Radar Signal Processing Graduate Course

Radar Signal Processing
Graduate Course
Prof. Young K Kwag
KOREA AEROSPACE UNIV.
RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.
Fundamentals of RSP
Chapter 1
Introduction to Radar Systems
1.1 History and Applications of Radar

RADAR
: Radio detection and ranging
Early history of radar extends to the early days of modern
electromagnetic theory
In 1886 : Hertz demonstrated reflection of radio waves
In 1900 : Tesla described a concept for electromagnetic detection and
velocity measurement
In 1903 and 1904 : German engineer Hlsmeyer experimented with ship
detection by radio wave reflection
In 1922 : Marconi advocated this idea again
In 1934 : Setting off a more substantial investigation that led to a U.S.
patent for what would now be called a Continuous Wave (CW) radar
Applications
Applications of Radar
Police traffic radar
: Enforce speed limit and measure the speed of baseballs and tennis serves
Color weather radar
: Viewer of local television news
: One type of metrological radar
Air traffic control
: Guide commercial aircraft both an route and in the vicinity of airports
: Determine altitude and avoid severe weather
: Image runway approaches in poor weather
: Collision avoidance and buoy detection by ships
Spaceborne (both satellite and space shuttle) and airborne radar
: Map earth topology and environmental characteristics
1.2 Basic Radar Functions

Radar equation
R=
ct0
2
(1.1)
; c=the speed of light=3*108
: azimuth angle
: elevation angle
Basic Radar Functions

Velocity is estimated by measuring the Doppler shift of the target echoes.
Radar Functions :
- Detection and Tracking
- Generate two-dimensional images of an area
- analysis of earth resources issues such as mapping, land
use, ice cover analysis, deforestation monitoring.
- terrain following navigation by correlating measured
imagery with stored maps.
The quality of a radar system:
probability of detection PD
probability of false alarm PFA
- if other system parameters are fixed, increasing PD always requires

accepting a higher PFA
- determined by signal-to-interference ratio (SIR)
Radar Signal Processing Functions

- High probability of detection PD ,
Low probability of false alarm PFA
- Improve SIR by pulse integration
- Improve resolution and SIR by pulse compression
- Improve accuracy by increased SIR and filter splitting
interpolation methods
- Improve side lobe behavior with windowing techniques
Basic Radar Signal Processing Functions

Radar signal processing draws on many of the same techniques
- Linear filtering and statistical detection theory
- Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
- Modern model-based spectral estimation
- Adaptive filtering techniques (beam-forming, jammer cancellation)
- Pattern recognition techniques (target/clutter discrimination)
Radar signals have very high dynamic ranges of several tens of decibels,
in some extreme cases approaching 100dB.
Thus, gain control schemes are common, and side lobe control is often
critical to avoid having weak signals masked by stronger ones.
Radar signal bandwidths are larger than most other DSP applications.
- some high resolution radars : several hundred MHz, and even as high as
1GHz
1.3 Elements of a Pulsed Radar
Transmitter
Waveform generator
- To generate the desired pulse waveform
Transmitter
- To modulate the pulse signal to the desired radio frequency (RF)
- To amplifies this signal to a useful power level
Duplexer
- Through the duplexer, transmitter output is routed to the antenna
- To be also called circulator or T/R switch
Receiver
Low-noise RF amplifier
- First stage of receiver
Mixer and Local Oscillator (LO)

- Received signal is modulated intermediate frequencies (IF) and to baseband
Signal Processor
- Baseband signal is next sent to the signal processor
- Signal processing: pulse compression, matched filtering, Doppler filtering,
integration, CFAR detection, Clustering, motion compensation, and so on.
Data processor & Display

- The signal processed is sent to the system display and/or data processor
1.3.1 Transmitter & Waveform Generator

Operational Frequency
- 2MHz ~ 220GHz
- Laser radar:
on the order of 1012 to 1015 Hz
- Most radar:
about 200MHz to about 95 GHz
Millimeter wave band

