Human body science: anatomy and physiology

4 types of tissue

epithelial: body covering and produce secretions, doesnt have its own blood
supply
connective: connects different structures of the body
muscle: produces movement, 3 kinds: skeletal(voluntary movement),
cardiac(heart) and smooth(involuntary)
nervous: brain, spinal cord and brain

Organ systems
Circulatory or cardiovascular: circulation and distribution of various
substances throughout the body
Digestive:processing of food, manufactures enzymes for breakdown of food
Endocrine: control body functions, hormone secretion
Integumentary: protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body
and helps regulate body temperature
Lymphatic: supports immune system housing and transporting white blood
cells
Muscular: consists of skeletal muscles and tendons that connect muscles to
bones and ligaments that attach bones to form joints
Nervous systems: serves as the bodys control system, reflexes
Reproductive: to produce offspring, houses hormones that encourage or
suppress activities w/in the body
Respiratory: keeps cells supplied w oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Skeletal: provides protecgtion for the body and organs and provide
framework for the body, houses minerals like calcium and phosphorus
Urinary or excretory: maintain water and electrolyte balance w/in the body,
regulates acid-base balance of the blood and removes all nitrogen containing
waste from the body *nitrogen containing waste are by-products of the
breakdown os protein and nucleic acids

Anatomical terms

Anatomical position: body facing forward, feet are parallel to each other,
arms at the sides w palms facing forward
Superior: upper end of the body
Inferior: lower end of the body
Anterior: front of the body
Posterior: back of the body
Medial: middle of the body
Lateral: towards the outer side
Intermediate: between medial and lateral
Proximal: closes
Distal: furthest
Superficial: at the body surface
Deep: below body surface
Sagittal: longitudinal plane

Midsagittal: sagittal made down the median of the body

Transverse: horizontal dividing body into upper and lower
Frontal or coronal: horizontal dividing body into front and back
Dorsal body cavity: contains cranial and spinal column
Ventral body cavity: structures w/in the chest and abdomen

Functions of the body

Adaptation,
circulation,elimination,locomotion,nutrition,oxygenation,regulation and self
duplication
Arteries: take blood away from the heart
Veins: take blood back to the heart
Capillaries: transport blood from arteries to veins, and is the location for the
exchange of oxygen, co2, fluid and nutrients w/in the body

Circulatory system

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava,
goes to the right atrium, contracts and moves down passing the tricuspid valve into
the right ventricle. Right ventricle contracts and pushes blood to the pulmonary
artery and lungs passing the pulmonary valve. Blood gets oxygenated and carried
back to the heart through pulmonary veins. Goes into left atrium, through the mitral
valve and into the left ventricle. Contraction of left ventricle pushes blood through
the aorta and out into the body.

Respiratory system

inspiration: diaphragm contracts and inhales

and exhales

expiration: diaphragm relaxes

Nervous system

Provide sensory, motor and integrative functions w/in the body

Homeostasis:property of a system that regulates its environment and maintain a
stable, constant conditon

2 parts: Central nervous system(brain) and peripheral nervous system

PNS: autonomic nervous system(heartbeat, digestion),sympathetic nerves(excited),
parasympathetic(rest)
: sensory-somatic nervous system consist of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31
pairs of spinal nerves and ganglia(collections of nerve cell bodies). Controls
voluntary actions
Dendrites: receive stimuli and brings to neuron: interpretes

Digestive system

Peristalsis: rhythmic contractions that propel food

Salivary amylase: begins chemical digestion in the mouth
Chyme: mixture of food, chemicals and enzymes
Duodenum releases 2 hormones: secretin and cholecystokinin(cck)
Secretin goes to pancreas to trigger release of bicarbonate which neutralizes the
stomach acid
Cck initiates bile release from gallbladder
Villi and microvilli- where absorption of nutrients occur
Nucleic acids: DNA AND RNA, consists of a pentose, phosphate group and
nitrogenous base
Pentose: sugar
Phosphate group: molecule in the backbone of dna and rna that links adjoining
bases together
Nitrogenous base: molecule found in dna and rna that encodes genetic info in cells
5 types of nitrogenous base: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil
Adenine, cytosine, guanine are found in both dna and rna
Thymine: unique in dna
Uracil: unique in rna
In dna: adenine always pairs w thymine (AT), guanine always pairs w cytosine (GC)
Purines: if adenine and guanine have 2 rings
Pyrimidines: thymine and cytosine have 1 ring
In rna pyrimidine base of uracil is used instead of thymine base found in dna
Pentose component in rna: ribose dna: deoxyribose

Dna: blueprint of the cell

Rna: messenger of the cell
Parts of a cell

Parts of Prokaryotic cells:

Cell wall: separates the inside and outside of the cell
Cytoplasm: houses organelles
Organelles: tiny organs w/in the cell
Nucleoid: condensed dna of the cell
Plasmids: small, circular potitons of dna not associated w nucleoid
Ribosomes: manufactures protein for the cell
Flagella: for cell movement
Parts of eukaryotic (bigger than prokaryotic) cells:
Plasma membrane: envelopes the cell, semipermeable
Endoplasmic reticulum: tubular transport w/in the cell
Smooth er: metabolic process
Rough er: studded w ribosomes
Golgi apparatus: packaging and transport of proteins in cells: refines proteins, sorts
and prepares them for transport and works w er in protein movement
Vesicles: small membrane bounded sacs w/in cytoplasm
3 common types of vesicles:
Vacuole: basic storage unit of the cell
Lysosome: contains digestive enzymes that are capable of disposing worn cell parts

Peroxisome: rid body of toxic components like hydrogen peroxide, major site of
oxygen use and energy productions
Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell, stores adenosine triphosphate(atp), large
kidney shape organelle surrounded by membranes
Cristae: membranes inside mitochondria where enxymes are found. Enzymes help
convert sugar into atp to power up the cell
Microtubules: cellular tracks that form mitotic spindle during mitosis
Centrosomes: microtubule organizing center that helps form and organize mitotic
spindle
Mitotic spindle: organize and segregate chromosomes during cell division(mitosis)
Nucleus: control center of the cell, where dna is located in animals
Nucleolus:small body w in nucleus that produces ribosomes
Cilia: whip like projections that are larger than flagella
Plant cells:
Almost the same as animal cells except for
Chloroplast: organelles that contain chlorophyll
Chlorophyll: captures sunlight to be used for production of glucose during
photosynthesis
Larger vacuoles: contains water to maintain proper cell pressure
Cell wall: acts as a barrier to the outside and gives structures to the cell
Plants need both mitochondria and chloroplast
Zygote: fertilize egg begins to divide and becomes a mass of cells
Gastrulation: most critical stage when tissue layers begin to form
3 types of stem cells: totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent
Embryo: early stages of development after fertilization
Mitosis: process of cell duplication to replace old and dying ones
Meiosis: forming a new organism through sexual reproduction, halve the number of
chromosomes
Gametes: cells that are formed via sexual reproduction
Chromosomes: individual units of dna
Diploid cells: contains 2 sets of chromosomes
Haploid single unit of chromosomes
Homologous chromosome: the twin chromosome on diploid cells
Process of mitosis: