CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background
A science that became the basis for knowing the anatomy of the human
body. Human anatomy mean we are going to talk about pieces of the human
body. Anatomy word itself comes from the Greek word which consists of the
word "Ana" which means split-misah or parse and "tomes" which means to
cut up so that the anatomy can also be interpreted parse or cut.
The course of human anatomy and physiology study about 11 systems
contained in the human body. One is the system framework which has eight
main functions as described in the course lecturer. One of the eight functions
are as proponent of the body.
Order no longer something less familiar to the general public, let alone for
academics. In general order known divided into two kinds, namely the outer
frame or exoskeletons and order in or endoskeleton. Can be found in the
exoskeletons of invertebrates or vertebrates, but endoskeleton only possessed
by vertebrates alone. The skeletal system is formed from the composition of
bones held together by ligaments. Bone in order to generally calcified to
become more powerful, tough and sturdy to sustain the body.
Studying the skeletal system is very important in knowing how we can
move or remain in a position. The skeletal system is composed in such a way
and very, very complex so it ought to be grateful for its existence. In addition,
as a prospective teacher, concepts such as these also should be well
understood to support learning later. Seeing the importance of knowing about
the order, we conducted this lab. Expected after doing a practicum, all
praktikan already know and recognize a minimum order on his own body.
B. Purpose
The purpose of this observation is to determine the anatomical posistion in
human
C. Benefit
The benefit this observation is to know the anatomocal posistion in human.

CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITHERATUR
Plants generally do the movement at a time to grow, and other small
movements. The movement for example tropism, dynasty, and other movements.
Whereas the movement of animals in general do almost all the time. In addition,
the movement of animals capable of moving displaced while plants can not. It was
not because of a system that supports the above, the motion system (Taiyeb,
2015).
The skeletal system is an organ system that provides physical support in
living organisms. The skeletal system is generally divided into three types:
external, internal, and base fluid (hydrostatic order), though hydrostatic skeletal
system can also be grouped separately from the other two types because of the
absence of the supporting structure. Human skeleton is formed from a single bone
or joint (like the skull) which is supported by other structures such as ligaments,
tendons, muscles, and other organs. The average adult human has 206 bones,
although this amount may vary between individuals (Anonymous, 2013).
The skeletal system is divided into two, namely the frame axis (order axial)
and frame members (order appendikular). Order axial includes the skull
(cranium), spine (spine), ribs (kostae), and the breastbone (sternum). Order
members include shoulder girdle (pectoral bracelet) with the front frame
members, and bracelets hip (pelvic bracelet) with the rear frame members (Adnan,
2013).
Bony framework is the main structural system of vertebrates. Working
closely with the skin, which is the largest organ in the body, the framework
provides a basic form of an organism. In addition to the functions of mechanical
support, the framework also serves as a major tool for the protection of the soft
organs in the body. Working closely with the muscular system, the framework
allows the movement of the body. Individual bones or bone formation-bone acts
as a lever that is moved by the corresponding muscle is located. Specific muscle
contractions causing the movement of the limbs or body parts (Fried and
Hademenos, 2006).

Overall framework derived from mesoderm. Along the side of the tube
neurons, which originate from the ectoderm, mesoderm block regular series began
to take shape in early development. The blocks are called somites, a reflection of
the segmentation pattern found on the body design of most phyla animalia,
ranging from roundworms and so on (Fried and Hademenos, 2006).
According to Faisal (2012), almost all the bones in the body can be classified into
five types based on its shape, namely:
1. The long bones have an elongated shape, consisting of the main stem and the
tip with a diverse structure.
2. The cuboid bone is rather short, about the same length and width.
3. Bone flat in general have a flat structure and consists of two plates are almost
parallel of solid bone tissue covering the bone tissue spongy on the inside.
4. Bone irregular (irregular) has a complex shape and can not be grouped into
long bones and short bones.
5. The sesamoid bones covered by a tendon, often found in areas that experience
friction, stress, and physical stress, such as the palms and soles of the feet.
Bones in the adult human can be classified into the framework of the
principal divisions sua axial and appendicular order. Order axial consists of bones
located around the longitudinal axis of the human body. Appendicular framework
consists of bones that make up the upper and lower limbs (extremities) (Tortora
and Derrickson, 2009)
Order axial consists of bones that are along the longitudinal axis
(longitudinal) of the body, a hayal vertical line through the center of gravity of the
body of the head towards the space between the legs, made up of the bones of the
cranium (skull), auditory bones (bone -tulang hearing), hyoid bone, rib bones
(ribs), the sternum (breastbone), and the vertebral column (the joints of the spine).
Appendicular framework consists of the bones of the locomotor upper and lower
locomotor (extremities), plus the bones that make up the shoulder girdle (pectoral
girdle) and bracelets hip (pelvic girdle) connecting tool with the framework of
axial motion. The bones of the appendicular order to provide a place for muscle
attachment to the body movement, support and protect internal organs such as the
reproductive organs, and as a storage and release of calcium (Faisal, 2012).
According to Idris (2015), the framework has the following functions:
1. Give the shape and size of the body
2. Establish joint which serves to move

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

The muscle attachment

Working as a lever
As a proponent of weight
Protect organs such as the brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs
Place the formation of blood cells and immune cells (bone marrow)
Storage calcium

CHAPTER III
OBSERNATION METHOD
A. Time and Place
Day/date
: Wednesday/ 13th May 2015
Time
: 16.00 p.m until 17.00 pm
Place
: Green House
B. Tools and material
1. Tools
a) Pen
2. Materials
a) Probandus
b) Torso
c) Paper
C. Work procedure
1. Prepared all the tools and materials to be used
2. Observed the torso
3. Showing the parts of bone in torso
4. Drawing these bones on the observation

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. OBSERVATION RESULT
Picture

Notes
Cranium

Picture
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Notes
1. Frontal
2. Frontal skuama
3. Foramen supraorbital
4. Margin supraorbital
5. Os temporal
6. Os nasal
7. Os lakrimal
8. Os zigomatikum
9. Os maksila
10. Os mandibula
11. Foramen mental
12. Orbita

Rangka Dada
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1
2
3
4

6.
7.
8.
9.