- To be decomposed:
Q band: 36 to 46 GHz
V band: 46 to 56 GHz
W band: 56 to 100 GHz
Atmospheric Attenuation
Frequencies above X band

Atmospheric window
- Most Ka band radar system operates : near 35GHz
- Most W band radar system operates : near 95 GHz
Operational Frequency
Lower radar frequencies
- Longer range surveillance application
- Because of :
low atmospheric attenuation
high available powers
Higher radar frequencies

- High resolution and shorter range application
- Due to :
smaller achievable antenna beamwidth (for a given antenna size)
higher attenuation
lower available powers
3 - dB beamwidth 3 0.89
Dy
radians
(1.9)
Weather conditions
Atmospheric attenuation for rain rates

X-band and below
- To be affected significantly only by very severe rainfall
Millimeter wave
- To have severe losses for even light-to-medium rain rates
1.3.2 Antennas
The most important properties for a signal processing
- Gain, Beamwidth, Sidelobe-levels
We can get the factors from the antenna power pattern,
The antenna power pattern
P ( , ) = E ( , )
(1.3)
E ( , ) : electric field in antenna voltage pattern
One dimensional pattern for a rectangular aperture

P ( , ) = P ( ) P ( )
(1.4)
Antenna pattern
Lets consider only the far-field power pattern
Figure 1.5 Geometry for one-dimensional

electric field calculation on a rectangular
aperture
Azimuth pattern
E ( ) =
Dy / 2
Dy / 2
A( y )e
2y
j sin
dy
(1.5)
; A(y)= current , It is invert Fourier Transform of A(y)

Antenna pattern
E ( ) =
Dy / 2
Dy / 2
A( y )e
2y
j sin
dy =
sin ( D y / ) sin
( D y / ) sin
(1.8)
3-dB Beamwidth
The angular resolution of the antenna is determined by the 3-dB beamwidth of
its main lobe.
1
E
(
)
=
0.707
This can be founded by
2
and solving the argument
=(Dy/)sin.
Numerically, =1.4 which gives the value of at the -3 dB point as
o=0.445 /Dy. The 3-dB beamwidth extends from o to +o

1 .4
0 .89 radians
3 dB beamwidth 3 = 2 sin
D
Dy
y
(1.9)
Note : a smaller beamwidth requires a larger aperture or a shorter

wavelength.
Effective Aperture and Gain

If a wave with power density W W/m2 is incident on the antenna ,
and the power delivered to the antenna load is P
P
Effective aperture Ae =
m2
W
(1.11)
- Effective aperture is related to antenna directivity, which is related to

antenna gain and efficiency.
The effective aperture and gain are related by
G=
Ae
(1.12)
Array antenna
It is composed of array elements that is identical dipoles or other simple
antennas with very broad patterns.
Usually, the elements are evenly spaced to form a uniform linear array.
Figure 1.7 Geometry of the uniform linear array antenna

Array antenna pattern

The voltage pattern for the linear array
- There are N elements in the array
- The elements are isotropic (unity gain for all ).
- The signal branch n is weighted with the complex weight an.
- Incoming electric field is Eoexp(jt) at the reference element
N 1
The total out voltage E ( ) = E0 an e j ( 2 / ) nd
sin
(1.13)
n =0
This is similar to the discrete Fourier transform of the weight sequence {an}.
In case of all an =1, the pattern is the familiar aliased sinc function, whose
magnitude is
E ( ) = E0
sin[N (d / ) sin ]
sin[(d / ) sin ]
(1.14)
1.3.3 Receivers
The echo waveform r(t) received from a single scatterer
r (t ) = A (t ) sin [ t + (t ) ]
(1.17)
- the amplitude modulation A(t) represents the pulse envelope.

