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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Sl
Page
Name Of The Experiment
No
No
Part A
Determination of Thermal
01
Conductivity of a metal Rod.
Determination of Overall heat
02
Transfer Coefficient of a Composite
wall
Determination of Effectiveness on
03
metallic Fin
Determination of heat transfer
04
Coefficient in a free Convection on a
vertical tube
Determination of heat Transfer
05
Coefficient in a Forced Convection
Flow through a pipe
Determination of Emissivity of a
06
Surface.
Part B
Determination of Steffan- Boltzman
07
Constant.
Determination of LMTD and
08
Effectiveness in a Parallel Flow and
counter Flown heat Exchanger
Experiments on Boiling of Liquid and
09
Condensation of vapour
Performance Test on Vapour
10
Compression Refrigeration.
Performance Test on Vapour
11
Compression Air Conditioner
Experiment on Transient Conduction
12
heat Transfer.
*DOC- Date Of Conducted
*DOS-Date Of Submitted
DOC*
DOS*
Marks
Faculty
Sign
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Date:
Introduction:
Thermal conductivity is the physical property of material denoting the ease with a particular
substance can accomplish the transmission of thermal energy by molecular motion. Thermal
conductivity of a material is found, to depend on the chemical composition of the substances of
which it is a composed, the phase (i.e. gas, liquid or solid) in which its crystalline structure if a
solid, the temperature & pressure to which it is subjected and whether or not it is homogeneous
material.
Thermal energy in solids may be conducted in two modes.
They are:
- Lattice vibration:
- transport by free electrons.
In good electrical conductors a rather large number of free electrons move about in a lattice
structure of the material. Just as these electrons may transport may transport electric charge, they
may also carry thermal energy from a high temperature region to low temperature region. In fact,
these electrons are frequently referred as the electron gas. Energy may also be transmitted as
vibrational energy in the lattice structure of the material. In general, however, this latter mode of
energy transfer is not as large as the electron transport and it is for this reason that good
electrical conductors are almost always good heat conductors, for eg: ALUMINIUM, COPPER
& SILVER.
With the increase in temperature, however the increased lattice vibrations come in the way of
electron transport by free electrons and for most of the pure metals the thermal conductivity
decreases with the increase in the temperature.
Experimental set up: The experimental set up consists of a metal bar, one end of which is
heated by an electrical heater while the other end projects inside a cooling water jacket. The
heater is provided with a dimmerstat for controlling the heat input .The middle portion is
surrounded by a cylindrical shell filled with insulating powder and thermocouples are placed on
the bar for temperature measurement. Water under the constant head is circulated through the
jacket and its flow rate and temperature rise are measured using rotameters and thermocouples.
Apparatus: Metal rod, Heater, Rotameter, Thermocouples, Power supply panel, etc.
Experimentation:
Aim: To find out the THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY of given metal rod.
Procedure:
Give necessary electrical and water connections to the instrument.
Switch on the MCB and console ON to activate the control panel.
Give input to the heater by slowly rotating the heater regulator.
Start the cooling water supply through the water jacket (make sure not to exceed 3lpm).
Note the temperature at different points, when steady state is reached.
Repeat the experiment for different heater input.
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, MSEC, Bangalore.
After the experiment is over, switch off the electrical connections, allow the water to
flow for some time in the water jacket and then stop it.
Specifications:
Room temperature (T) =---------o C
Diameter of metal rod (d)=----------m
Length of the metal bar (L)= _____m
Distance between each thermocouples, X = ______m
Tabular Column
Sl.
no
Mass flow
rate
Volt
V
lpm
Amp
I
Room
Temp
Water temp.
T1
Kg/s
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
inlet
T8
outlet
T9
Calculations:
.d 2
= ------------------ m2
4
d = Diameter of the rod in m.
R
---------------kg/ sec.
60
Where,
R = Rotameter reading in lpm.
Heat input , QI = V I
Where
=-------------------- W
V = Voltage. (Volts)
I = Current (amps)
QI
V I
( W)
QW
(W)
Thermal
conductivity
k
(W/m-k)
4. Plot the graph of temperature T v/s distance X (Fig 1.2), from the best fitting straight line for
dT
temperatures T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7, Average temperature gradient (slope).
is calculated.
dX
T2
T3
TC
dT
T4
T5
T6
dX
T7
X in m
dT
=--------------W
dX
QW
dT =---------------------W/mK
A
dX
Before starting and after finishing the experiment the heater controller should be in off
position.
Do not attempt to alter the equipment as this may cause damage to the whole system.
Point for Discussion
(1) Compare the experimental value of k with the standard value at the average temperature
of the set of observations.
(2) Is there any specific reason why the water jacket is circulated on one end of the rod.
Comment on it.
