PROYECTO DE DISEO DE ELEMENTOS DE MQUINAS II

REDUCTOR DE VELOCIDADES

Diseo de engranajes cnicos rectos

Formulas empleadas para el clculo
Straight Bevel Gearing Design
Bevel gears are used to transfer motion between nonparallel shafts, usually at 90 to one another. The teeth of straight bevel
gears are straight and lie along an element of the conical surface. Lines along the face of the teeth through the pitch circle meet
at the apex of the pitch cone. The centerlines of both the pinion and the gear also meet at this apex. In the standard
configuration, the teeth are tapered toward the center of the cone. Refer the graphic help straddle mounted gears to see this
geometry.
Key dimensions are specified either at the outer end of the teeth or at the mean, mid-face position. Note that sum of the pitch

90 . Also, for the pair of bevel gears having a ratio of unity, each has a pitch cone
45 . The gearing such that, called miter gearing, is used simply to change the direction of the shafts in a machine drive

cone angles for the pinion and the gear is

angle of
without affecting then speed of rotation.

Many more features need to specified before the gears can be produced. Furthermore, many successful, commercially available
gears are made in some nonstandard form. For example, the addendum of the pinion is often made longer than that of the gear.
Some manufacturers modify the slope of the root of the teeth to produce a uniform depth, rather than using the standard,
tapered form.

The pressure angle, , typically 20 , but

straight bevel gears is typically 12.

22 .5

and

25

are often used to avoid interference. The minimum number of teeth for

The mounting of bevel gears is critical if satisfactory performance is to be achieved. Most commercial gears have a defined
mounting distance. It is the distance from some reference surface, typically the back of the hub of the gear, to the apex of the
pitch cone. Because the pitch cones of the mating gears have coincident apexes, the mounting distance also locates the axis of
the mating gear. If the gear is mounted at a distance smaller than the recommended mounting distance, the teeth will likely bind.
If it is mounted at a greater distance, there will be excessive backlash, causing noisy and rough operation.
Geometrical features of straight bevel gears:

Gear ratio

NG
NP

mG

Pitch diameters
pinion

Np
Pd

gear

NG
Pd

Pitch cone angles

pinion

Np

N
G

tan 1
gear

NG
Np

tan 1

Outer cone distance

Ao 0.5

Nominal face width

D
sin

Fnom 0.3 Ao

Maximum face width

A
Fmax o
3

10
Pd

or Fmax

(whichever is less)

Mean cone distance

Am Ao 0.5 F

Am
Note:

AmG
is defined for the gear, also called

Mean circular pitch

pm

Am
Pd Ao

Mean working depth

Clearance

Mean whole depth

2 Am
Pd Ao

c 0.125 h
hm h c

Mean addendum factor

0.29

c1 0.21

mG 2

Gear mean addendum

aG c1 h

Pinion mean addendum

Gear mean dedendum

ap h aG

bG hm aG

Pinion mean addendum

Gear dedendum angle

bp hm a p

bG

AmG

G tan 1

Pinion dedendum angle

p tan 1

bp

mG

Gear outer addendum

Pinion outer addendum

Gear outside diameter

aoG aG 0.5 F tan p

aop a p 0.5 F tan G

Do D 2 aoG cos

Pinion outside diameter

do d 2 aop cos

Because of the conical shape of bevel gears and because of the involute-tooth form, a three-component set of forces acts on

Wt
bevel gear teeth. Using notation similar to that for helical gears, we will compute the tangential force,

Wr
; radial force,

; and

Wx
axial force,
. It is assumed that the three forces act concurrently at the midface of the teeth and on the pitch cone. Also the
actual of the resultant force is a little displaced from the middle, no serious error results.
The tangential force acts tangential to the pitch cone and is the force that produces the torque on the pinion and the gear. The
torque can be computed from the known power transmitted and the rotational speed:

63000 P
n

Then, using the pinion, for example, the transmitted load is

Wt

T
rm

where:

rm
= mean radius of the pinion

rm

d F sin

2
2

Remember that the pitch diameter, d, is measured to the pitch line of the tooth at its large end.
The radial load acts towards the center of pinion, perpendicular to its axis, causing bending of the pinion shaft. Thus,

Wrp Wt tan cos

The axial load acts parallel to the axis of the pinion, tending to push it away from the mating. It causes a thrust load on the shaft
bearings. It also produces a bending moment on the shaft because it acts at the distance from the axis equal to the mean radius
of the gear. Thus,

Wxp Wt tan sin

The stress analysis for bevel gear teeth is similar to that already presented for spur and helical gear teeth. The maximum
bending stress occurs at the root of the tooth in the fillet. This stress can be computed

St

Wt Pd K o K s K m

F J
Kv

where:

Ko
= overload factor;

Ks
= size factor

Km
= load-distribution factor

Kv
= dynamic factor.
Factors affecting the dynamic factor include the accuracy of manufacture of gear teeth (quality number Q); the pitch line velocity,

Vt

Kv

; the tooth load; and the stiffness of teeth. AGMA Standard 2003-A86 recommends the following procedure for computing
for bending strength calculation
u

Kz

Kv
K z Vt
where:

8
2 0.5Q

125

E p E G

S at

K z 85 10 u

Usually as a design decision, use two Grade 1 steel gears that are through-hardened at 300 HB with 36000 psi. The modulus of
30 10 6
elasticity for both gears is

psi.