Quadrature channel receiver

I-channel (the lower branch) mixes the received signal with the local
oscillator (LO)
The mixer output is
2 sin(t ) A(t ) sin [t + (t )] = A(t ) cos[ (t )] A(t ) cos[2t + (t )]
(1.18)
The sum term is then removed by the low-pass filter, leaving only the
modulation term A(t)cos[(t)].
Q-channel (the upper branch) mixes the signal with the LO having the
same frequency but a 90 phase shift from the I channel oscillator.
The mixer output is
2 cos(t ) A(t ) sin [t + (t )] = A(t ) sin [ (t )] + A(t ) sin [2t + (t )]
(1.19)
Which, after filtering, leaves the modulation term A(t)sin[(t)].


The reason that both the I and Q channels are needed
Complex Exponential Function

We can use equivalent complex exponential function for the echo signal of
(1.17)
r (t ) = A(t ) sin[t + (t )]
r (t ) = A(t )e j [t + (t ) ]
(1.21)
Now, the Fig.1.9 (I-Q channel block diagram) can be replaced
Fig.1.9 implies several requirement on a high-quality receiver design.

- a single stable local oscillator (STALO) to provide a frequency reference
for both the transmitter and the receiver.
High-quality Coherent Receiver

- coherent operation. Coherency is a stronger requirement than frequency
stability.
In practice, it means that the transmitted carrier signal must have a fixed phase
reference for several, perhaps many, consecutive pulses.
High-quality receiver design

- I and Q channels have perfectly matched transfer functions over the signal
bandwidth. Thus, the gain through each of the two signal paths must be
identical, as must be the phase delay (electrical length) of the two channels.
- the oscillators used to demodulate the I and Q channels must be exactly in
quadrature, that is, 90 out of phase with one another.
Superheterodyne Receiver
Superheterodyne receiver
The received signal is amplified upon reception using a low-noise amplifier

(LNA). It determines the noise figure of overall receiver.
The key figure of the superheterodyne receiver is that the modulation to
baseband occurs in two or more stages.
1.4.1 Resolution
Resolution Cell
the volume in the space
that contributes to the echo received by radar at any one instant
V = (
R 3 R 3
)(
)R = R 2 3 3R
2
2
4
V increases with the square of range
two-dimensional spreading of beam

at longer range
1.4.1 Resolution
Range resolution
The quantity that Separate different two target
into different time samples in the range direction.
R =
ct 0 c(t 0 ) c
=
2
2
2
1.4.1 Resolution
Cross-range resolution (Angular resolution)

The distance between two targets
located at the 3dB edges of the beam.
Provided that the main lobe width is
3dB beamwidth of the antenna.
CR = 2 R sin(
3
2
) R 3
1.4.2 Spatial frequency
Wavenumber
Time domain
T=
Spatial domain
T =
(sec)
F=
(meter)
F=
(Herz)
2c
(cycles/meter)
(rad/sec)
(rad/meter)
Wavenumber
1.4.4 The sampling theorem

Quantization
Process of mapping the continuous signal
to one of a finite set of values.
Number of bits determine Number of values.

Nyquist sampling theorem
Nyquist criterion requires at least two samples
per period of the highest frequency component.
More direct interpretation is that
the sampling frequency should be greater than
the total spectral width of the of the signal.
Fs > F
Nyquist criterion

Reconstruction of the signal
1) Sampling model
x(u) is multiplied by impulse train
xs = x(u )[n = D (u nTs )]
2) Fourier transform of Sampling signal
k
Xs (U ) = n = X (U ) = X (U kFs )
Ts n =
Spectrum
Replication

Reconstruction of the signal
3) Reconstruct X(U) by lowpass filtering
Reconstruction of original spectrum X(U) is
equivalent to reconstructing x(u).
Since a signal and its Fourier transform
form a unique one-to-one pair.
Low pass
filter
1.5 Preview of Basic Radar Signal Processing

Ch.4 : matched filter maximize
SNR until the detector is
considered, important to
maximize SNR
Fig.1.23 : easier to understand
the motivation for,
and interrelation of,
many of the processing
operations
Generic radar signal processor
- signal conditioning
- interference suppression
- imaging
- detection
- postprocessing
1.5.1 Radar Time Scales

Operation : applied to data from a single
pulse occur on the shortest time scale
as fast time because the sample rate,
determined by the instantaneous pulse
bandwidth
Corresponding sampling intervals range
from a few microseconds down to a
fraction of a nanosecond
order of hundreds of kHz to few GHz
Typical fast time operations :
- I/Q signal formation
- beamforming,
- pulse compression
- matched filtering,
- sensitivity time control
1.5.1 Radar Time Scales

Operation : data from multiple pulses
Sampling interval between pulses : PRI
order of tens of microseconds to hundreds of milliseconds
Slow time operation :
- coherent and noncoherent integration,
- Doppler processing
- synthetic aperture imaging
- space-time adaptive processing
Higher level of radar processing : multiple CPIs (longer time scales)
- order of milliseconds to ones or tens of seconds
- multiple-CPI ambiguity resolution techniques
- multilook SAR imaging Track filtering
- track filtering
1.5.2 Phenomenology
To design a successful signal processor characteristics of the signals
Phenomenology : the characteristics of the signals received by the radar
(signal power, frequency, polarization, angle of arrival)
The received signal phenomenology is determined by
- Physical size or orientation and velocity
- The characteristics of the radar (ex. transmitted waveform, polarization)
In Ch.2, models of the behavior of typical measured signals
- radar range equation : predicting signal power
- Doppler phenomenon : received frequency
- random process and linear systems theory : describe radar signals and
to design and analyze radar signal processors
1.5.3 signal conditioning and interference suppression

Signal conditioning operations
1.First several blocks after the antenna in Fig. 1.23
2.Purpose is to improve the SIR
3.Combination
- Fixed and adaptive beamforming
- Pulse compression
- Clutter filtering
- Doppler processing
Beamforming
Fixed beamforming
1.Form a directive gain pattern, similar to that shown in Fig. 1.6
2.The high-gain main lobe and low side lobes
- Selectively enhance the echo strength from scatterers in the antenna look
direction while suppressing the echoes from scatterers in other directions
3.Proper choice of the weights
- The main lobe can be steered to various look directions
- Tradeoff between the side lobe level and the main lobe width can be varied
Beamforming
Adaptive beamforming
- Greater jammer and clutter suppression
Step of the adaptive beamforming

1.Recognize the presence of jamming and clutter entering the antenna pattern
side lobes
2.Design a set of weights for combining the channels
- High-gain main lobe and low side lobes
- Null in the antenna pattern at the angle of arrival of the jammer
Beamforming
Example of the effect adaptive beamforming
Fig 1.25 Example of effect adaptive beamforming. (a) Map of received signal power as a function
of angle of arrival and signal Doppler shift. (b) Angle-Doppler map after adaptive processing.
(Image courtesy of Dr. W. L. Melvin.)
Pulse compression
Pulse compression is a special case of matched filtering
Relation to high sensitivity in detecting targets and high range
resolution
The transmitted energy increases : Target detectability improves
The transmitted waveforms instantaneous bandwidth increases : Range
resolution improves
Example) Constant-frequency rectangular envelope pulse as its transmitted
waveform, then the pulse is lengthened
- Increase the transmitted energy Increasing the target detectability
- Decreases its instantaneous bandwidth Degrading the range resolution
Thus, sensitivity and range resolution appear to be in conflict

with one anther
Pulse compression
Pulse compression
- Provides a way out of this dilemma by decoupling the waveform bandwidth
from its duration
- Design a modulated waveform
- Common choice is the linear frequency modulated (linear FM, LFM, or chirp)
Fig 1.26 (a) Linear FM waveform modulation function, showing an increasing

