Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ON
Submitted by
Name:- BasitAli
Univ.rollno:-1151506
Submitted to:Mr. Sanjeev Chopra
ECE- DEPARTMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of any task would be incomplete without accomplishing the people who
made it all possible and whose constant guidance and encouragement secured us the success.
This seems to be a fitting moment for me to express my heartfelt gratitude towards all those who
helped me tirelessly and patiently in my training work.
To begin with, I express my sincere thanks to Mr. Tauseef Ahmad (manager planning)
for allowing me to avail all the available amenities in the division. He kept faith in me and made
me an active member of my team. I am thankful to him for sharing his vast resource of
knowledge and experience with me.
Last but not the least I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my teammates,
who with their thought provoking views, veracity and whole hearted co-operation supported me
throughout the duration of the training.
Basit Ali
PREFACE
With the ongoing telecom revolution where innovations are taking place at the blink of
the eye, it is impossible to keep pace with the emerging trends. Excellence is an attitude that
whole of the human race is born with. It is the environment that makes sure that whether the result
of this attitude is visible or otherwise. A well planned, properly executed and evaluated industrial
training helps a lot in inculcating a professional attitude.
During this period, I got the real, firsthand experience for working in the
actual environment. Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during the course of
their studies is put to test here. I had the opportunity to have a real experience on many ventures,
which increased my sphere of knowledge to a great extent.
This report is a brief summarization of the project work and tasks that I have completed till
now. Report includes company profile and the ongoing ventures of the company. The first part of the
report contains the overview of the company. Then is the introduction to my project which gives the
overview of my project.
INDEX
Topic Name
Page No.
1. Industry Profile
2.Modular Description
10
3. Detailed Analysis `
12
12
23
32
37
42
4. Conclusion
50
51
Industry Profile
Bharti Airtel Limited, commonly known as Airtel, is an Indian multinational telecommunications services
company headquartered in New Delhi, India. It operates in 20 countries across South Asia, Africa, and
the Channel Islands. Airtel has a GSM network in all countries in which it operates,
providing 2G, 3G and 4G services depending upon the country of operation. Airtel is the world's third
largest mobile telecommunications company by subscribers, with over 275 million subscribers across 20
countries as of July 2013. It is the largest cellular service provider in India, with 192.22 million subscribers
as of August 2013.] Airtel is the third largest in-country mobile operator by subscriber base, behind China
Mobile and China Unicom.
Airtel is the largest provider of mobile telephony and second largest provider of fixed telephony in India,
and is also a provider of broadband andsubscription television services. It offers its telecom services under
the "airtel" brand, and is headed by Sunil Bharti Mittal. Bharti Airtel is the first Indian telecom service
provider to achieve Cisco Gold Certification. It also acts as a carrier for national and international long
distance communication services. The company has a submarine cable landing station at Chennai, which
connects the submarine cable connecting Chennaiand Singapore.
Airtel is credited with pioneering the business strategy of outsourcing all of its business operations except
marketing, sales and finance and building the 'minutes factory' model of low cost and high volumes. The
strategy has since been copied by several operators. [ Its networkbase stations, microwave links, etc.
is maintained by Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Network whereas IT support is provided by IBM,[11] and
transmission towers are maintained by another company (Bharti Infratel Ltd. in India). Ericsson agreed for
the first time to be paid by the minute for installation and maintenance of their equipment rather than being
paid up front, which allowed Airtel to provide low call rates of 1/minute (US$0.02/minute).[13] During the
last financial year (200910), Bharti negotiated for its strategic partner Alcatel-Lucent to manage the
network infrastructure for the tele-media business. On 31 May 2012, Bharti Airtel awarded the three-year
contract to Alcatel-Lucent for setting up an Internet Protocol access network (mobile backhaul) across the
country. This would help consumers access internet at faster speed and high quality internet browsing on
mobile handsets.
operating in the L band around 1500 MHz which allows the use of electronically steerable
antennas mounted atop the aircraft fuselage and encased within a fiberglass, RF-transparent
radome that have a low profile compared to systems operating in the Ku band or Ka band which
today still require mechanically steerable antennas with a significantly higher profile. Thus drag
and fuel costs are reduced llowing economical operation even on smaller aircraft like business or
regional jets. Inmarsat's SwiftBroadband system covers much of the planet except for the polar
regions above 82 and below +82 degrees latitude and currently provides symmetric data rates of
up to 432 kbit/s per channel dependent on signal quality and overall load on the satellite's
spotbeam serving the corresponding geographical area. Currently the Thales SDU can bond two
channels resulting in a maximum bandwidth of 864 kbit/s.
