Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1/20. What is happening today is more important than the past or the future.
-absolutely
Nu ma pot decide unde sa ma focusez catre viitor sau catre trecut
Sunt cateva lucruri pe care le regret pt trecut si am frica de viitor
___0=never
___1=almost
never
___2=sometimes
___3=fairly
often
___4=very
often
PAPERS ON PSS
(1.) Cohen, S., & Janicki-Deverts, D. (2012). Who's stressed? Distributions of
psychological stress in the United States in probability samples from 1983, 2006
and 2009. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42, 1320-1334. This article
providesNORMATIVE DATA for the PSS-10 from large 2006 and 2009
probability samples of the U.S.
(2.) Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of
perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396.
(provides RELIABILITY and VALIDITY)
(3.) Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of
the U.S. In S. Spacapam & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health:
Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
(provides NORMATIVE DATA for the PSS-4, PSS-10, and PSS-14 from a large
U.S. sample polled in 1983)
(4.) Warttig, S. L., Forshaw, M. J., South, J., & White, A. K. (2013). New,
normative, English-sample data for the Short Form Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-
PSS Scoring
PSS-10 scores are obtained by reversing the scores on the four positive items, e.g.,
0=4, 1=3, 2=2, etc. and then summing across all 10 items. Items 4,5, 7, and 8 are
the positively stated items.
PSS-4 scores are obtained by reverse coding items # 2 and 3.
PSS-14 scores are obtained by reversing the scores on the seven positive items,
e.g., 0=4, 1=3, 2=2, etc., and then summing across all 14 items. Items 4, 5, 6, 7, 9,
10, and 13 are the positively stated items.
The PSS was designed for use with community samples with at least a junior high
school education, The items are easy to understand and the response alternatives
are simple to grasp. Moreover, as noted above, the questions are quite general in
nature and hence relatively free of content specific to any sub population group.
The data reported in the article are from somewhat restricted samples, in that they
are younger, more educated and contain fewer minority members than the general
population. In light of the generality of scale content and simplicity of language
and response alternatives, we feel that data from representative samples of the
general population would not differ significantly from those reported in the article.
More information about obtaining scores for the 4, 10, and 14-item versions of the
scale is linked here
The Perceived Stress Scale was developed to measure the degree to which situations in ones
life are appraised as stressful. Psychological stress has been defined as the extent to which
persons perceive (appraise) that their demands exceed their ability to cope.
The PSS was published in 1983,[1] and has become one of the most widely used[2] psychological
instruments for measuring nonspecific perceived stress. It has been used in studies assessing
the stressfulness of situations,[3][4] the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions,[5][6][7][8] and the
extent to which there are associations between psychological stress and psychiatric and
physical[9][10][11] disorders.
The PSS predicts both objective biological markers of stress and increased risk
for disease among persons with higher perceived stress levels. For example, those with higher
scores (suggestive of chronic stress) on the PSS fend worse on biological markers of aging,
[12]
cortisol levels,[13][14][15] immune markers,[16][17][18][19]depression,[20] infectious disease,[21][22] wound
healing,[23] and prostate-specific antigen levels in men.[24]
The Perceived Stress scale was developed by Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues.[1]
See also[edit]
Psychological testing
References[edit]
1.
2.
Jump up^ "Perceived Stress Scale: Measuring the self-perception of stress". 2005.
Retrieved 29 March 2011.
3.
Jump up^ Leon, KA; Hyre AD; Ompad D; DeSalvo KB; Muntner P (December 2007).
"Perceived stress among a workforce 6 months following hurricane Katrina". Social Psychiatry and
Psychiatric Epidemiology 42 (12): 10051011. doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0260-6. PMID 17932611.
4.
Jump up^ McAlonan, GM; Lee AM; Cheung V; Cheung C; Tsang KWT; Sham PC; Chua
SE; Josephine GWS (April 2007). "Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging
infectious disease outbreak on health care workers". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 52 (4):
241247. PMID 17500305.
5.
Jump up^ Cruess, DG; Antoni MH; Kumar M; Ironson G; McCabe P; Fernandez JB;
Fletcher M; Schneiderman N (July 1999). "Cognitive-behavioral stress management buffers
decreases in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and increases in the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio
and reduces mood disturbance and perceived stress among HIV-seropositive
men". Psychoneuroendocrinology 24 (5): 537549. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(99)000104. PMID 10378240.
6.
Jump up^ Holzel, BK; Carmody J; Evans KC; Hoge EA; Dusek JA; Morgan L; Pitman RK;
Lazar SW (March 2010). "Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the
amygdala". Social Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience 5 (1): 11
17. doi:10.1093/scan/nsp034. PMC 2840837. PMID 19776221.
7.
Jump up^ Lane, JD; Seskevich JE; Pieper CF (JanFeb 2007). "Brief meditation training
can improve perceived stress and negative mood". Alternative Therapies in Health &
Medicine13 (1): 3844. PMID 17283740.
8.
Jump up^ Marcus, MT; Fine PM; Moeller FG; Khan MM; Pitts K; Swank PR; Liehr P
(September 2003). "Change in Stress Levels Following Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction in a
Therapeutic Community". Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment 2 (3): 63
68. doi:10.1097/00132576-200302030-00001.
9.
Jump up^ Culhane, JF; Rauh V; McCollum KF; Hogan VK; Agnew K; Wadhwa PD (June
2001). "Maternal stress is associated with bacterial vaginosis in human pregnancy". Maternal and
Child Health Journal 5 (2): 127134. doi:10.1023/A:1011305300690. PMID 11573838.
10.
Jump up^ Garg, A; Chren MM; Sands LP; Matsui MS; Marenus KD; Feingold KR; Elias
PM (January 2001). "Psychological stress perturbs epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis:
implications for the pathogenesis of stress-associated skin disorders". Archives of
Dermatology 137 (1): 5359. doi:10.1001/archderm.137.1.53. PMID 11176661.
11.
Jump up^ Kramer, JR; Ledolter J; Manos GN; Bayless ML (Winter 2000). "Stress and
metabolic control in diabetes mellitus: methodological issues and an illustrative analysis". Annals
of Behavioral Medicine 22 (1): 1728. doi:10.1007/BF02895164. PMID 10892525.
12.
Jump up^ Epel, ES; Blackburn EH, Lin J, Dhabhar FS, Cawthon RMMorrow JD, Adler NE,
(December 2004). "Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress". Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (49): 17312
17315. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407162101. PMC 534658. PMID 15574496.
13.
Jump up^ Malarkey, WB; Pearl DK; Demers LM; Kiecolt-Glaser JK; Glaser R (1995).
"Influence of academic stress and season on 24-hour mean concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, and
beta-endorphin". Psychoneuroendocrinology 20 (5): 499508. doi:10.1016/0306-4530(94)00077N. PMID 7675934.
14.
Jump up^ Pruessner, JC; Hellhammer DH; Kirschbaum C (MarApr 1999). "Burnout,
perceived stress, and cortisol responses to awakening". Psychosomatic Medicine 61 (2): 197
204.doi:10.1097/00006842-199903000-00012. PMID 10204973.
15.
Jump up^ van Eck, MM; Nicolson NA (1994). "Perceived stress and salivary cortisol in
daily life". Annals of Behavioral Medicine 16 (3): 221227.
16.
Jump up^ Maes, M; Van Bockstaele DR (1999). "The effects of psychological stress on
leukocyte subset distribution in humans: evidence of immune
activation". Neuropsychobiology 39(1): 19. doi:10.1159/000026552. PMID 9892853.
17.
Jump up^ Burns, VE; Drayson M; Ring C; Carroll D (NovDec 2002). "Perceived stress
and psychological well-being are associated with antibody status after meningitis C conjugate
vaccination". Psychosomatic Medicine 64 (6): 963
970. doi:10.1097/01.PSY.0000038936.67401.28. PMID 12461201.
18.
Jump up^ Cohen, S; Doyle WJ; Skoner DP (MarApr 1999). "Psychological stress,
cytokine production, and severity of upper respiratory illness". Psychosomatic Medicine 61 (2):
175180. PMID 10204970.
19.
Jump up^ Glaser, R; Kiecolt-Glaser JK; Marucha PT; MacCullum RC; Laskowski BF;
Malarkey WB (May 1999). "Stress-related changes in proinflammatory cytokine production in
wounds". Archives of General Psychiatry 56 (5): 450
456. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.5.450. PMID 10232300.
20.
Jump up^ Carpenter, LL; Tyrka AR; McDougle CJ; Malison RT; Owens MJ; Nemeroff CB;
Price LH (April 2004). "Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor and perceived early-life
Jump up^ Cohen, S; Tyrrell DA; Smith AP (January 1993). "Negative life events,
perceived stress, negative affect, and susceptibility to the common cold". Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology 64 (1): 131140. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.131. PMID 8421249.
22.
Jump up^ Dyck, DG; Short R; Vitaliano PP (JulAug 1999). "Predictors of burden and
infectious illness in schizophrenia caregivers". Psychosomatic Medicine 61 (4): 411
419.PMID 10443748.
23.
Jump up^ Ebrecht, M; Hextall J; Kirtley LG; Taylor A; Dyson M; Weinman J (July 2004).
"Perceived stress and cortisol levels predict speed of wound healing in healthy male
adults".Psychoneuroendocrinology 29 (6): 798809. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(03)001446. PMID 15110929.
24.
Jump up^ Stone, AA; Mezzacappa ES; Donatone BA; Gonder M (September 1999).
"Psychosocial stress and social support are associated with prostate-specific antigen levels in
men: results from a community screening program". Health Psychology 18 (5): 482
486. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.18.5.482. PMID 10519464.