Bending geometry factor, J, is dependent on the number of teeth of gear for which geometry factor is desired and on the number
of teeth in mating gear. Values can be found from AGMA Standard 6010-E88.
The approach to design of bevel gears for pitting resistance is similar to that for spur gears. The failure mode is fatigue of the
surface of the teeth under the influence of the contact stress between the mating gears.

Sc
The contact stress, called the Hertz stress,

, can be computed from

Sc C pCb

Wt
K Km
o
F d I
Kv

where:

Cp
= elastic coefficient;

Cb
Using

= 0.634 allows the use of the same allowable contact stress as for spur and helical gears.

I
Pitting geometry factor, , is dependent on the number of teeth of gear and helix angle for which geometry factor is desired and
on the number of teeth in mating gear. Values can be found from AGMA Standard 2003-A86.
Procedure for selecting materials for bending stress

K R SF
St Sat
YN
where:

KR
SF

= reliability factor
= factor of safety

YN
= stress cycle factor.

YN
AGMA Standard 2001-C95 allows the determinations of the life adjustment factor,

, if the teeth of the gear being analyzed are

10 7
expected to experience a number of cycles of loading much different from
. Note that the general type of material is a factor
for the lower number of cycles. For the higher number of cycles, a range is indicated by a shaded area.
Expected number of cycles of loading

Nc (60)(L)(n )(q )
where:
L
n
q

= design life in hours

= rotational speed in rpm
= number of load applications per revolution.

Procedure for selecting materials for contact stress

K R SF
Sc S ac
ZN
where:

ZN
= pitting resistance stress cycle factor.

ZN
AGMA Standard 2001-C95 allows the determinations of the life adjustment factor,

, if the teeth of the gear being analyzed are

10 7
expected to experience a number of cycles of loading much different from
. Note that the general type of material is a factor
for the lower number of cycles. For the higher number of cycles, a range is indicated by a shaded area.

Sat

S ac

After computing the values for allowable bending stress number,

, and for allowable contact stress number,
, you should
go to the data in AGMA Standard 2001-C95, to select a suitable material. Consider first whether the material should be steel, cast
iron, bronze, or plastic. Then consult the related tables of data.

Datos de entrada

Input data:
Bevel Gearing
Pressure angle
Diametral pitch
Transmitted power
Rotational speed of pinion
Number of pinion teeth

20
Pd
P
np
Np

=
=
=
=

5
50
2950
18

teeth/in
hp
rpm
rpm
h

Desired output speed

Design life
Number of load applications per
revolution

ng =
L =
q =

1405
20000
1

Elastic coefficient
Overload factor
Load-distribution factor
Factor of safety
Hardness ratio factor
Reliability factor

Cp
Ko
Km
SF
Ch
Kr

2300
1.5
1.58
1
1
1

Resultados

=
=
=
=
=
=

Result
Actual output speed

ng

Actual number of gear teeth

Gear ratio
Qualty number

Ng
mg
Qv

=
rpm
1361.538
=
39
=
2.167
=
11.000

Geometry parameters
Pinion
Pitch diameter

Pitch cone angle

=
3.600
=
24.775

Outer cone distance

A0

Face width

Mean cone distance

Am

Mean circular pitch

Pm

Mean working depth

Clearance

Mean whole depth

hm

Mean addendum factor

c1

Mean addendum

Mean dedendum

Gear
in

7.800

65.225

=
4.295
=
1.431
=
3.580
=
0.524
=
0.333
=
0.042
=
0.375
=
0.272

in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in

Pinion

Dedendum angle
Outer addendum
Outside diameter

ao
do

Bending geometry factor

Pitting geometry factor

=
0.243
=
0.132
=
2.116
=
0.300
=
4.144
=
0.233
=

Gear
in

0.091

in

0.284

4.543

in

0.117
in
7.898

0.197
0.077

Force and speed factors

Torque on the pinion

Tp

=
1067.797

lbf.in

Tang., Wt Radial, Wr
Forces on the pinion

=
711.787

Pitch line speed

vt

235.224

Axial,
Wx

108.565

ft/min

l
b
f

2780.309
Dynamic factor

Kv

Size factor

Ks

0.952
1.000
Pinion
Number of load cycle

Nc

=
3.5e+009

Bending stress cycle factor

Yn

Pitting stress cycle factor

Zn

=
0.917
=
0.874

Expected bending stress

Expected contact stress

Allowable bending stress number

Allowable contact stress number

St
Sc

Sat
Sac

Gear
1.6e+009

0.929
0.889

=
22129.800
=
89095.772
=
24140.937
=
1.020e+005

psi
26212.139

psi

89095.772
psi
28203.434

psi

1.002e+005

Note
After computing the values for allowable bending stress number and for
allowable
contact stress number, you should go to the data in AGMA Standard 2001-C95,
to
select a suitable material. Consider first whether the material should be
steel,
cast iron, bronze, or plastic. Then consult the related tables of data.
For instance use through-hardened steel with hardness, HB
Pinion
Grade 1
Grade 2

=
226.307
=
193.899

Gear
220.725
188.749