Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DOI 10.1007/s10916-013-9978-8
ORIGINAL PAPER
Received: 1 March 2013 / Accepted: 28 August 2013 / Published online: 1 October 2013
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Background
Recently many medical centers in Taiwan have started to
provide services of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for
9978, Page 2 of 13
For example, a cloud-based emergency health care information service system has been used in India to provide on-site
retrieval of patients past medical records [5]. Following the
global trend, a number of hospitals in Taiwan have started to
build cloud computing electronic health systems for their
western medicine services. In addition, a real-time mobile
nursing information system has also been developed for evaluating patients conditions [6]. In contrast, there has had no
similar development for the TCM service. In order to catch up
with the trend and hence provide high-quality TCM services, a
cloud computing system customized for the TCM service is
much needed.
According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology of the USA, Cloud Computing is defined as a
model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access
to a shared group of configurable computing resources (e.g.,
networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can
be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction [7]. In short, the
cloud system for mobile medical services is aimed to apply the
cloud computing method to medical affairs [8]. The cloud
computing system provides a new way to solve problems
with the medical service. Some studies have recently been
conducted regarding how to implement the cloud framework
in medical affairs [8, 9].
A cloud system for mobile medical services is expected to
make it easier for doctors and nurses from wards at different
locations to access real-time medical records of patients [10].
It is intended to bring together information from disparate
sources such as electronic anamnesis records and medication
records, and thus provide ubiquitous access for those who
need the information during a patients hospitalized course.
Integrating patients medical records to assure low-cost, highquality health care service, however, requires cooperation and
coordination [11]. If widespread support from various groups
of the organization is attainable, the cloud system for mobile
medical services can enhance the accuracy and efficiency of
hospital information systems.
This study is to demonstrate how a cloud system with
mobile devices can improve the quality of the TCM service.
In particular, we place an exclusive emphasis on how the
cloud system can help enhance the effectiveness of the acupuncture treatment. The reasons for the choice are three-fold.
First, the acupuncture treatment has long been the archetype of
the TCM service. Second, acupuncture has also been growing
in popularity. There has been an increasing demand for acupuncture as a complement of or adjunct to other medical
therapies for treating diseases such as cancer, stroke, and
chronic diseases. Therefore, assuring patients of high-quality
acupuncture treatments has been given top priority. Third, the
intricacies of the acupuncture treatment can further underline
the need for a cloud system and the contribution the system
can make to the effectiveness of the acupuncture treatment.
Details are described below. The TCM medical staff start the
3-h service session in the outpatient clinic. The physician
conducts a routine inquiry on the health condition of the
patient and makes a comprehensive diagnosis. At the same
time, the physician or the resident writes down the diagnosis
result and gives the acupuncture treatment to the patient when
necessary. When an acupuncture treatment is given, any of the
physician, the resident, and the nurse need hand-write down
details of the acupuncture treatment including the number and
the location of the acupuncture needles that are inserted into
the skin. In general, the nurse is responsible for removing the
needles based on the hand-written records. These written
notes are time-consuming, which, coupled with the large total
number of patients the physician needs to treat during the 3-h
session, may lead to a situation where the acupuncture treatment is done but details of the treatment have not been jotted
down. Furthermore, under a time constraint, doctors sometimes cannot record all the details of the acupuncture treatment. Under such circumstances, details of the acupuncture
treatment may be mis-communicated between health care
workers, and the nurse with no complete guidance from the
physician can only remove those needles that can be spotted.
There is then always risk that some needles are inadvertently
left un-removed. In certain cases, this may endanger the
patients health.
The physician, the resident, and the nurse need also visit
the nursing room on the eighth floor and the physiotherapy
center on the first floor during the 3-h session. Only some of
the patients receiving physiotherapy treatments and/or nursing
services need the TCM service, in particular the acupuncture
treatment. Most of these TCM patients, mainly previously
referred to the TCM department by non-TCM doctors, may
receive the Western Medicine treatment and the TCM treatment at the same time. Mostly, the physician gives a dynamic
acupuncture treatment to these patients, under which patients
can still move around as they like to. This is in contrast to the
usual acupuncture treatment, under which patients need to
keep still.