instantaneous frequency. (b) Output of the matched filter for the LFM waveform of (a)
Pulse compression
Matched filter
- Designed to maximize the SNR at its output
- Impulse response of the filter
: Turns out to be a replica of the transmitted waveforms modulation function
(reverse in time and conjugate)
-Thus, the impulse response is matched to the particular transmitted waveform
modulation
Pulse compression
-A single point scatterer concentrated most of its energy in a very short duration
-Thus, provide both the good range resolution and the high transmitted energy
of a long pulse
-The 3-dB width of the main lobe in time is approximately 1/ seconds,
where is the instantaneous bandwidth of the waveform used
c
Range resolution R =
2
Clutter filtering and Doppler processing

Clutter filtering and Doppler processing
- Improving the detectability of moving targets by suppressing interference
from clutter echoes
- Based on differences in the Doppler shift of the echoes form the clutter and
from the targets of interest
Clutter filtering
- Moving Target Indication, or MTI
- Simply pulse-to-pulse highpass filtering of the radar echoes , which are
assumed to be due to nonmoving clutter
Doppler processing
- Use of the fast Fourier transform algorithms, or occasionally some other
spectral estimation technique
- Due to their different Doppler shifts, the target is detected and separated
1.5.4 Imaging
Radar
- Produce blips on a screen to represent targets
- Detect and track moving targets
- Compute high-resolution images of a scene
Comparison of photograph and radar image

Photograph
- Easier for a human to interpret and analyze
Radar image
- Monochromatic
- Less detail
- Exhibit a speckled texture
- Image a scene through clouds and inclement weather due to the superior
propagation of RF wavelengths
- Image equally well 24 hours a day
Imaging
Comparison of optical and SAR image
Fig 1.27 Comparison of optical and SAR image of the Albuquerque airport. (a) Ku band (15 GHz)
SAR image, 3-m resolution. (b) Aerial photograph (Images courtesy of Sandia National Laboratories.)
Imaging
Comparison of optical and SAR image on rainy night
Fig 1.28 National images of the Albuquerque airport that might be obtained if the experiment of
Fig. 1.27 were repeated on rainy night (a) Radar image. (b) Simulated aerial photograph. (Radar
image courtesy of Sandia national Laboratories.)
Imaging
Obtain high-resolution imagery
- High-bandwidth waveforms in the range dimension
- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technique in the cross-range dimension
Real aperture radar

- Nonimaging radar
- The resolution in cross-range is determined by the width of the antenna beam
at the range of interest
cross-range resolution = R 3
(1.22)
- If Beamwidths : 1~3 or 17~52 mrad

Range : 10 km
Cross-range resolution = 170~520 m
- Poor cross-range resolution is overcome by using SAR techniques

Synthetic aperture technique

Synthetic aperture technique
- Concept of synthesizing the effect of a very large antenna by having the
actual physical radar antenna move
- Associated with moving airborne or space-based radar
Fig 1.29 The concept of synthetic aperture radar
1.5.5 Detection
Signal processor
- Analyze the total received signal
- Determine the desirable target echo
Threshold detection
- Detection of target echoes in the presence of competing interference signals is
a problem in statistical decision theory
- The technique of threshold detection is the optimal performance
- The magnitude of sample of the radar echo signal (after conditioning and
interference suppression) is compared to a precomputed threshold
signal amplitude < threshold : Interference signals only
signal amplitude > threshold : Presence of a target echo in addition to the
interference Detection or hit is declared
Detection
Fig 1.30 Illustration of threshold detection.
False alarm
- A noise spike could cross the threshold, loading to a false target declaration
- False alarm is smaller SIR is larger
Detection
Pulse compression
- The matched filter maximizes the SIR, providing the best threshold detection
performance
- Thus, the technique of pulse compression is important so that high resolution
can be obtained while maintaining good detection performance
Constant-False-Alarm Rate (CFAR) detection