10
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Date:
Introduction:
In engineering applications, we deal with many problems. Heat Transfer through composite
walls is one of them. It is the transport of energy between two or more bodies of different
thermal conductivity arranged in series or parallel. For example, a fastener joining two mediums
also acts as one of the layers between these mediums. Hence, the thermal conductivity of the
fastener is also very much necessary in determining the overall heat transfer through the
medium. An attempt has been made to show the concept of heat transfers through composite
walls.
Apparatus: Given Composite wall, Heater, Set of Thermocouples, Power Supply panel,
Channel Temperature Indicator and necessary connections.
Experimental set up: The experimental set up consists of three slabs of different materials of
same thickness clamped in the centre using screw rod. At the centre of the composite wall, a
heater is fitted. End losses from the composite wall are minimized by providing thick insulation
all rounds to ensure unidirectional heat flow.
Thermocouples are fitted at the interface of the plates at different points as to obtain average
temperature for each surface. Heat conducted through the composite wall is taken away by
atmospheric air.
Experimentation:
Aim: To Determine the overall heat Transfer coefficient of a composite wall.
Procedure:
Symmetrically arrange the plates and ensure perfect contact between the plates.
Switch ON mains and the CONSOLE.
Set the heater regulator to the known value.
Wait for sufficient time to allow temperature to reach steady values.
Note down the Temperatures 1 to 7 using the channel selector and digital temperature
indicator.
Note down the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
Calculate the overall conductance using the procedure given below.
Repeat the experiment for different heat input.
Specification:
1. Mild Steel _______ mm thick of _______mm dia.
2. Wood ________ mm thick of ________ mm dia.
3. Copper _______ mm thick of ________ mm dia.
4. Heater _______ watts.
5. Thermocouples ______ Nos.
11
12
Tabular Column :
Sl No
Voltage
V
Volts
Current
I
Amps
Temperatures ( 0C )
T1 T2
T3
T4 T5 T6 T7
Calculations:
(a) Heat flow through composite wall Q = V x I=----------------Q=
k1 A1 (T2 T3 )
k A (T T5 )
k A (T T7 )
= 2 2 4
= 3 3 6
L3
L1
L2
QL1
=------------------------------A1 (T2 T3 )
Where A=
.d 2
4
QL2
=-------------------------------A2 (T4 T5 )
A1 = A2 = A3 = A.
k2 =
k3 =
QL3
=-------------------------------A3 (T6 T7 )
----------------(1)
L1 = thickness of copper.
L2 = thickness of wood.
L3 = thickness of Mild Steel.
13
L1 L2 L3
+ +
=---------------------------k1 k 2 k 3
W
Unit ( 2
)
m K
Uo =
Tabulation :-
Sl.
No
k1
W
(
)
mK
k2
W
(
)
mK
k3
W
(
)
mK
Result: The Overall heat transfer co-efficient of given composite slab was found to be
U0 = _____W/ m2-K.
Precautions:
1. Check all the electrical connections.
2. Do not run the equipment if the voltage is below 180V.
3. Do not attempt to alter the equipment as this may cause damage to the whole system.
Points for discussion:1) Comment on the experimental set up,its validity and accuracy.
2) Overall heat transfer co-efficient can also be calculated without the requirement of
intermediate temperatures.comment on it.
14
15
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Date:
Introduction:
A spine or pin-fin is an extended surface of cylindrical or conical shape used for increasing the
heat transfer rates from the surfaces, whenever it is not possible to increase the rate of heat
transfer either by increasing heat transfer co-efficient or by increasing the temperature difference
between the surface and surrounding fluids.
The fins are commonly used on engine heads of scooter, motorcycles, as well as small capacity
compressors. The pin type fins are also used on the condenser of a domestic refrigerator.
Experimental set up:
The experimental set up consists of a blower unit having a rectangular duct inside which the pin
fin is fitted. One end of the pin fin is connected to heater. Five thermocouples are embedded on
the fin surface.Blower along with the orifice is used to measure flow of air through the duct.
Input to heater is given through dimmerstat and measured by voltmeter and ammeter. Air flow is
controlled by the gate valve and is measured with the help of orifice meter and the manometer
fitted on the board.
Experimentation:
Aim: To determine the efficiency and effectiveness of the fin by natural convection and forced
convection using pin fin apparatus.
Procedure :
(a) Natural Convection:
Switch on the MCB and then console on switch to activate the control panel.
Switch on the heater and regulate the power input using the heater regulator.
Wait for reasonable time to allow temperatures to reach steady state.
Measure the voltage, current and temperatures from T1 toT6 at known time interval.
Calculate the effectiveness & efficiency of the fin using the procedure given.
Repeat the experiment for different values of power input to the heater.
(b) Forced Convection:
Switch on the MCB and then console on switch to activate the control panel.
Switch on the heater and regulate the power input using the heater regulator.
Switch on the blower unit and adjust the flow of air using gate valve of blower to a
desired difference in manometer (for forced flow only otherwise skip to step 4).
Wait for reasonable time to allow temperatures to reach steady state.
Measure the voltage, current and temperatures at known time interval.
Calculate the effectiveness & efficiency of the fin using the procedure given.
Repeat the experiment for different values of power input to the heater and blower air
flow rates.
16
GI Pipe
orifice
Temperature Indicator
Ammeter
Voltmeter
To u-Tube
Manometer
Gate valve
Dimmerstat
Blower
Pin fin
T2
T3
T4
T5
17
Amps
Watts
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Calculations:
Temp.
dT
dX
X=0
Distance, X (m)
Figure 3.3 Graph of temperature versus length of the rod.
dT
dX
@x=0
= _______ .
18
Q fin
fin max
Where, Qfin = - kA
dT
dX
@x=0
.d 2
= ________ m2
4
d = Diameter of the pin fin . ( m.)
(Qfin)max = h.AS.( T0 T) + S.( T04 T4)
now AS = .d.l. (m2)
A = Area of cross section of metal rod, A=
theo =
W
)
mK
.d 2
Film temperature, Tf =
Ts Ta
( C )
2
T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
(K)
5
Specific heat, Cp =
Kinematic viscosity, =
Thermal conductivity, k =
Prandtl number, Pr =
19
g. ..d 3
Where,
= Co-efficient of thermal expansion =
1
. (K-l )
(T f 273)
T = Tf -T1. (K)
d = Diameter of the pin fin. (m)
Ra. No = Gr Pr =
From heat transfer Data hand book corresponding to this value of Rayleigh number Ra, the
nusselt number(Nu) is given by
For 10-1 < Gr Pr < 104, Nu = 0.68 +
Pr
0.444
h.l
.
k
Or
Nu.k
.
l
tanh(ml )
h. A
k f .P
W
)
m K
2
20
Calculations:
(1) Experimental Efficiency of pin fin
Temp.
A graph of T(x) versus x is plotted and the curve is plotted and the curve is extrapolated to
dT
intersect the temperature axis.Then the value of T(x) @ x =0 and
@ x = 0 are read from the
dX
graph.
dT
dX
X=0
Distance, X (m)
Figure 3.4 Graph of temperature versus length of the rod.
dT
From the graph,T(x)@ x = 0 = ________ ,
@ x = 0 = _______ .
dX
The efficiency of the pin fin experimentally is given by
21
Q fin
fin max
Where, Qfin = - kA
dT
dX
@x=0
.d 2
= ________ m2
4
d = Diameter of the pin fin . ( m.)
(Qfin)max = h.AS.( T0 T) + S.( T04 T4)
now AS = .d.l. (m2)
(2) Theoritical Efficiency of pin fin(theo)
tanh ml
ml
h.P
Where, m =
k f .A
theo =
.d 2
W
)
mK
4
l = Length of pin fin, m
Ts Ta
. ( C )
2
T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
. (K)
5
Specific heat, Cp =
Kinematic viscosity, =
Thermal conductivity, k =
Prandtl number, Pr =
(2) Discharge q = Cd A0
2 g.H a
22
Where,
Cd = 0.65
d o 2
A0 =
4
do = Diameter of orifice
Ha = Head of air = w Hw/ a
w = 1000 kg/m3
a = 1.2 kg/m3
q
(3) Velocity v = . (m2)
A
(4) Reynolds No. Re = vd /
Where,
d = Diameter of the pin fin. (m)
v = Velocity of the air. (m/s)
From heat transfer Data hand book corresponding to this value of Reynolds number, the nusselt
number(Nu) is given by
Nu = 0.618 (Re )0.466, if 40 < Re < 4000
Nu = 0.174 (Re )0.618, if 4000 < Re < 40,000.
Hence,
Nu =
h=
h.l
.
k
Or
Nu.k
.
l
tanh(ml )
h. A
k f .P
W
)
m K
2
23
Points for discussion:(1) If the readings are taken when the steady state is yet to be reached,how will the accuracy of
the results will be affected.
(2) From the observations taken in this experiment, explain how would you determine the
thermal conductivity of the material of the fin.
24
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Date:
Introduction:
There are certain situations in which the fluid motion is produced due to change in density
resulting from temperature gradients. The mechanism of heat transfer in these situations is called
free or natural convection. Free convection is the principal mode of heat transfer from pipes,
transmission lines, refrigerating coils, hot radiators etc. The movement of fluid in free
convection is due to the fact that the fluid particles in the immediate vicinity of the hot object
become warmer than the surrounding fluid resulting in a local change of density. The colder
fluid creating convection currents would replace the warmer fluid. These currents originate when
a body force (gravitational, centrifugal, electrostatic etc) acts on a fluid in which there are
density gradients. The force, which induces these convection currents, is called a buoyancy force
that is due to the presence of a density gradient within the fluid and a body force. Grashoffs
number a dimensionless quantity plays a very important role in natural convection.
Experimental set up:
The apparatus consists of a brass tube fitted in a rectangular duct in a vertical position. The duct
is open at the top and bottom and forms an enclosure and serves the purpose of undisturbed
surrounding. An electric heating element is kept in the vertical tube which in turn heats the tube
surface. The heat is lost from the tube to the surrounding air by natural convection. The
temperature of the vertical tube is measured by six thermocouples. The heat input to the heater is
measured by an Ammeter and a Voltmeter and is varied by a dimmerstat. The tube surface is
polished to minimize the radiation losses.
Experimentation:
Aim: To determine the heat transfer co-efficient for natural convection using the given
apparatus.
Procedure:
Keep the tube in the vertical position.
Switch on MCB and then CONSOLE ON switch.
Switch on the heater and set the voltage (say 40V) using heater regulator and the digital
voltmeter.
Wait for sufficient time to allow temperature to reach steady values.
Note down the Temperatures using the channel selector and digital temperature indicator.
Note down the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
Calculate the convection heat transfer co-efficient using the procedure given below.
Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs.
25
Specifications:
Diameter of chromium plated brass tube =
Length of brass tube =
Brass tube wall thickness =
Distance between thermocouples
Brass
Tube
Heating
Element
Wattmeter
Dimmerstat
230 V
50 Hz
Thermocouples
(T2- T7)
Enclosure
26
Tabular column:
Sl.
Voltage Current Power Temperature at different point in the Heat transfer coefficient W/m2-K
No. ( V )
(I)
W=VI outer surface of cylinder
Volts
Amps
Watts
T1
T2
T3
T4
Calculations:
I. Experimental Method
T5
T6
T7
hexp
htheo
27
Q
.
AS (TS Ta )
Where
Q = Rate of heating, = V x I, watts.
A =dl,
Where,
d = Diameter of cylinder rod. (m)
l = length of cylinder. (m)
II. Analytical (Theoretical) Method
(i)
Film temperature, Tf =
TS Ta
. ( C )
2
T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
(K)
6
Specific heat, Cp =
Kinematic viscosity, =
Thermal conductivity, k =
Prandtl number, Pr =
(ii) Grassoff number Gr =
g. ..l c3
Where,
= Co-efficient of thermal expansion =
1
. ( K-l )
(T f 273)
T = Tf -T1. ( K)
lc = characteristic length = length of the vertical cylinder . (m)
= Kinematic viscosity. (m2 /s)
Ra.No = Gr Pr =
From heat transfer Data hand book corresponding to this value of Rayleigh number Ra, the
nusselt number(Nu) is given by
For 10-1 < Gr x Pr < 104, search a suitable correlation from data hand book.
For 104 < Gr x Pr < 109,
28
Hence,
Nu =
htheo .l
.
k
htheo =
or
Nu.k
.
l
W
)
m K
2
The heat transfer co-efficient for the vertical tube was found to be _______
W
m K
2
29
30
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Forced convection
Date:
W
for forced convection).
m K
2
Experimental set up: The experimental set up consists of a blower unit fitted with the test pipe.
The test section is surrounded by band heater. Seven thermocouples are embedded on the test
section and two thermo couples are placed in the air stream at the entrance and exit of the test
section to measure the air inlet and outlet temperatures. Test pipe is connected to the delivery
side of the blower along with the orifice to measure flow of air through the pipe. Input to heater
is given through dimmerstat and measured by voltmeter and ammeter. Air flow is controlled by
the gate valve and is measured with the help of orifice meter and the manometer fitted on the
board.
Experimentation:
Aim: To determine the Forced Convection heat transfer coefficient for flow through the given
Horizontal tube cylinder.
Procedure:
Keep the tube in the vertical position.
Switch on MCB and then CONSOLE ON switch.
Switch on the heater and set the voltage (say 40V) using heater regulator and the digital
voltmeter.
Switch on the blower unit and adjust the flow of air using gate valve of blower to a
desired difference in manometer.
Wait for sufficient time to allow temperature to reach steady values.
Note down the Temperatures using the channel selector and digital temperature indicator.
Note down the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
Calculate the convection heat transfer co-efficient using the procedure given below.
Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs.
31
Specifications:
1
2
3
4
Temperature Indicator
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Dimmerstat
Air Exit
Test Section
To U-Tube Manometer
Blower
Figure 5.1 Schematic Diagram of forced convection test set up.
32
33
2 g.H a
Where,
Cd = Co-efficient of discharge = 0.65
.d o 2
A0 =
4
do = Diameter of orifice
Ha = Head of air = w Hw/ a
w = 1000 kg/m3
a = 1.2 kg/m3
q
(3) Velocity v = . (m2)
A
(4) Reynolds No. Re = vd /
Where,
d = Diameter of the cylinder, (m)
v = Velocity of the air. (m/s)
From heat transfer Data hand book corresponding to this value of Reynolds number, the nusselt
number(Nu) is given by
Nu = 0.618 (Re )0.466, if 40 < Re < 4000
Nu = 0.174 (Re )0.618, if 4000 < Re < 40,000.
