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Deflection

Prof Schierle

Deflection
Beam deflection must be limited to:

= L / 360 for LL

= L / 240 for combined LL+DL.


Beam deflection is caused by both bending and shear

Bending deflection governs long beams

Shear deflection governs short beams,


but is very small and usually ignored
1 Simple beam under uniform load
2 Large bending deflection of simple beam
3 Small shear deflection of simple beam
4 Small bending deflection of short cantilever beam
5 Large shear deflection of short cantilever beam

Deflection

Prof Schierle

Moment Area Method (Mohrs Theorem, 1868)


http://www.scribd.com/doc/58608799/Mohrs-Theorems-1
1 Deformed partial beam
Assuming GB is parallel to FO
Then FG = AB, the unstressed length
and GH/AB = , the unit strain.
Since E=f/ f=E f=E GH/AB.
Due to similar triangles
GH/AB = c/r f = Ec/r
Since f=Mc/I Ec/r=Mc/I E/r=M/I 1/r = M / EI

Am
Deflection

2 Elastic curve AB of partial beam


Assuming angles in radians:
Radial angle d between m and n and
Tangent angle between A and B, yields:
dx= r d d/dx = 1/r = M / EI d= Mdx / EI
= d = Mdx/ EI. Hence
= Am/ EI
Am=Mdx = bending diagram area between A and B.
Slope Theorem
The angle between tangents at A and B on the
elastic curve of a beam is the moment diagram
area between A & B, divided by EI
Prof Schierle

Am= Mdx = bending diagram area between A and B


x = lever arm from A to centroid of bending diagram
xd = x d
Thus
= xd = Mdx/ EI, or
= x Am/ EI
Deflection Theorem
The displacement of the tangent at B on the
elastic curve equals the moment of the bending
diagram area between A and B times the leverarm x from its centroid to A, divided by EI.

Am
Deflection

Prof Schierle

Deflection formulas
= slope of the tangent of the elastic curve
= maximum deflection.
1

Cantilever beam with point load


= (PL)(L/2)/(EI)
= 2/3 L
= 1/2 PL2/(EI)
= 1/3 PL3/(EI)

Cantilever beam with uniform load


= (WL/2)(L/3)/(EI)
= 3/4 L
= 1/6 WL2/(EI)
= 1/8 WL3/(EI)

Simple beam with point load


= (PL/4)(L/4)/(EI)
= 1/3 L
= 1/16 PL2/(EI)
= 1/48 PL3/(EI)

Simple beam with uniform load


= (WL/8)(2/3 L/2)/(EI) = 5/16 L
= 1/24 WL2/(EI)
= 5/384 WL3/(EI)

Deflection

Prof Schierle

Beam formulas
The formulas include for common beams:
M = bending moment
V = shear
= deflection

Deflection

Prof Schierle

Steel beam with point load


Beam supports joist point load (P=8k). Design for stress
(Fb=22 ksi, check deflection and redesign if required.
1
Beam diagram
2
Load diagram (ignore load at supports which has no effect
on shear, bending, or deflection)
Shear
Va = Vbl = 2(8)/2
Va=Vbl = 8 k
Vbr = Vcl = 8-8
Vbr=Vcl = 0 k
Vcr = Vd = R = 0-8
Vcr=Vd = 8 k
Bending moment
Mmax = 80 k
Mmax = 8(10)
Required section modulus
S = M/Fb = 80 k(12)/22 ksi
S = 44 in3
3
Try W10x45, S =49.1 in
49.1 > 44, ok
From AISC table
I = 248 in4
Deflection (L = 30(12) = 360)
= (23/648)PL3/EI
= (23/648)8(3603)/[(30000)248]
= 1.78
1.5<1,78, not ok
all = 360/240 = 1.5

Try W18x35, S = 57.6 in3, I = 510 in4


Deflection
= [(23/648)8(3603)]/[(30000)510]

= 0.87

1.5>0.87, ok
Note: the W10x45 of 36 span/depth ratio is too shallow;
while the W18x35 has the recommended ratio of 20, is
lighter and more economical.
Deflection

Prof Schierle

Steel beam (with mixed load)


Steel beam supports 8k joist load + 0.4 kfl uniform DL
(beam, fire proofing & finish), L = 30(12) = 360, Fb = 22 ksi
1
Beam diagram
2
Load diagram (ignore load at supports)
Shear
Va= R= [2(8)+0.4(30)]/2
Va = 14 k
Vbl= 14-0.4(10)
Vbl = 10 k
Vbr= 10-8
Vbr = 2 k
Vcl= 2-0.4(10)
Vcl= -2 k
Vcr= -2-8
Vcr= -10 k
Vd= -10-0.4(10)
Vd= -14 k
Bending moment
M = 10(14+10)/2 + 5(2)/2
M =125 k
Required Section modulus S
S = M/Fb= 125 k(12)/22 ksi
S = 68 in3
Try W18x40, S= 68.4 in3
68.4>68, ok
From AISC table
I = 612 in4
Deflection
W = wL = 0.4 (30)
W = 12 k
max = (23/684) PL3/(EI) + (5/384) WL3/(EI) *
* Combined point load and uniform load
3
3
max = [(23/684)8(360) +(5/384)12(360) ]/[(30000)612]
max=1.1
all=360/240 = 1.5 in
1.5>1.1, ok
Deflection

Prof Schierle

Deflection vs. span


The formulas

V=wL

M = w L2/8

= (5/384) wL4/EI
reveal:
V increases linearly with L
M increases quadratic with L
increases to the 4th power with L
If L doubles increase

1
2
3
4
5

Deflection

Prof Schierle

16 times !

Beam with = 1
Double span with = 16
Short span: shear V governs
Medium span: bending M governs
Long span: deflection governs

Deflection vs. I

(moment of inertia)

Type of beam

1 Single board

2 Twin board

1/2

3 Twin board glued

1/8

4 Four boards glued

1/64

64

Deflection

Prof Schierle

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Deflection

Prof Schierle

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