90% of the onboard equipment can be used with any radio link, for example other satellite
networks or a direct air-to-ground link. There is also a clear upgrade path from SwiftBroadband to
Inmarsat's Global Xpress system, a constellation of three Ka band satellites which will come on
stream in 2014-2015 and will globally provide downlink bandwidths of up to 50 Mbit/s. OnAir
was appointed as distribution partner for Inmarsat's Global Xpress service in November 2011.
Onboard Server
A server installed onboard manages the satellite connection and routes the data traffic while also
compressing and decompressing all data transmitted, including GSM phone calls that are recoded
using the AMR codec which reduces bandwidth while maintaining a voice quality virtually
indistinguishable from the native GSM codec.
Wi-Fi Network
Broadband Internet access (Internet OnAir) is provided by Wi-Fi access points. In order to
access OnAir's Wi-Fi Internet service (Internet OnAir) passengers need to bring a Wi-Fi
compatible device. Access can usually be purchased on board.
GSM Network
A picocell operating according to the GSM-1800 standard provides a GSM network (Mobile
OnAir) enabling voice telephony, SMS and narrowband Internet access (GPRS). The GSM signal
is distributed by a leaky line antenna, essentially a coaxial cable with a slotted shielding through
which RF signals are radiated. This coaxial cable is installed above the ceiling panels along the
whole aircraft cabin and provides a uniform linear coverage of the aircraft cabin at very low
radiation power levels. In order to prevent handsets from connecting to terrestrial networks which
would lead to high transmission power levels a so-called network control unit (NCU) installed
onboard generates a broadband noise floor which is being emitted through the existing leaky line
antenna masking reception of terrestrial mobile networks within the aircraft. These measures
ensure that handsets can only connect to the onboard GSM network and will then operate with the
lowest possible transmission power level (GSM-1800 power control level 15, nominal output
power of 0 dBm) which results in significantly lower radiation levels than those experienced on
average when using a mobile phone with terrestrial networks on the ground. The GSM network is
being realized based on Monaco Telecom's core network. It uses the MCC / MNC tuple 901-15
assigned to SITA, one of OnAir's two owners, in March 2005.
Passenger Equipment Compatibility
OnAir's inflight cellphone service (Mobile OnAir) requires a mobile phone supporting the GSM1800 standard, also called DCS (Digital Cellular Service), which most modern GSM phones
support as well as a SIM card from a network operator having a roaming agreement with Monaco
Telcom. So-called quad-band handsets always support GSM-1800 and so are compatible with
Mobile OnAir.
IFE Connectivity
The system can also provide IP-based connectivity to existing in-flight entertainment
systems which allows news content to be fed in and messaging services as well as Internet access
to be offered on in-seat units.
Customers
OnAir's customers which have been publicly announced are:
Airlines:
Comlux the Aviation Group - A320 Prestige (2010) & A319 CJ (2011)
Modular Description
The major modules covered during six weeks training are mentioned below.
A.
Introduction to GSM
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spcial Mobile), is a
standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to
describe technologies for second generation (or "2G") digital cellular networks. GSM
networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges (separated into GSM
frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G), with most 2G GSM networks
operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Regardless of the frequency selected by an
operator, it is divided into timeslots for individual phones to use. This allows eight full-rate or
sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency. These eight radio timeslots (or eight
burst periods) are grouped into a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the
same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 Kbit/s, and the frame
duration is 615 ms. The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts
in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900.
The network is structured into a number of discrete sections:
B.
Call establishment
Call in active phase
Call release
The procedures are explained using call scenarios of the following basic call types:
Mobile-to-land call
Land-to-mobile call
Mobile-to-mobile call
C.
Site Planning
To ensure coverage and to avoid interference, every network needs cell planning. The various
steps involved in cell planning process are:
Initial Cell Planning
Nominal Cell Plan
Surveys
System Design
Implementation
System Tuning
System Growth.
D.
E.
Frequency hopping.
Detailed Analysis
Chapter 1: Introduction to GSM
b) Mobile Equipment
1.8 Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
Fig1.5. SIM
The SIM is a smart card which plugs into the ME and contains information about the
MS subscriber hence the name Subscriber Identity Module.
1.10GSM SPECIFICATION:1)Duplex Distance:It is the minimum distance between Uplink and Downlink.
In case of 900MHz
DD=935-890=45MHz
In case of 1800MHz
DD=1805-1710=95MHz
2)Channel Bandwidth:It is the difference between the two channels.
In case of 900MHz
CB=915-890=25MHz
In case of 1800MHz
CB=1785-1710=75MHz
3)Carrier Bandwidth:It is applicable to 900MHz case.The formula to calculate carrier bandwidth is
890+0.2*n for Uplink
935+0.2*n for Downlink
where n=Number of frequency or channels
For Uplink
N=1 =>890+0.2*1=890.2
N=2 =>890+0.2*2=890.4
N=3 =>890+0.2*3=890.6
For Downlink
N=1 =>935+0.2*1=935.2
N=2 =>935+0.2*2=935.4
Means the capacity of carrier is 200 KHz.
4)Total Number Of Channels:It is defined as the ratio of Channel Bandwidth and Carrier Bandwidth.
TNOC=Channel Bandwidth
Carrier Bandwidth
=25MHz =125 Channels=124+1 where 1
200 KHz is Guard Band of 100 KHz.
TNOC= Channel Bandwidth
Carrier Bandwidth
=75MHz =375 Channels=374+1 where 1
200 KHz is Guard Band of 100 KHz.
5)Carrier Separation:The difference between two carriers should be 200Khz in 900 band as well as 1800 band. The
length of separation between channels is dependent on the amount of information which is to be
transmitted within the channel. The greater the amount of information to transmit ,the greater the
amount of separation required.
2.1. PHYSICAL CHANNELS:Physical channel is a medium over which the information is carried, in the case of a terrestrial
interface this would be a cable .Physical channel is used to transmit speech, data or signaling
information. There is a technique called Time Division Multiple Access. Time is divided into
discrete periods called timeslots. The timeslots are arranged in sequence and are conventionally
numbered 0 to 7. Each repetition of this sequence is called a TDMA frame. Each time slot on a
TDMA frame is called a physical channel. Therefore, there are 8 physical channels per carrier
frequency in GSM.
2.2. LOGICAL CHANNELS:A physical channel may carry different messages, depending on the information that is to be sent.
These messages are called Logical Channels. The logical channels consist of the information
carried over the physical channel.
There are two types of Logical Channels:-
LOGICAL CHANNEL
TRAFFIC
CHANNEL
CONTROL
CHANNEL
Fig 2.2 Types of Logical Channels
2.2.1) TRAFFIC CHANNEL:The Traffic Channel carries speech or data information. Once call set-up procedure have been
completed on the control physical channel, the MS tunes to a traffic channel. It uses the traffic
channel (TCH) logical channel. There are two types of TCH:
a)FULL RATE:-In this one time slot is allotted to 1 subscriber. Therefore a full rate TCH
occupies one physical channel.
Full Rate is further divided into two types:1) NET RATE:- It is defined as the data rate before channel coding i.e.13Kbps.
Data 9.6Kbps and SMS 4.8Kbps.
2) GROSS RATE:-It is defined as the data rate after channel coding i.e. 22.8Kbps.
b) HALF RATE:-In this one time slot is allotted to 2 subscriber. Therefore a half rate TCH
occupies two physical channels.