- Limit false alarms to an acceptable rate
- The required threshold is estimated using interference statistics estimated
from the data itself
1.5.6 Postprocessing
Postprocessing operation is referred to as data processing
Tracking
- Detect the presence of targets
- Estimate the range and angle of the target
- The angle measurements are obtained using angle tracking techniques,
especially monopulse tracking
- Provide a snapshot of the target location at one instant in time
- Track filtering describes a higher-level process of integrating a series
(such measurements to compute a complete trajectory of the target motion)
1.6 Radar literature

This part introduces the text to radar system and the current
radar research
1. Radar systems and components
2. Radar signal processing
3. Advanced radar signal processing
4. Current radar research
1.6.1 Radar systems and components

Introduction to Radar Systems 3rd edition
- Author : Merrrill I. Skolnik
- Publisher: McGraw-Hill Companies (August 15, 2000)
- ISBN: 0072909803
- Contents : Most classic introductory text to radar systems
Principles Of Modern Radar

- Author : Jerry Eaves, Edward Reedy
- Publisher : Springer (June 30, 1987)
- ISBN : 0442221045
- Contents : Most classic introductory

Radar: Principles, Technology, Applications
- Author : Byron Edde
- Publisher : Prentice Hall Ptr (September 24, 1992)
- ISBN : 0137523467
- Contents : Introduction of several general radar system
Radar Principles
- Author : Peyton Z. Peebles
- Publisher : Wiley-Interscience (September 29, 1998)
- ISBN : 0471252050
- Contents : Recent, comprehensive introduction

Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB 2nd edition
- Author : Bassem R. Mahafza
- Publisher : Chapman & Hall/CRC (March 9, 2005)
- ISBN : 1584885327
- Contents : Useful MATLAB
Airborne Pulsed Doppler Radar (Artech House Radar Library)

2nd edition
- Author : Guy V. Morris, Linda Harkness
- Publisher : Artech House Publishers (November 1996)
- ISBN : 0890068674
- Contents : Introduction to airborne pulsed Doppler systems
1.6.2 Radar signal processing

Radar Design Principles: Signal Processing and the Environment
2nd edition
- Author : Fred E. Nathanson
- Publisher : Mcgraw-Hill (Tx) (January 1991)
- ISBN : 0070460523
- Contents : Radar system in general, but concentrate on signal processing
issues (RCS and clutter modeling, waveforms, MTI, and detection)
Radar Principles
- Author : Nadav Levanon
- Publisher : Wiley-Interscience (May 5, 1988)
- ISBN : 0471858811
- Contents : Analyses of many basic signal processing functions
1.6.2 Radar signal processing

Radar Signals
- Author : Nadav Levanon, Eli Mozeson
- Publisher : Wiley-Interscience (July 1, 2004)
- ISBN : 0471473782
- Contents : Widening variety of radar waveforms in detail
Microwave Radar: Imaging and Advanced Processing

- Author : Roger J. Sullivan
- Publisher : Artech House Publishers (June 2000)
- ISBN : 0890063419
- Contents : SAR and space-time adaptive processing (STAP)
1.6.3 Advanced radar signal processing

Synthetic Aperture Radar: Systems and Signal Processing
(Wiley Series in Remote Sensing and Image Processing)
- Author : John C. Curlander, Robert N. McDonough
- Publisher : Wiley-Interscience (November 1991)
- ISBN : 047185770X
- Contents : First comprehensive text about SAR
: Emphasize space-based SAR and include a strong component of
scattering theory
Digital Processing Of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data : Algorithms

And Implementation (Artech House Remote Sensing Library)
- Author : Ian G. Cumming, Frank H. Wong
- Publisher : Artech House Publishers (January 2005)
- ISBN : 1580530583
- Contents : Newest SAR text, emphasize spaced-based SAR

Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms
(Artech House Remote Sensing Library)
- Author : Walter G. Carrara, Ronald M. Majewski, Ron S. Goodman
- Publisher : Artech House Publishers (October 1995)
- ISBN : 0890067287
- Contents : Group at the Environmental research institute of Michigan
: Spotlight SAR mode
Spotlight-Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar : A Signal Processing

Approach
- Author : Daniel E. Wahl, Paul H. Eichel, Dennis C. Ghiglia, Paul A. Thompson
- Publisher : Springer (January 31, 1996)
- ISBN : 0792396774
- Contents : Group at Sandia National Laboratories
: Spotlight SAR mode

Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing
- Author : Giorgio Franceschetti, Riccardo Lanari
- Publisher : CRC (March 30, 1999)
- ISBN : 0849378990
- Contents : Strip-map and spotlight SAR mode
Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing with MATLAB Algorithms

- Author : Mehrdad Soumekh
- Publisher : Wiley-Interscience (April 13, 1999)
- ISBN : 0471297062
- Contents : Using MATLAB

Space-time adaptive processing
- Author : Richard Klemm
- Publisher : Inspec/Iee (December 1998)
- ISBN : 0852969465
- Contents : First significant open literature text on STAP
Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Radar

(Artech House Radar Library)
- Author : J. R. Guerci
- Publisher : Artech House Publishers (August 2003)
- ISBN : 1580533779
- Contents : Newest primer on STAP

Optimum Array Processing (Detection, Estimation, and Modulation
Theory, Part IV)
- Author : Harry L. Van Trees
- Publisher : Wiley-Interscience (March 22, 2002)
- ISBN : 0471093904
- Contents : Detection and estimation about STAP
: More limited forms of adaptive interference rejection
Radar Signal Processing and Adaptive Systems 2nd Edition

- Author : Ramon Nitzberg
- Publisher : Artech House Publishers (June 1999)
- ISBN : 1580530346
- Contents : Side lobe canceller
1.6.4 Current radar research

In United states
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Transactions on Aerospace and electronics Systems
Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Transactions on Image Processing
In United Kingdom
Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE)
Proceedings : Radar, Sonar, and Navigation

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Radar Signal Processing

Prof. Young K Kwag

KOREA AEROSPACE UNIV.

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

Introduction to Radar Systems

KOREA AEROSPACE UNIV.

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

1.1 History and Applications of Radar

KOREA AEROSPACE UNIV.

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

1.2 Basic Radar Functions

; c=the speed of light=3*108

KOREA AEROSPACE UNIV.

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

Basic Radar Functions

probability of false alarm PFA

- if other system parameters are fixed, increasing PD always requires

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

Radar Signal Processing Functions

KOREA AEROSPACE UNIV.

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

Basic Radar Signal Processing Functions

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

1.3 Elements of a Pulsed Radar

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RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

KOREA AEROSPACE UNIV.

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

Mixer and Local Oscillator (LO)

Data processor & Display

KOREA AEROSPACE UNIV.

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

1.3.1 Transmitter & Waveform Generator

Millimeter wave band

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RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

Frequencies above X band

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

Higher radar frequencies

KOREA AEROSPACE UNIV.

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

Atmospheric attenuation for rain rates

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

E ( , ) : electric field in antenna voltage pattern

One dimensional pattern for a rectangular aperture

KOREA AEROSPACE UNIV.

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

Figure 1.5 Geometry for one-dimensional

; A(y)= current , It is invert Fourier Transform of A(y)

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

KOREA AEROSPACE UNIV.

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

Numerically, =1.4 which gives the value of at the -3 dB point as

o=0.445 /Dy. The 3-dB beamwidth extends from o to +o

Note : a smaller beamwidth requires a larger aperture or a shorter

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

Effective Aperture and Gain

- Effective aperture is related to antenna directivity, which is related to

KOREA AEROSPACE UNIV.

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.

Figure 1.7 Geometry of the uniform linear array antenna

RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB.