Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 12, December 2014)
M.Tech in Thermal Engineering 4th sem, Patel College of Science and Technology, Bhopal, M.P., India
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Patel College of Science and Technology, Bhopal, M.P., India
2,3
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy is an indispensable instrument in the progress of
human race. Todays high standard living has been possible
only through the judicious use of various energy resources
at command. Realizing the fact that energy is the sinew of
economic growth, energy management and energy
conservation are of paramount importance. The above
along with energy efficiency improvement are the only
cost-effective and viable means of ensuring the proper use
of finite natural resources, minimizing operating expenses,
and increasing the profitability of enterprises. Boiler is one
of the important component in energy generation process
i.e. steam generation plant.
A. Boiler Efficiency
Boiler efficiency is a relationship between energy
supplied to the boiler and energy output received from the
boiler. It is expressed in percentage.
242
Boiler Efficiency =
Boiler Efficiency =
Where,
m
= Mass of dry flue gas in kg/kg of fuel
= Combustion products from fuel: CO2 +SO2 +
Nitrogen in fuel + Nitrogen in the actual mass of
air supplied + O2 in flue gas.
243
Where,
Cp =Specific heat of superheated steam (0.47kCal/kg oC)
H2 = kg of hydrogen present in fuel on 1 kg basis
584 = Latent heat corresponding to partial pressure of
water vapour.
Where,
Cp = Specific heat of superheated steam (0.47kCal/kg oC)
AAS = Actual mass of air supplied per kg of fuel
Humidity factor = kg of water/kg of dry air
Where,
Cp = Specific heat of superheated steam (0.47kCal/kg oC)
M = kg of moisture in fuel in 1 kg basis
Where,
L5
= % Heat loss due to partial conversion of C to CO
CO = Volume of CO in flue gas leaving economizer (%)
CO2 = Actual Volume of CO2 in flue gas (%)
C
= Carbon content kg / kg of fuel
244
Particulars
General Details
Area
Installed Cane
Crushing Capacity
Installed Co-Gen.
Capacity
2
3
Value
Unit
8000
Hectors
2500
TCD
18.9
MW
10
95.6
TPH
32.5
31.5
28.63
Moisture
50.00
11
Pol
2.00
12
Ash Content
Computed GCV At
50% Moisture
1.30
2276
6
7
8
13
TABLE I
STUDY SITE FEATURES
Sr.
No.
Cane Availability
5.6
Bagasse To Steam
Ratio
2.6
Bagasse Used By
Boiler
36
2. Fuel:
Kg/Kg Of
Bagasse
TPH
245
4. Surface Conditions:
5. Other data:
246
247
Where,
Q
= Quantity of steam generated per hour (kg/hr)
q
= Quantity of fuel used per hour (kg/hr)
GCV = Gross calorific value of the fuel (kCal/kg)
hg
= Enthalpy of steam (kCal/kg)
hf
= Enthalpy of feed water (kCal/kg)
Boiler efficiency
= 104.5 TPH x (829.88 kCal/kg 178.62 kCal/kg) x 100
38.5 TPH x 2276 kCal/kg
= 77.66 %
Evaporation Ratio
= 104.5 Tonne of steam / 38.5 Tonne of bagasse.
= 2.71
2. Indirect Method:
Step -1. Find Theoretical Air Requirement
a. Theoretical air required for combustion
= [(11.6 x C) + {34.8 x (H2 O2 / 8)} + (4.35 x S)]
/100 kg/kg of fuel.
= [(11.6 x 23.17) + {34.8 x (4.10 21.33 /8)} + (4.35 x
0)] /100
= 3.185 kg/kg of bagasse.
C. Boiler Efficiency
1. Direct Method:
a. Heat output data
Quantity of steam generated (output): 104.5 TPH
Steam Pressure: 110 kg/cm2(g)
Steam Temperature: 540 0C
Enthalpy of steam at 110 kg/cm2 (g) pressure:
829.88 kCal/kg (Calculated by Molier Chart)
Feed water Temperature: 1750 C
Enthalpy of Feed Water: 178.62 kCal/kg (calculated by
Molier chart)
248
steam
Hfeed
TABLE V
BOILER HEAT BALANCE SHEET
249
TABLE VI
THREE YEARS AVERAGE PARAMETERS PERFORMANCE SHEET
250
D. Figure 4 Shows
It is seen that, quantity of steam generated (TPH) and
mass of fuel consumed (TPH) are both directly
proportional to each other.
Fig. 1 Evaporation Ratio With Efficiency In %
B. Figure 2 Shows
E. Figure 5 Shows
It is seen that, Excess Air Supplied (%) and Actual
Air Supplied (Kg/kg) are both directly proportional to
each other.
Fig. 2 O2 In Flue Gas With Efficiency %
C. Figure 3 Shows
It is seen that, heat loss due to moisture in fuel and
heat loss due to hydrogen in fuel having large values
as compare with other losses.
251
H. Figure 8 Shows
F. Figure 6 Shows
G. Figure 7 Shows
It is seen that, Efficiency % and Heat loss due to
hydrogen in fuel (%) (L2) are both directly
proportional to each other.
But after a specific range Efficiency (%) is decreases
when values of Heat loss due to hydrogen in fuel (%)
(L2) suddenly increases.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
Conclusion derived from the data related to the boiler,
heat loss due to hydrogen in fuel and heat loss due to
Moisture content in the fuel will affect the efficiency.
Here by using bagasse as a fuel average boiler efficiency
for last three years is 69.61%.
252
253