Half Rate is further divided into two types:1) NET RATE: - It is defined as the data rate before channel coding i.e.6.5Kbps.
Data 4.8Kbps and SMS 2.4Kbps
2) GROSS RATE:- It is defined as the data rate after channel coding i.e. 11.4kbps.
TRAFFIC CHANNEL
FULL RATE
HALF RATE
CONTROL
CHANNEL
BROADCAST
CONTROL
CHANNEL
COMMON
CONTROL
CHANNEL
DEDICATED
CONTROL
CHANNEL
BROADCAST CONTROL
CHANNEL
BROADCAST
COMMON
CONTROL
CHANNEL
SYNCHRONIZATION
CHANNEL
FREQUENCY
CORRECTIO
N
CHANNEL
1) BROADCAST COMMON CONTROL CHANNEL (BCCH) :It gives us information about the Cell Global Identity (CGI).CGI gives following information:
Mobile Country Code (MCC) For India it is 404 and 405.
COMMON CONTROL
CHANNEL
RANDOM ACCESS
CONTROL CHANNEL
ACCESS GRANT
CONTROL CHANNEL
PAGING
CHANNEL
CELL BROADCAST
CONTROL CHANNEL
11. The BSS allocates a radio traffic channel and transmits this assignment to the MS over the
SDCCH.
12. The MS tunes to the assigned radio traffic channel and transmits an acknowledgment to the
BSS.
13. The BSS connects the radio traffic channel to the assigned trunk of the MSC. Since a small
portion of a radio traffic channel is available for out-of band signaling, the SDCCH is no longer
used for signaling between the BSS and MS. The BSS de-allocates the SDCCH. The BSS then
transmits a trunk and radio assignment complete message to the MSC.
14. The MSC sends a network setup message to the PSTN requesting that a call be setup.
Included in the message are the MS dialed digits (DD) and details specifying which trunk should
be used for the call.
15. The PSTN may involve several switching exchanges before finally reaching the final local
exchange responsible for applying the ringing tone to the destination phone. The local exchange
will generate the ringing tone over the trunk, or series of trunks (if several intermediate switching
exchanges are involved), to the MSC. At this point in time, the MS will hear ringing tone. The
PSTN notifies the MSC with a network alerting message when this event occurs.
16. The MSC informs the MS that the destination number is being alerted.
The MS will hear a ringing tone from the destination local exchange through the established
voice path.
17. When the destination party goes off-hook, the PSTN will inform the MSC of this event. This
event usually triggers the beginning of billing. At this point, the MS will be connected to the
destination party.
18. The MSC informs the MS that the connection has been established.
19. The MS acknowledges the receipt of the connect message.
20. The mobile user initiated the release of the call by pressing the end button (the button might
be labeled with a different term) on the MS. The MS sends a Disconnect message to the MSC.
21. The other party (The PSTN party) is notified of the termination of the call by a Release
message from the MSC. The end-to-end connection is terminated.
22. When the MSC determines that the call has no more reason to exist (no side tasks to complete,
e.g charging indication) a Release message is sent to the MS.
23. The MS answers back with a Release complete message. At this stage the lower connections
are released (unless they are used for something else in parallel).
24. The voice trunk between the MSC and the BSS is released.
25. The traffic channel is cleared.
26. The release of the resources is completed.
greater than 9dB, when frequency hopping is used. Ericsson recommends C/I is greater than 12dB
when frequency hopping is not used.
3.3. SURVEYS
After a nominal cell plan is completed and coverage and interference predictions are roughly
produced, site surveys can be performed.
Site Surveys
Site surveys are performed for all proposed site locations. The following must be checked for
each site:
Exact location.
Space for equipment, including antennas.
Cable runs.
Power facilities.
Contract with owner.
In addition, the radio environment must be checked to ensure that there is no other radio
equipment on site that causes Inter modulation problems.
Radio Measurements
Radio measurements are performed to adjust the parameters used in the planning tool to reality.
That is, adjustments are made to meet the specific site climate and terrain requirements.
Parameters used in a cold climate will differ from those used in a tropical country, for example. A
test transmitter is mounted on a vehicle, and signal strength is measured while driving around the
site area. Afterwards, the results from the measurements can be compared to the values the
planning tool produces when simulating the same type of transmitter. The planning parameters
can then be adjusted to match reality.
Mobile Allocation (MA): This is the set of frequencies the mobile/BTS are allowed to
hop over. Two time-slots on a same transceiver of a cell may be configured to operate on
different MA. MA is the subset of the total allocated spectrum for the GSM operator and
the maximum number of frequencies in a MA list is limited by GSM recommendation to 6
Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO): This is an integer offset that determines which
frequency within the MA will be the operating frequency. If there are N frequencies in the
MA list, then MAIO = {0, 1, 2, N-1}.
Hopping Sequence Number (HSN): This is an integer parameter that determines how the
frequencies within the MA list are arranged. There are 64 HSN defined by GSM. HSN = 0
sets a cyclical hopping sequence where the frequencies within the MA list are repeated in
a cyclical manner.
HSN = 1 to 63 will provide pseudo random hopping sequence. The pseudo random pattern will
repeat itself after every hyper frame, which is equal to 2,715,648 (26x51x2048) TDMA frames or
about 3 hours 28 minutes and 54 seconds.
There are 2 ways to implement frequency hopping at a BTS.
Synthesizer Frequency Hopping (SFH)
Baseband Frequency Hopping (BBH)
hopping sequence. The greater the hopping frequencies are spaced, the greater the de-correlation
between the fading profile of each frequency and the signal level. Field data shows that when
calls are made on a hopping and on a non-hopping carrier, hopping calls have far greater signal
stability. Frequency hopping averages out extremes in high signal levels and low signal levels.
Field data of calls hopping over as little as four frequencies show a pyramid shaped graph of
receive signal level with more of the data points near the mean with a smaller standard deviation
than the graph for a fixed frequency, non-hopping, call. These are shown in the figures below:
20
30
18
25
16
14
20
P
r
o
b
12
10
(%)
P
r
o
b
15
(%)
10
4
5
2
0
0-2
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-10
10-12
12-14
14-16
RXLEV Range
16-18
18-63
0-2
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-10
10-12
12-14
14-16
RXLEV Range
Hopping System
Good frame
Bad frame
16-18
18-63
Effect of deep fading in a hopping system to the TDMA frames. As can be observed, benefit of
frequency diversity gained from frequency hopping is significant. Not only the total number of
bad frames is reduced, more importantly the occurrence of bad frames in consecutive order is
reduced as well. This will improve the speech quality as the lost bits have higher probability to be
recovered by the GSM decoding mechanism and hence a lower number of erased speech frames.
Interference Averaging
Interference protection is probably the biggest improvement that comes as a result of
implementing frequency hopping. Calls made on fixed frequency systems may suffer from
interference, which has a good chance of not diminishing in the lifetime of a call unless the
subscriber changes position or the interfering channel is deactivated.
Either co-channel or adjacent channel interference hits fixed frequency calls normally at the cell
border. This type of interference is constant to the subscriber in the downlink direction. Usually,
interference found at the cell boundary cannot be escaped from unless a handover is made to a
clean frequency. To avoid interference on fixed frequency systems larger separation between
reuse groups is used to lessen the chance of co-channel or adjacent channel interference from
degrading call quality. The cost of loose reuse schemes to the network is capacity.
How Frequency Hopping Enhances Network Capacity?
In principle, implementation of frequency hopping system will not add extra capacity to the
existing network. Frequency hopping when implemented will enable more aggressive frequency
re-use pattern that leads to better spectrum efficiency. This enables the network operator to add
more transceivers in existing sites while maintaining the network quality. In a congested network
with fixed frequency plan, adding transceivers would mean compromising the carrier
interference ratio (C/I), which may lead to unacceptable quality level that may eventually crash
the network if pushed to the limit. Thus, frequency hopping is effectively compressing the
available spectrum to make room for extra capacity, without degrading the average C/I as in a
fixed frequency system.
In a cellular network, there is always a tradeoff between capacity & quality. Maintaining the
current capacity, implementing frequency hopping will improve overall quality. On the other
hand, extra capacity could be added by implementing frequency hopping while maintaining the
current quality. However, realizing maximum gains in both quality and capacity would not be
achievable.
Qu a lit y
Ca p a c it y
Qu a lit y
Ca p a c it y
Qu a lit y
Ca p a c it y
Qu a l i t y
Ca p a c i t y
Non Hopping
Hopping
Hopping
Hopping
Downlink Measurements
The mobile station measures and reports the following measurements to the BSC
regarding the performance of the downlink:
Strength of the signal being received from its serving BTS (in dBm).
Quality of the signal being received from its serving BTS (in bit error rate).
Uplink Measurements
The BTS measures and reports the following measurements to the BSC regarding
the performance of the uplink:
Strength of the signal being received from the mobile station.
Quality of the signal being received from the mobile station.
When the BSC notices that the signal strength of a particular radio link measured on the uplink
becomes below the lower pre-defined threshold because the mobile station moves away from the
BTS, it sends a Power Control command to the mobile station to increase its transmit power
(MS_TXPWR) by a pre-defined step (typically 2 dB). The transmit power of the mobile station
can be increased until an maximum defined level is reached.
The BSC can also send a Power Control command to the mobile station to reduce its transmit
power when it notices that the signal strength measured becomes above the upper pre-defined
threshold. The downlink Power Control process is similar to the uplink Power Control process.
Another reason for activating Power Control is an uplink/downlink signal quality measured
which is higher or lower than thresholds specified. In fig, the power control algorithm is shown.
Power control is implemented whenever the power of either the BTS or The MS exceeds or falls
below the threshold values. In the optimum area, the area delimited by the different predefined
thresholds, no Power Control actions are taken.
Reasons for Power Control
To save the mobile station battery power.
To improve the carrier to interference ratio within the cellular network. Reducing power
on the BTS or the mobile station, while keeping similar signal quality received, decreases
interference caused on the other calls in the surrounding area.
Distance handover
Distance between the mobile station and the base station can also be a reason for
handover. If the timing advance for the mobile station becomes too big, because it
is too far away from the base station, handover has to take place to a cell that is
closer to the mobile station.
Signal level and signal quality handover
Other reasons for handover are the signal level (or signal strength) and the signal
quality on either the uplink or the downlink received from the mobile station and
the base station. If the BSC determines that either the signals have too low quality
or too less strength, it can decide to start the handover procedure.
Downlink Measurements
The mobile station measures and reports the following measurements to the BSC regarding the
performance of the downlink:
Strength of the signal being received from its serving BTS (in dBm).
Quality of the signal being received from its serving BTS (in bit error rate).
Signal strength of the 6 best neighboring BTS downlink control channels (candidate list).
Uplink Measurements
The BTS measures and reports the following measurements to the BSC regarding the
performance of the uplink:
Strength of the signal being received from the mobile station.
Quality of the signal being received from the mobile station.
Distance between the serving BTS and the mobile station (in meters).
As a mobile station moves away from its serving BTS towards the coverage area of neighboring
BTSs, the mobile station measurement reports will show a gradual decrease in signal strength
from its serving BTS while showing an increase in measured signal strength from one or more
neighboring BTSs. It is the responsibility of the serving BSC to analyze the measurement reports
from the mobile station and to decide when a handover should be performed. If it is determined
that there is a better BTS to serve the call, the serving BSC initiates the handover procedure.
5.2.2 Types of Handover
The type of handover procedure executed depends on what level of switching must be performed
in order to move the call from the serving BTS to the new candidate BTS. There are basically four
types of handovers:
Internal or intra-BSS handover, which can be:
Intra-cell handover
Inter-cell handover
External or inter-BSS handover, which can be:
Intra-MSC handover
Inter-MSC handover
If the serving and candidate BTSs reside within the same BSS, the BSC for the BSS can perform
the handover without the involvement of the MSC; thus termed internal or intra-BSS handover.
This type of handover can also be sub-divided into intra-cell and inter-cell handovers. An intracell handover is an intra-BSS handover within the same BTS. An inter-cell handover is a
handover between different BTSs.
If the serving and candidate BTSs do not reside within the same BSS, then an inter-BSS handover
is performed, which requires the MSC to coordinate and switch facilities (handover the call)
between the serving BTS and the candidate BTS. This type of handover can also be divided into
intra-MSC and inter-MSC handovers.
Various types of handover can be explained using the following example. It illustrates the 4 types
of handover, using the example of a system consisting of two MSCs and three BSSs. Also
depicted are cell coverage areas with example Cell Global Identification codes for each BSS.
Assume that the mobile and land stations are active in a call, the call is being controlled by MSC
A, and the mobile station is currently in cell area 234-01-100-51.
5.2.2(a) Intra-BSS, intra cell Handover
For this type of handover, the mobile station is handed over to a different radio channel within the
same cell area: 234-01-100-51. This is actually an unusual type of handover, since it is not
triggered by poor signal strength (if it was, the candidate base station would be different from the
serving base station). A probably cause for this type of handover would be poor signal quality (not
strength), possibly due to co-channel interference. For this type of handover, BSC
2 would allocate a new radio channel and instruct the mobile station to retune.
5.2.2(b) Intra-BSS, inter cell handover
The mobile station moves from area 234-01-100-51 towards area 234-01-100-52. At some point
in time, BSC 2 will determine from the signal strength measurement reports that the base station
responsible for cell area 234-01-100-52 can better serve the call. Since the candidate base station
is also connected to BSC 2, the handover can be coordinated by BSC 2 without the involvement
of MSC A. In this situation, BSC 2 reserves an available radio channel from cell area 234-01-10052 and instructs the mobile station to retune to the new radio channel. BSC 2 is also
responsible for switching the voice path between MSC A and the old radio channel to the new
radio channel.
5.2.2(c) Inter-BSS, intra MSC handover
The mobile station moves from area 234-01-100-51 towards area 234-01-100-55. At some point
in time, BSC 2 will determine from the signal strength measurement reports that the base station
responsible for cell are 234-01-100-55 can better serve the call. BSC 2 will then determine that
there are no base stations connected to it that serves area 234-01-100-55 and will request MSC A
to arrange the handover to the candidate base station. MSC A will determine that BSC 3 is
responsible for cell area 234-01-100-55 and request it to reserve a free radio channel for a
handover. MSC A will relay the new radio channel information back to BSC 2. BSC 2 will then
ask the mobile to retune to the new channel. At the same time, MSC A will switch voice paths
between the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and the old BSC (BSC 2) to the new
BSC.
Conclusion
Today's rapidly changing business environment is creating intense competition among
corporations. Markets are changing faster now than in any other time in history. Product life
cycles are shortening and businesses must compete globally. Recent advances in cellular
technology are offering more efficient and reliable wireless transmission of data between remote
locations and the central collection points. Wireless telephone technology has been around in
various forms since the 1940s. Today, most of the world uses GSM (Global System for Mobile
communications) and/or one variant or another of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
technology, both digital cell phone standards. In recent years, the main drive in cellular
technology advancement has been in the area of increased bandwidth for data services.
Cellular communication technology gives corporations the ability to extend the bounds of their
communications infrastructure to mobile-undeterred users.
Cell planning is the most important part of a cellular network. The cell planning leads to proper
utilization and effective use of the available resources. RF Planning is the process of assigning
frequencies, transmitter locations and parameters of a wireless communications system to provide
sufficient coverage and capacity for the services required (e.g. mobile telephony). The RF plan of
a cellular communication system revolves around two principal objectives; Coverage and
Capacity Coverage relates to the geographical footprint within the system that has sufficient RF
signal strength to provide for a call/data session. Capacity relates to the capability of the system to
sustain a given number of subscribers. In the majority of cellular communication systems, both
capacity and coverage are interrelated. To improve quality some coverage, capacity has to be
sacrificed, while to improve capacity, coverage will have to be sacrificed.
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