5
6
7
8
9

Upper Ekstremity

Klavikula
Skapula
Manubrium Sterni
Korpus Sterni
Rawan pada Tulang
Rusuk
Prosesus Sifoideus
Costa Vera
Costa Fluctuante
Costa Spuria

Picture
1
2
3

4
5

6
7
8

Lower Ekstremity

Notes
1. Os Klavikula
2. Os Skapula
3. Os Humerus
4. Os Ulna
5. Os Radius
6. Os Karpus
7. Os Metakarpus
8. Os Falang

Picture

Notes
1. Os femur
2. Os Patela
3. Os tibia
4. Os fibula
5. Os tarsus
6. Os metatarsus
7. Os falang

Overal skeletal

Picture

Notes
1.
Os.
Frontal
2.
Os. Nasal
3.
Os.
Maxilla
4.
Os.
Mandibula
5.
Os.
Clavicula
6.
Os.
Manubrium sterni
7.
Os.
Corpus sterni
8.
Os.
Processus xyphoideus
9.
Os.
Radius
10.
Os. Illium
11.
Os. Ulna
12.
Os. Pubis
13.
Os.
Carpal
14.
Os.
Phalanges
15.
Os. Femur
16.
Os.
Patella
17.
Os. Tibia
18.
Os. Fibula
19.
Os. Tarsal
20.
Os.
Phalanges
21.
Os.
Metatarsal
22.
Os.
Metacarpal
23.
Os.
Ischium
24.
Os.
Coccyx
25.
Os.
Sacrum

Picture

Notes
26.
Humerus
27.
28.
Scapula
29.
Zigomatic

Os.
Rawan iga
Os.
Os.

B. Discussion
Based on the observations that have been made, in order to get that
man is composed of three main parts: the skull (cranium), bone constituent
member of the body, and limbs. Each piece is a complex arrangement and
comprises a variety of bone. Bone, composed not only of different shapes, but
also the type and function.
1. Cranium
Cranium composed by a few bones with different shapes and sizes as
follows:
a. Frontal bone
b. Frontal skuama
c. Supraorbital foramen
d. Margin supraorbital
e. Temporal bone
f. Os nasal
g. Os lacrimal
h. Os zigomatikum
i. Os maxilla
j. Os mandible
k. Mental foramen
l. Orbita
2. Frame chest
Framework of the chest consists of three kinds of ribs that true ribs (costa
vera), false rib (Costa Spuria), floating rib (Costa fluctuante) and the
breastbone is divided into three parts: manubrium sterni, corpus sterni,
and processes sifoideus.
3. Vertebrae
Vertebrate column in the image is divided into five sections. 7 The first
segment is the first cervical vertebra with a space called Os Atlas, 12 next
segment is the thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae segments thereafter
is, first sacral vertebra which represents the union of the five segments,

and the last one vertebra adalahn koksiks which is the result of unification
of the 4 segments last vertebra.
4. Extremities
Extremity in humans is divided into two upper and lower extremities.
Upper extremities composed by Os clavicle, scapula Os, Os humerus,
ulna Os, Os Radius, Os Carpus, Metakarpus Os and Os Falang. While the
lower extremities dosusun by Os femur, patella Os, Os tibia, fibula Os, Os
tarsus, metatarsus Os and Os phalanges.
Lab work done is not enough to explore all kinds of bones that make up
the human framework because the limitations of materials and time.
However, if examined carefully, it will get the total number of 206 bones as
mentioned by Anonymous (2013) that, on average an adult human has 206
bones, although this amount may vary between individuals. the lab is done is
enough to illustrate the arrangement and type of human skeletal bone
constituent.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusions
The skull (cranium),with its 22 bones, rests on the superior end of the
vertebral column (backbone). The bones of the skull are grouped into two
categories: cranial bones and facial bones. the primary function of the
appendicular skeleton is movement. The appendicular skeleton includes the
bones that make up the upper and lower limbs as well as the bones of the two
girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
B. Suggestions
Expected in the next practican order:
1. Mastering the material and the concept practical before entering the
laboratory room.
2. Thorough and careful when observing images.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adnan, Bahri. A, dan Faisal. 2013. Penuntun Praktikum Struktur Hewan. Makassar:
Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM
Anonim, 2013. Sistem Rangka.
diakses pada 5 Mei 2015.

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_rangka

Faisal. 2012. Struktur Hewan. Makassar : Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM

Fried, G. H. dan Hademenos, G. J. 2006. Schaum's Outlines Biologi. Edisi Kedua.
Diterjemahkan oleh : Tyas, D. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Idris, A. S. 2015. Sistem Rangka. Sistem Rangka.ppt.
Taiyeb, A. M., Azis, A. A. dan Idris, I. S. 2015. Penuntun Praktikum Anatomi dan
Fisiologi Manusia. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM.
Tortora, G. J. dan Derrickson, B., 2009. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology.
12th ed. USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc..