be
determined
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S / Ii
Input S / Interference power
GP B / RI
Signal Bandwidth
Information Bandwidth
- Jamming Margin
M j I / Si Input interference-to-signal(power)ratio
GP /(S / I min )
where S / I min
min S
interference ratio at the processor's output for detection
- Processor noise :
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3.6 Reference
[1] Radar Handbook 2nd ed. by M. I. Skolink, McGraw-Hill, 1990
[2] Principles of High Resolution Radar by A. W. Rihaczek, Palo Alto, 1977
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