Hence,
Nu =
htheo .d
.
k
htheo=
Nu.k
.
d
Or
W
)
m K
2
34
35
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
Emissivity Measurement
Date:
Introduction:
Radiation is one of the modes of heat transfer, which does not require any material medium for
its propagation. All bodies can emit radiation & have also the capacity to absorb all or a part of
the radiation coming from the surrounding towards it. The mechanism is assumed to be
electromagnetic in nature and is a result of temperature difference. Thermodynamic
considerations show that an ideal radiator or black body will emit energy at a rate proportional to
the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the body. Other types of surfaces such as glossy
painted surface or a polished metal plate do not radiate as much energy as the black body,
however the total radiation emitted by these bodies still generally follow the fourth power
proportionality. To take account of the gray nature of such surfaces, the factor called emissivity
(), which relates the radiation of the gray surface to that of an ideal black surface, is used. The
emissivity of the surface is the ratio of the emissive power of the surface to the emissive power
of the black surface at the same temperature. Emissivity is the property of the surface and
depends upon the nature of the surface and temperature.
Experimental set up:-The experimental set up consists of an Enclosure which houses a pair of
metal discs which are geometrically similar made of same material. One of the discs is painted
black (black body) whose emissivity is known and the other disc (grey body) whose emissivity
has to be determined. The geometric and material similarity of the two discs ensures that the
conduction and convection losses between the disc and the ambient will remain same if both the
discs are at the same temperatures. Three thermocouples are placed on the surface of each disc.
Apparatus: - blackbody, test body, heater, digital voltmeter Ammeter, control body.
Experimentation:
Aim: - To determine the emissivity of grey body at temperature.
Procedure:
Give necessary electrical connections and switch on the MCB and switch on the console
on to activate the control panel.
Switch On the heater of the Gray body and set the voltage using the heater regulator and
digital voltmeter.
Switch On the heater of the Black body and set the voltage or current (say higher than
gray body) using the heater regulator and digital voltmeter.
Wait to attain the steady state.
Note down the temperatures at different points and also the voltmeter and ammeter
readings.
Tabulate the readings and calculate the surface emissivity of the non black surface.
Temperature Indicator
36
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Dimmerstat
Black Body
Temperature
Selector
Switch
Dimmerstat
Grey Body
Black Body
Grey Body
T5 T6 T7
T2 T3 T4
37
Specifications:
Sl.
No
Surface temp
Volts
V2
current
I2
T2
T3
T4
Room
Temp
T1
Surface temp
Volts
V1
Current
I1
T5
T6
T7
Encloure
Temp
T8
Emiss
ivity
38
Procedure:
Give necessary electrical connections and switch on the MCB and switch on the console
on to activate the control panel.
Switch On the heater of the Gray body and set the voltage using the heater regulator and
digital voltmeter.
Switch On the heater of the Black body and set the voltage or current (say higher than
gray body) using the heater regulator and digital voltmeter.
Wait to attain the steady state.
Note down the temperatures at different points and also the voltmeter and ammeter
readings.
Tabulate the readings and calculate the surface emissivity of the gray body surface.
Qg
Qb
g Ag (Tg T8 )
b Ab (Tb T8 )
Percussions:
Allways keep dimmerstate at zero before starting.
Increase power input slowly.
Do not touch the black plate.
Points for Discussion :
(1) The value of emissivity obtained is total is total emissivity or monochromatic
emissivity.What is the difference between the two.
(2) How and under what conditions emissivity of a surface equals its absorptivity.
39
40
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
Dtae:
Introduction:
The most commonly used relationship in radiation heat transfer is the Stefan Boltzmans law
which relates the heat transfer rate to the temperatures of hat and cold surfaces.
Q = A (Th4 Tc4)
Where,
Q= rate of heat transfer, watts
= Stefan Boltzmans constant = 5.669 x 10-8 watts/m2 K4
A = Surface area, m2
Th = Temperature of the hot body, K
Tc = Temperature of the cold body, K
The above equation is applicable only to black bodies (for example a piece of metal covered
with carbon black approximates this behavior) and is valid only for thermal radiation. Other
types of bodies (like a glossy painted surface or a polished metal plate) do not radiate as much
energy as the black body but still the total radiation emitted generally follow temperature
proportionality.
Experimental setup:
The experimental set up consists of a hemispherical shell which is fixed to a non-conducting
plate. The outer surface of the hemisphere is enclosed in a metal water jacket used to heat the
copper shell to any desired temperature. The shell shape is chosen as hemispherical to see that
the water in the jacket is drained off easily. Thermocouples are fixed at various points on the
surface of the shell to measure the shell surface temperature. The disc is mounted in an insulated
bakelite sleeve fits in a hole drilled in the centre of the base plate. Thermocouple is attached to
the disc to measure its temperature at any time.
Apparatus: Copper hemispherical enclosure, thermocouple jacket to hold hot water.
Experimentation:
Aim: To determine the value of Stefan Boltzman constant.
Procedure:
Fill water slowly into the overhead water heater.
Switch on the supply mains and console.
Switch on the heater and regulate the power input using the heater regulator. (say 60 85
C)
After water attains the maximum temperature, open the valve of the heater and dump to
the enclosure jacket.
Wait for about few seconds to allow hemispherical enclosure to attain uniform
temperature the chamber will soon reach the equilibrium. Note the enclosure
temperature.
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, MSEC, Bangalore.
41
Insert the Test specimen with the sleeve into its position and record the temperature at
different instants of time using the stop watch.
Plot the variation of specimen temperature with time and get the slope of temperature
versus time variation at the time t = 0 sec
Calculate the Stefan Boltzmans constant using the equations provided.
Repeat the experiment 3 to 4 times and calculate the average value to obtain the better
results.
Specifications:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mass of disc =
Diameter of rod =
Specific heat =
Emitter temperature Te = _______ 0C
Water Tank
Temperature
Indicator
Heater
Temperature
Selection Water Jacket
Switch
T3
T2
T4
T7
T5
T6
Copper
Hemisphere
Disc(Copper)
42
T1
T2
T3
T5
T6
1.
2.
3.
4.
30
60
90
120
in
W
2
m K4
43
J
)
Kg K
T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
5
TS = Average temperature.
dT
= slope from graph Temperature (T) Vs time (t) .
dt
TS =
T indeg
dT
dt
time t insec
Figure 7.3 Graph of Temperature of disc versus time.
Result: The experiment was conducted successfully .The Stefan boltzman constant was found to
be ________
Precautions:
44
Do not attempt to alter the equipment as this may cause damage to the whole system.
Points for Discussion:
(1) What errors will creep in if the temperature recordings of the disc are not taken quickly..
(2) Comment why the shell is chosen as Hemisphere.
45
46
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
Date:
Introduction:
Heat exchangers are devices in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another. The fluids
may be in direct contact with each other or separated by a solid wall. Heat Exchangers can be
classified based on its principle of operation and the direction of flow. The temperature of the
fluids change in the direction of flow and consequently there occurs a change in the thermal
head causing the flow of heat. The temperatures profiles at the two fluids in parallel and counter
flow are curved and has logarithmic variations. LMTD is less then the arithmetic mean
temperature difference. So, it is always safer for the designer to use LMTD so as to provide
larger heating surface for a certain amount of heat transfer.
Experimental set-up: A typical set up of concentric tube heat exchanger is shown in figure
below. An electric geyser is provided to supply hot water which flows through the inner tube.
Cold water is admitted at either end enabling the same heat exchanger to run in a parallel flow or
a counter flow mode. This is achieved by operating different valves provided in the water line.
The outer tube is adequately insulated to minimize the heat loss to the surroundings.
Thermocouples are used to measure the inlet and outer temperatures of the cold and hot fluids.
The flow rates of the two fluids are measured by measuring flask.
Apparatus: Heat exchanger hearing inner copper tube through which water flows, heaters,
rotameter, blower, channel selector and digital temperature, display.
Experimentation:
Aim: To determine rate of heat transfer and overall heat transfer co-efficient in parallel and
counter flow heat exchanger.
Procedure:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
47
48
T2 in C
inlet
T3 in C
outlet
Flow rate
(LPM)
T4 in 0C
inlet
T5 in 0C
outlet
J
)
Kg K
Twh =T3 T2
(2) Heat transfer rate from hot water, Qc = Cp (mc).Twc
Where,
Mass flow rate (mh)
CP = CPc = CPh = 4184 (
J
)
Kg K
Twc = T5 T4
Q Qc
(3) Q = h
2
(4) Log mean temperature difference ( LMTD )
2
LMTD = 1
ln 1
Where,
1 = Thi -Tci = T2 T4
2 = Tho - Tco = T3 T5
(5) Overall Heat Transfer co-efficient (U)
W
Q
U=
, ( 2
)
AS LMTD
m K
Where, AS = do.L
T T3
(6) Effectiveness () = 2
T2 T4
(7) Theoretical effectiveness
49
50
(9)
T2 in 0C
inlet
T3 in 0C
outlet
T5 in 0C
inlet
T4 in 0C
outlet
J
)
Kg K
Twc = T4 T5
Qh Qc
2
(4) Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
2
LMTD = 1
ln 1
Where,
1 = Thi -Tci = T2 T5
2 = Tho - Tco = T3 T4
(5) Overall Heat Transfer co-efficient (U)
Q
U=
AS LMTD
51
T2 T3
T2 T5
(7)Theoretical effectiveness
(9)
Result:
For Parallel Flow
i) The Heat transfer obtained is ______ watts
ii) Overall Heat Transfer is _______
iii) Effectiveness is ______
iv) % Error is _______
For Counter Flow
i) The Heat transfer obtained is ______ watts
ii) Overall Heat Transfer is ______
ii) Effectiveness is ______
iv) % Error is _______
52
53
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
Date:
Introduction:
Boilers and condenser which are used as heat exchanger posses unique characteristics of heat
transfer mechanism on the condensing and boiling side.