Like physiotherapy patients, most nursing patients are repeat patients but first-time patients emerge occasionally. Furthermore, some of the physiotherapy patients and most of the
nursing patients here are not able to move on their own so that
on-site diagnoses and treatments are necessary. These on-site
services emphasize the need for a more effective system that
Locations
Acupuncture
treatment time
per patient
Additional
data-processing
time in a 3-h session
Travel time
per visit
The average
total number
of patients
Physiotherapy center
Outpatient clinic
Nursing center
10~20 min
10~20 min
10~20 min
10
None
24
3 min
None
5 min
5 patients
8 patients
12 patients
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Patients medical
records
Personal photos
and medical
imaging
Traditional
Chinese Fourdiagnosis records
Laboratory data
PC
PDA
Pad
Laptop
Equipment Architecture
Diagram
Mobile Devices
Android3.1 or later
1GB RAM
32GB Storage
Wifi network
Application Servers
IBM x3650Server
32GB RAM
300GB HD x5 (Raid5)
Windows 2008 Server
SQL Server 2008
IBM x3650Server
16GB RAM
300GB HD x3 (Raid5)
Windows 2008 Server
SQL Server 2008
Analytical Clients
Intel i7 PC
4GB RAM
500GB HD
Windows7 Professional
9978, Page 6 of 13
Fig. 3 The activity diagram of
mobile operations
Start
review the patients'
medical records
enter four-diagnosis
results
need an acupuncture
treatment?
record acupuncture
places & numbers
time is up?
notify to remove
needles
notify to remove
needles
write prescriptions
End
the acupuncture treatment on the stroke patient. The third
function provided by the mobile system is data synchronization, which allows members of the medical staff to share the
most current medical data.
The back-end system The back-end is structured mainly to
maintain data of the TCM service (Fig. 7). It however also
provides a link with the database of patients western medical
records so that doctors can review and retrieve their patients
western medical records when necessary. With regard to the
TCM data maintenance function of the back-end system,
doctors can review on Web browsers patients medical records
including Four-diagnosis results, prescriptions written to any
specific patient, acupuncture treatments given to any specific
patient. The back-end system also provides a specialist
Input changes in
medical records
Evaluation indexes
1. Time spent in preparatory work for acupuncture (TPA) &
Time needed for keeping acupuncture records (TAR)
Make modifications
Confirm modifications
End
Enter changes in
acupoint
Edit acupoint
layout
Edit acupoint
set
Confirm
modifications
Confirm
modifications
Edit regular
channel sets
Edit acupoint
set priority
Confirm
modifications
End
Confirm
modifications
9978, Page 8 of 13
Historical medical
records
Assist in
diagnose/treatment
Four-Diagnosis
Add/Update
Acupuncture
Add/Update
Mobile Devices
Calculate Barthel
Index
Notify to Remove
Needles
Synchronize
The Backend
System
Review
Patients TCM
Records
Preseciptions
Acupuncture Treatment
Results
Maintain
Acupoints Layouts
Analytical Work
Assemble
Acupuncture
Related Data
Regular Channels
Acupoint Priority
Formulate Helpful
Tips
the right time. It will assure the patient a high-quality treatment. The punctuality measure under either of the old and
new systems is calculated according to the time lag between
the scheduled time to remove the needles and the time when
the needles are actually removed.
3. Time-saving in data integration after the acupuncture
treatment (TDI)
Under the traditional electronic anamnesis system,
health care workers have to key in data of the acupuncture
treatment after the treatment is completed . It takes health
care workers extra time over the time needed for the treatment. The cloud system for mobile medical services, on the
other hand, can automatically keep and store medical records when it is invoked, and hence perform the data
integration function concurrently. These important functions allow us to read the historical records as well as the
newly generated records through the system. This automatic data storage function of the cloud system represents an
improvement in time-efficiency of the acupuncture treatment. We accordingly denote the amount of time-saving as
TDI.
4. Percentage of un-removed acupuncture needles (RLN)
Leaving acupuncture needles in patients is a significant
dereliction of health care workers duty. It may not only
reduce the effectiveness of the treatment but also threaten
the health and safety of the patients. However, it can still,
though only occasionally, happen due to negligence, which
can be mostly attributable to poor communication between
health care workers, as previously alluded to.
Before the implementation of the cloud system, the acupuncture needles must be removed based on the records put
down on sheets of paper by health care workers during the
early stages of the treatment. If the records are incorrect and/or
if health care workers are not conscientious enough, it can
happen that not all the needles are removed. The cloud system,
in contrast, can remind health care workers about what to do in
a timely manner. This will surely enhance the quality of the
medical service.
5. Accuracy of patient identification (API)
It is well known that correctly confirming a patients identity is the most critical step in not only giving appropriate
treatments to the patient but also ensuring high-quality medical
services. Hospitals are used to checking patient identification
by identifying at least two of the appropriate identifiers (e.g.,
the patients name, and medical record number or personal ID
number) [12]. In Taiwan, everyone is required to have a health
care card with her/his name and photo on. However, children
may not have a personal photo on their health care cards. Also,
it can happen that people do not take their cards with them
9978, Page 10 of 13
Result
A field test
To precisely measure the performance of the cloud system, we
carried out a one-month field test prior to the implementation
of the cloud TCM service at the Lukang Branch of the
Changhua Christian Hospital. Two doctors were assigned to
participate in the test. In the first half of the test period, they
were required to use the traditional paper-based recording
system. Total numbers of patients whose medical records were
processed by the two doctors within the first-half-month period were 20 and 22 respectively. The result shows that the two
doctors have similar data-processing skills since they spend
comparable time processing medical data of an individual
patient. During the second half of the test period, the two
doctors were required to process medical data in different
ways. One doctor was asked to handle medical data of 12
patients using the traditional paper-based recording system
while the other doctor handled the same medical data based
on the TCM cloud system. The doctor using the TCM cloud
system worked more slowly than the other in the beginning,
but became much more quickly as time went by. This indicates that the cloud system can have a competitive advantage
in processing medical data. Finally, the two doctors were
asked to handle an identical set of medical data of 20 patients
with the TCM cloud system. The result shows that the cloud
system is friendly enough for doctors to become familiar with
it after only a short period of time.
Performance of the cloud TCM service
For a month period following the implementation of the cloud
system, we record details regarding how the cloud system
impacts on the TCM service. As summarized in Table 2, the
cloud system does a better job than the traditional system from
various perspectives. Under the traditional electronic anamnesis system, TPA and TA are about 2 and 3 min per patient
respectively. This, along with the observation that no less than
20 patients receive the acupuncture treatment during a typical
3-h period, amounts to a saving in working time of more than
40 min per 3 h. It means a 7.40 % (i.e. 40/(1803)) gain in
time efficiency. Furthermore, under the traditional electronic
anamnesis system, TDI is on average 4 min per patient while it
becomes about 3 min under the cloud system. Note that under
the traditional system, data entry takes less time since it is
easier to key in data on a PC than on a mobile device. This
explains why the saving in TDI time is not that significant.
We, nevertheless, believe that the data entry time using a Pad
will be inversely proportional to the conversance of users.
There will be a big potential for time-saving if proficiency
with the cloud system can improve. The saving in labor
time from increased operating efficiency attributable to
Conclusion
One of the most characteristic and attractive features of
acupuncture is that the acupuncture treatment can be given
right at the place where the patient is. Though this on-site
treatment feature gives acupuncture a tremendous advantage over other therapies, it, along with the complicated
process of the acupuncture treatment, poses a challenge to
medical workers. The study therefore develops a cloud
system to make the most use of the on-ste treatment feature
of acupuncture.
The proposed cloud system not only offers instant access to
patients medical data but also integrates patients new medical information from various sources in a timely manner,
which helps establish an effective communication system for
medical workers involved in a given acupuncture treatment.
Our result shows that the cloud system results in a significant
saving in labor time, increasing the flexibility in managing
human resources of health care. Medical workers now can
have ample time to take care of their patients and to conduct
extensive medical research. The cloud system hence provides
further impetus to improve the quality of the TCM service.
The effective communication mechanism provided by the
cloud system in fact makes other considerable improvements
in the TCM service. It enables doctors to give an on-site
acupuncture treatment to a patient. The system also ensures
that every acupuncture needle can be removed at the scheduled time, improving the effectiveness of the acupuncture
treatment.
In sum, this work has illustrated the benefit of providing
mobile medical services, supported by automated electronic
anamnesis storage and update using Cloud Computing, at
Lukang Branch of Changhua Christian Hospital in Taiwan.
As is
Items
To be
Items
Review a patients
medical records
Record diagnosis
and acupuncture
results
Improve the
acupuncture service
Confirm patients
identity
Improve human
resource
management
Enhance on-site
medical services
Analyze historical
medical records
Labor cost:
Patients medical records can be directly transmitted from the
TCM cloud database to designated destinations. (<5 s)
Computer Time cost:
Little time is spent transmitting data since it is now a system
of 1-by-N relations rather than a N-by-N system. (<5 s)
9978, Page 12 of 13
Discussion
There are several issues needed to be addressed for wide
application of the TCM cloud system. First, the Wi-Fi penetration rate needs to be raised in the hospitals for which the
cloud system will be established. Although 3G-carried mobile
devices can operate without Wi-Fi, the transferring speed and
the fair cost tend to balance out the great merit. On the other
hand, the cloud system for mobile medical services must work
within a Wi-Fi environment. This in fact has posed a big
problem for many hospitals in Taiwan, and this also has been
the case for many hospitals in regions such as Europe, Asia,
and even North America.
However, with the rapid development of information technology, the Wi-Fi service penetration has been increasing in
recent years. According to a prediction made by a global
telecommunications equipment company, the number of public Wi-Fi Hotspots is set to proliferate, growing from 0.8
million at the end of 2010 to 5.8 million by the end of 2015
[14]. Furthermore, the continued expansion of broadband
services provides a solid foundation for further growth in
Wi-Fi adoption. Thus the problem of low Wi-Fi penetration
rate will be solved very soon.
Second, the medical cloud system we propose is built
under the Android operating system (OS). Therefore, the
mobile device is limited to those compatible with the
Android OS. Although Android is by far the most popular
smart phone OS, iOS also plays an important role in the
tablet and smart phone markets. A key factor in popularizing
the medical cloud system is to make it compatible with
various operating systems, a goal we will pursue in the next
stage.
Consequently, we chose 7-in. tablets as the mobile device.
The most important advantage of a 7-in. tablet is its suitable
size for mobile medical services. Compared with 10-in. tablets
like the iPad, 7-in. tablets are characterized by small but
convenient size. Furthermore, a 7-in. tablet can fit neatly into
the pockets of the white garb, making it easy for medical
workers to bring the tablet with them. Also, the medical staff
now can easily take notes on the wrist. Another important
advantage of the 7-in. tablet is its affordable price. Prices of
7-in. tablets are usually lower than those of 10-in. tablets.
From the perspective of cost-effectiveness, 7-in. tablets are
hence more competitive than 10-in. tablets.
The last concern is the choice of a reliable server. The cloud
system for mobile medical services requires a large amount of
data storage and transformation. The amount of data is continuously increasing. Furthermore, the server of the cloud
system must be able to allow multiple users to access data
files simultaneously. The information system for the medical
service is much complex than that those for other industries. A
server with trustworthy performance and great stability is
necessary to assure a dependable cloud system.
10.
11.
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