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CHARLES T R IL L IN G ,2 WASHINGTON, D. C.
T h is p aper discu sses t h e c o lla p se b y in s t a b ilit y o f t h in w a lle d c y lin d r ic a l vessels s u b je c te d t o e x te rn a l p ressu re.
The
m o st im p o r ta n t o f t h e
th e o r e tic a l a n d
e m p ir ic a l
fo rm u la s t h a t a p p ly to th is s u b je c t are p re s e n te d in a c o m
m o n n o ta tio n .
A n ew a n d sim p le in s t a b ilit y fo r m u la is
developed.
T h re e classes o f tu b e s are co n sid e red : T u b e s o f in fin ite
le n g th ;
c a lc u
la te d b y th e vario u s fo rm u la s are p re s e n te d in ta b u la r
fo rm as a m e a n s o f c o m p a r in g t h e fo r m u la s .
T h e fo rm u la s are d iscu ssed b rie fly a n d c h e c k e d a g a in s t
th e resu lts o f te s ts c o n d u c te d a t t h e U . S. E x p e r im e n ta l
M o d el B a s in for th e B u r e a u o f C o n s tr u c tio n a n d R ep a ir,
N a vy D e p a r tm e n t.
T h is p ap er is a seq u e l t o o n e p rev io u sly p u b lis h e d 3 as a
p a r t o f t h e w o rk o f t h e A .S .M .E . S p e cia l R e s e a r c h C o m
m itte e o n th e S tr e n g th o f V essels U n d e r E x te r n a l P ressu re.
orm ulas
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
diameter of tube6
length of tube
thickness of shell
collapsing pressure
modulus of elasticity
Poissons ratio
number of lobes or waves in a complete circumferential
belt at the time of collapse.
ip e s o r
ubes
onger
T h a n C r it ic a l L e n g t h
T h e A m e r ic a n S o c ie t y o f M e c h a n ic a l E n g in e e r s .
819
820
Stewart, Carman and Carr (7), (10) (empirical and for steel tubes
only)
V essels
or
T ubes
Sh o rt er
Than
the
C r it ic a l
L ength
n s t a b il it y
ubes
Instability Formulas for Tubes Loaded With Both Radial and Axial
Pressure.
von Mises (13, Eq [6]):
S h o r t e r T h a n C r it ic a l
L ength
term.
are on the average 6 per cent lower (in an extreme case 16 per cent
APM-56-20
821
where
822
where
Since the second term in the denominator is small, and very little
influenced by n, by using p. = 0.3, the coefficient of (t/D)/2 can
be given one value for practically all materials. Eq [22] then
becomes formula [9].
Not only does Eq [20] give for any x and a the minimum value
of y for different values of n, but it is also an approximate en
velope of the family of curves represented by Eq [16] in an x, y
coordinate system with n as a parameter. This follows from the
fact that Eq [20] is obtained by eliminating the family parameter,
n, between Eq [16] and an approximation to the derived Equation
[17]. Thus there is a relation between formulas [8] and [9]
similar to that between formulas [4] and [5], Formula [9] is
nearly identical in form to formula [5] and, like the latter, is
limited in its application because it reduces to zero, instead of to
formula [A], when L becomes infinite.
M
a t h e m a t ic a l
e t e r m in a t io n o f t h e
um ber of
L obes
where
APPLIED MECHANICS
TABLE 1
L /D
[11
0.2
7.3
19.3
41.3
72.1
7 .3
19.3
41.3
72.1
0.6
110.0
0.7
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
110.1
160.8
14.6
40.1
84.5
145.3
232.4
351.1
30.4
85.6
177.2
316.1
501.6
753.2
66.4
190.3
404.8
160.9
485.0
160.9
14.6
40.2
84.8
145.7
233.2
352.4
30.5
86.4
179.3
321.5
510.7
768.0
68.1
199.1
431.0
182.4
581.5
0.3
0.4
0.5
0. 6
0.7
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.4
0.125
0 .2
0.3
[2 ]
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.5
823
V A L U E S O F C O L L A P S IN G P R E S S U R E S G IV E N B Y V A R IO U S IN S T A B IL IT Y F O R M U L A S
100t/D
APM-S6-20
[81
7.3
19.5
42.0
71.9
1 10 .8
163.2
14.5
39.5
82.4
142.4
228.6
346.1
29.4
81.7
168.1
295.1
468.8
703.4
60.8
170.9
357.1
132.9
381.8
[91
7.1
19.5
40.0
70.1
110.7
163.1
14.3
39.4
81.2
142.5
225.6
332.2
29.1
80.9
167.2
294.6
468.0
691.8
60.8
170.7
355.8
133.1
382.7
n by
formula
5
5
5
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
11
9
9
8
8
14
13
12
19
16
N um bee o f Lobes
W hen
S u b je c te d
to
In to
U n if o r m
W h ic h a T u b e W i l l C o lla p s e
R a d ia l a n d
A x ia l
Pbessube
o m p a r is o n o f
r a p h ic a l
h e o r e t ic a l a n d
x p e r im e n t a l
esults
e p r e s e n t a t io n
of
x p e r im e n t a l
esults
orm ulas
100t/D
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0. 6
C a l c u l a t io n s
of
0 .5
0.25
0.7
0. 2
0.3
0 .4
0 .5
0. 6
0 .7
0.2
0.3
0.4
0. 2
0. 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0 .3
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1. 2
2 .6
[3]
0.9
2.3
3 .0
1.7
2.8
3 .5
1. 1
1.3
1 .2
1.7
2. 1
2 .3
1. 1
1.4
1.9
2.8
[41
2 .4
2.6
3 .4
1.6
2. 8
3 .8
4.6
5 .2
5.1
6.1
7 .7
8.8
8.6
10.7
11.3
15.9
[11--- s
[5]
10.4
6 .3
10.0
1 0 .0
7 .0
6 .4
9 .9
9.7
12.2
10.7
11.9
14.3
13.5
15.5
16.2
2 0 .8
824
It will be noted from Fig. 2 that the broken curve does not
differ greatly from the full curve in the region where either is
G r a p h ic a l
R e p r e s e n t a t io n
o f
E x p e r im e n t a l
R esults
(Solid and broken curves both represent the theoretical formula [9], the
former neglecting the small (t/D )1/ * term. Circles are experimental points.)
where
A PPLIED MECHANICS
TABLE 3
Model
DO.
63
53
57
54
56
55
40
41
49
42
51
47
31
43
45
52
32
33
44
46
48
50
61
59
62
58
60
65
64
66
68
67
73
70
69
71
in.
32
16
16
8
7V4
4
32
24
24
16
15
12
8*A
8
8
8
6
4
4
4
3
2
32
16
16
8
4
32
16
8
32
16
8
32
16
8
t,
in.
0.0310
0.0315
0.0308
0.0305
0.0320
0.0320
0.0500
0.0530
0.0510
0.0530
0.0500
0.0505
0.0476
0.0520
0.0510
0.0490
0.0510
0.0516
0.0518
0.0512
0.0493
0.0450
0.0635
0.0640
0.0647
0.0635
0.0620
0.0756
0.0783
0.0776
0.0951
0.0933
0.0901
0.1092
0.1080
0.1045
D,
in.
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
10-Hy
lb /in .8
26
29
27
25
29
29
36
43
43
43
39
39
30
44
40
39
31
31
44
40
39
39
39
40
38
40
39
37
41
40
37
35
35
39
41
44
10JS
lb/in.*
31
28
30
30
28
28
32
31
31
30
29
28
29
28
31
29
28
28
28
31
28
28
30
30
30
30
32
30
32
31
30
29
29
30
30
30
E X P E R IM E N T A L
APM-56-20
RESULTS
P. lb / in .8 *>
B y for
By
expt.
m u la [9]
10
7
14
13
15
13
26
23
31
28
48
56
25
23
34
39
36
31
58
50
54
45
65
56
66
69
94
92
96
97
84
82
107
119
139
190
139
192
163
206
168
235
195
300
48
39
89
81
89
83
159
163
199
347
60
67
129
142
235
278
112
107
209
200
281
380
149
150
288
298
327
570
'
L /D
2.000
1.000
1.000
0.500
0.484
0.250
2.000
1.500
1.500
1.000
0.937
0.750
0.547
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.375
0.250
0.250
0.250
0.187
0.125
. 2.000
1.000
1.000
0.500
0.250
2.000
1.000
0.500
2.000
1.000
0.500
2.000
1.000
0.500
1 T. von K&rm&n, Untersuchungen iiber Knickfestigkeit, Mitteilungen tiber Forschungsarbeiten, no. 81, 1910.
2 R . V. Southwell, On the General Theory of Elastic Stability,
Phil. Trans., vol. 213A, 1913, pp. 187-244.
3 H. E. Saunders and D . F. Windenburg, Strength of Thin
Cylindrical Shells Under External Pressure, A.S.M .E. Trans., vol.
53, 1931, paper APM-53-17a.
4 Proposed Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure
Vessels Subjected to External Pressure, Mechanical Engineering,
vol. 56, 1934, pp. 245-249.
5 R . V. Southwell, On the Collapse of Tubes by External Pres
sure, P hil. Mag., I, May, 1913, pp. 687-698; IX, Sept., 1913, pp.
502-511; I I I , Jan., 1915, pp. 67-77.
im /D
0.193
0.197
0.192
0.190
0.200
0.200
0.312
0.330
0.318
0.330
0.312
0.315
0.297
0.324
0.318
0.305
0.318
0.321
0.323
0.319
0.307
0.280
0.395
0.399
0.403
0.395
0.386
0.470
0.487
0.483
0.591
0.580
0.560
0.678
0.670
0.649
825
-n------- B y for
By
m ula [6]
expt.
6
6
8
8
8
8
11
11
11
11
14
14
5
5
6
6
6
6
8
7 '
7
7
9
8
9
9
10
9
9
9,10
9
9,10
11
11
13, 14
13
13
13
13
13
14
13, 14
17
19
5, 6
5
6
6 ,7
6
6
9
ii
12
4
5
6
6
8
8, 9
4
4
6
6
8
4
4
5, 6
6
8
Out-ofroundneu
m
one bulge
or V t lobe
0 .94 t
0 .74 t
0.39 t
0 .26 t
0 .16 t
0.47 t
0.47 t
0 .*53 *i
0.32 I
0.33 t
0.16 t
0.5 0 t
0.37 t
0.25 t
0.18 t
0.33 t
0.11 t
0 .1 9 t
0.13 t
0.22 t
0.16 t
0.1 4 t
0.22 t
0.12 t
0.16 t
0.11 I
0.32 t
0.41 t
0.06 t
0.32 t
0.15 t
o '.ih 't
0.16 t
0.14 t