When a vapour strikes a surface temp below the corresponding saturation temperature the
vapour will immediately condense into the liquid phase. The porous of condensation may take
place into two different type namely:
a. Film wise condensation
b. Drop wise condensation
When the condensate tends to wet the surface it is called film wise condensation. When
condensate does not wet the surface and when it forms droplets on the surface, it is known as
drop wise condensation.
Experimental setup:- The experimental set up consists of an electric generator to generate
steam instantaneously and the steam is made to condense on two vertical hollow copper
cylinders with one coated with chromium(drop wise).On one cylinder the condensation will be
film-wise while on the other which is coated, it will be drop wise. The flow of water is regulated
by means of a pump. The schematic for the experiment is shown in the figure 9.1.Provisions are
made to measure the cooling water flow rate, condensate flow rate, the outer surface temperature
of the cylinder, the pressure of steam condensing and the inlet and exit temperature of the
cooling water.
Apparatus: Gas tube, steam generator copper coated internal tube, stop watch.
Experimentation:
Aim: To determine the average heat transfer co-efficient for film wise and dropwise
condensation and comparison of both.
Procedure:
(1) First fill the water in stainless steel tank and then switch on the main and console.
(2) Switch on the supply pump starter.
(3) Change the ball valve position of conducting film wise condensation experiment.
(4) Switch on the heater and maintain a steady water flow, say 4LPM, through the rata meter.
(5) Wait for sometime till steady steam is generated. Then the stem is passed through a
separator to supply only dry stream to the cylinder.
(6) The stem starts condensing on outer surface of the condenser tube and gets collected as a
condensate at the bottom of the cylinder.
(7) Note down the different temperatures of inlet and outlet water supply, stem pressure, flow
rate of water.
(8) Now change the ball valve position to drop wise condensation and conduct the experiment
for same flow rate.
(9) Repeat the above procedure for different flow rates and different steam pressures.
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, MSEC, Bangalore.
54
T2
T3
Water outlet
T5
T2
Water outlet
Water inlet
Water inlet
Plated Condensor
Plain Condensor
T4 T6
Glass Tube
Steam inlet
Condensed Water
Outlet
55
Hence,
Qsteam = _________.
Qsteam
dl (Tsat Ts )
= __________
To find hav using standard correlation:
Reynolds number for the condensate = Re =
4 msteam
= _________
d
Hence
k 3 2 g
1.47
hav =
0.33
Re
0.33
= _______________
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, MSEC, Bangalore.
W
).
m K
2
56
Hence,
Qsteam = _________.
Qsteam
dl (Tsat Ts )
= __________
To find hav using standard correlation for drop wise condensation:
Reynolds number for the condensate = Re =
4 msteam
= _________
d
Hence
k 3 2 g
1.47
hav =
0.33
Re
0.33
= _______________
W
).
m K
2
57
Result: Average heat transfer co-efficient for film wise condensation is _______
Average heat transfer co-efficient for film wise condensation is _______
58
EXPERIMENT NO. 10
Date:
Desired .output
required .input
59
Specifications:
(3-4) : Constant enthalpy process in throttling valve or capillary tube-expansion of high pressure
liquid refrigerant to lower pressure liquid vapour mixture temperature decreases.
(4-l) : Vapourization of refrigerant in evaporator at constant lower pressure. Cooling of
atmosphere or surroundings takes plate due to absorption of latent heat in vapourization.
In the ideal cycle the refrigerant enters the throttling valve/capillary as a liquid at (3) and leaves
(4) at constant enthalpy as liquid-vapour mixture. The refrigerant enters the evaporator and
extracts heat from the refrigerated space at constant temperature (T1) and lower pressure in the
vapourization process (4-1). The refrigerant may leave the evaporator as a two phase mixture or
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, MSEC, Bangalore.
60
as a saturated vapour or as a slightly superheated vapour as shown in this T-S Diagram. Ideally,
the refrigerant is compressed to the condenser pressure in the isentropic process (1-2). Heat is
rejected from the condenser to the atmosphere or cooling water in the process (2-3).
( OC )
( OC )
( OC )
Kg
)
cm 2
61
(
Kg
)
cm 2
Using the measured temperatures, pressures and power input to the compressor, the co-efficient
of performance and the capacity of the refrigerator can be determined using the procedure given
below:
Fig.10.1 (a) Shows the schematic of the heat transfer process in the vapour compression
refrigeration cycle. In a steady state, the heat balance is given by,
QL+ Win = QH . Eq (1)
QL = Heat removed by the evaporator from the refrigerated system,
= Heat gained by the refrigerant in the evaporator.
= h1 - h4 per Kg of refrigerant.
QH = Heat transferred from the refrigerant in the condenser.
= h2 - h3 per Kg of refrigerant.
Win = Work done by the compressor on the refrigerant.
= h2 h1 per Kg of refrigerant.
h1= Enthalpy of the refrigerant at exit of the evaporator.
h2 = Enthalpy of the refrigerant at exit of the compressor.
h3 = Enthalpy of the refrigerant at exit of condenser.
h4 = Enthalpy of the refrigerant at exit of the throttle valve.
The values of enthalpies of the refrigerant at different states can be obtained from tables/ charts
using the measured values of pressures and temperatures. The work done in the compressor can
be directly obtained from the energy meter in the panel. The co-efficient of performance (COP)
of the refrigerant system is given by,
COP =
Q H h1 h4
=
..........
Win h2 h4
Eq. (2)
62
63
EXPERIMENT NO. 11
Date:
Introduction: The science of Air Conditioning deals with maintaining a desirable internal air
conditions irrespective of external atmospheric conditions. The factors involved in any air
conditioning installation are:
(a) Temperature
(b) Humidity
(c) Air movement and circulation
(d) Air filtering, cleaning and purification.
The simultaneous control of these factors within the required limits is essential for
human comfort or for any industrial application of the air conditioning system.
In any air conditioning system, temperature and humidity are
controlled by thermodynamic processes. Depending on the season, the air conditioning
processes involve cooling, heating, humidification and dehumidification of air. Other aspects
such as air movements, circulation, purification, etc. are obtained by installing suitable fans,
blowers, ducting and filters.
This equipment is designed to demonstrate different air conditioning processes such as
cooling, heating, humidification, etc. required for different seasons of the year.
Experimental set up:
The schematic for studying and analyzing the air conditioning process is shown below
Nomenclature for the set up:
2. Tdb1 and Tdb2 : Dry bulb thermometers.
3. Twb1 and Twb2 : Wet bulb thermometers.
4. Steam inlet: Used to increase the humidity of air.
5. H1 : Heater 1 to increase the dry bulb temperature of air.
6. H2 : Heater 1 to increase the dry bulb temperature of air.
7. CR : Compressor of the vapor compression refrigeration plant.
8. CDR : Condenser of the vapor compression refrigeration plant.
9. CC : Evaporator of the refrigeration plant (also the cooling coil of the air
conditioner).
64
Steam Inlet
T wb2
H2
T db2
Expansion
Valve
Air out
4
CC
3
CDR
T wb1
Air
Duct
Air in
CR
T db1
H1
2
65
Twb1 = _____
Twb2 = _____
66
Hence Qcoil =
Energy balance equation for the process gives
Qcoil + ma(hsteam = QAir + QLoss .(1)
From steam tables hsteam = hg at Tsteam
= ________
QLoss = _________
Sensible heat added to air = QS = ma[hA-h1]
= ______
Q
Sensible heat factor = SHF = S = __________
Qair
h2
T wb2
hA
h1
T wb1
A
1
T db1
T db2
T db
67
68
EXPERIMENT NO. 12
Transient Heat Conduction
Date:
0.65m
T2
69
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
0.65m
water
out
T8
T9 Water in
Heater
Specifications:
1
2
3
Diameter of rod d = mm
Distance between each thermocouple X = mm
Test length of the rod L = mm
70
Tabular column:
Time
in
sec.
At
distance
near
Heater.
X1=0 m
At
X2=0.065m
At
X3=0.13m
At
X4=0.195m
At
X5= 0.26m
At
X6=0.325m
Calculations:
Voltmeter reading V: (volts)
Ammeter reading I : (amps)
Total heat supplied Q = V x I = (watts)
Thermal diffusivity of the material is calculated by
m2
k
,
(
)
CP
s
= Density of material (Copper) = 8954
Kg
m3
J
Kg K
W
)
mK
.d 2
A= Area of cross section of metal rod =
= ________ m2
4
Where, d = Diameter of the rod in. m.
At
X=0.39
m
Water
out T8
Water
inT9
71
X2
t
2q
exp
4 t
q X [1 erf ( Z )]
.
k
k
taking particular time (say, t = 900 seconds) and substitute in the above Theoretical equation.
T(X) Ti =
Serial
no.
Time(t)
seconds
000
300
600
Distance X (m)
Experimental
Temperature
X1 = 0
X1 = 0.065
X1 = 0.13
X1 = 0.195
X1 = 0.26
X1 = 0.325
X1 = 0.390
X1 = 0
X1 = 0.065
X1 = 0.13
X1 = 0.195
X1 = 0.26
X1 = 0.325
X1 = 0.390
X1 = 0
X1 = 0.065
X1 = 0.13
X1 = 0.195
X1 = 0.26
X1 = 0.325
X1 = 0.390
Erf(Z)
Theoretical
Temperature
72
Temp.
T theoretical
T experimental
Distance, X (m)
73
74
75