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EAEF 3(1) : 32-37, 2010

Research Paper

Investigation into Possible Use of Methane Fermentation Digested Sludge


as Liquid Fertilizer for Paddy Fields *
Chanseok RYU*1, Masahiko SUGURI*2, Michihisa IIDA*2, Mikio UMEDA*3
Abstract
Difference in vegetation growth, taste properties, and grain yield between liquid fertilizer (LF) and chemical
fertilizer (CF) applied fields were identified and analyzed to promote the use of the methane fermentation digested
sludge as LF using precision agriculture technology. Vegetation growth and these ratios of LF to CF were different at
panicle initiation and heading stages but no significant difference in nitrogen content was at the heading stage. Dry
mass is greater in CF fields and nitrogen concentration is higher in LF fields is confirmed. In spite of no topdressing
in 2006, differences in vegetation growth ratios were decreased because of the organic nitrogen in LF. Difference in
GreenNDVI was decreased at the heading stage but the pattern was not changed. Differences in taste properties were
significant in 2006 but not in 2005. When grain yield would be decreased 25% by hulls, brown rice yield of LF fields
in 2005 was 93% of the average amount in the region (510 kg/10a) and 84% of that (505 kg/10a) in 2006.
[Keywords] liquid fertilizer, precision agriculture, vegetation growth, GreenNDVI, taste properties, grains yield

I Introduction

It is possible to generate

the technology of precision

electricity by biogas and to

agriculture (Umeda et al.,

Food, energy, and environment are important for a sustainable get hot water from the
world. It is necessary to maintain or increase the production of radiator
of
generator.
food using as little energy as possible to preserve the Methane
fermentation
environment (Umeda, 2004). The ratio of total greenhouse gases digested
sludge
is
from the agriculture sector to those from all the sectors is 2.6% discharged into a river after

1999) in order to spread out

in Japan. However, the ratios of total CH 4 and total N2Osubjecting it to chemical,


emissions are high as 69.7% and 57.2%, respectively. It is which accounts for 40% of

initiation stage in 2005 but

total
expenditure
suggested that the way of reducing CH4 and N2O emission atthe
incurred
in
waste
agriculture sections are water management, recycling of
biomass, reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, no-tillage management (Ogawa et al.,
(Nouchi, 2006). In Japan, 72% of concentrated feed and 22% of 2003).
roughage are imported from abroad and 1.24 million tons of Therefore, the application
nitrogen is disposed and discharged annually (Agriculture white of methane fermentation
paper, 2000). Therefore, it is important to increase the amount of digested sludge as LF to
nitrogen recycled in domestic level toward a sustainable world.
paddy fields has been
There are several ways to increase biomass utilization, such as
suggested because rice is
gasification, composting, methane fermentation, and extraction
entirely cultivated in Japan.
of ethanol (Biomass Nippon Strategy, 2006).
In a previous study, no
Methane fermentation of animal wastes is attracting
significant difference in
considerable attention not only for waste management but also
vegetation
growth
was
in terms of production of both energy and liquid fertilizer (LF)
identified between small
(Haga et al., 1979). Yagi Bio-Ecology Center (YBEC) is a
plots that received LF and
methane fermentation plant that has been involved in livestock
chemical fertilizer (CF) (Li
waste treatment and food production since 1998.
et al., 2003). Therefore, it is

stage,

necessary

* Presented at the

to

LF

evenly.

We

previously
differences
content

have
reported

in

at

nitrogen

the

panicle

not in 2004. At the heading


however,

differences

the

decreased

compared to that seen in the


panicle

initiation

Weather

conditions,

properties,

and

stage.
soil

nitrogen

discharge might be causing


these differences (Ryu et al.,
2007).
The objectives of this
study are 1) to identify the
differences

in

vegetation

growth, rice taste, and grain


yield between LF and CF
fields

using

precision

agriculture technology, 2) to
analyze these data in several

identify,

conditions to promote the

analyze, and manage spatial

use of methane fermentation

and temporal variability in a

digested sludge as liquid

field and within fields using

fertilizer.

nd

2 Asian Conference on Precision


Agriculture in August 2007
*1 JSAM & KSAM Member,
Corresponding author, Graduate School of
Agriculture Kyoto University,
ShirakawaOiwake-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto,
606-8502, Japan; ryu@elam.kais.kyotou.ac.jp
*2 JSAM Member, Graduate School of
Agriculture Kyoto University,
ShirakawaOiwake-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto,
606-8502, Japan *3 JSAM & KSAM
Member, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan

RYU, SUGURI, IIDA, UMEDA:


Investigation into Possible Use of Methane Fermentation Digested Sludge as Liquid Fertilizer for Paddy Fields
Date of sampling for rice taste,

35 Materials and Methods


1.

2005 and 2006)

Test fields

Nantan city, Kyoto prefecture, Japan (13554E, 3509N and


120 m above sea level). The species of the test crop was
Oryza sativa L., cv. KINU-HIKARI. In 2006, one of the CF
fields was changed. Two LF fields were managed by a guild,
and two CF fields were managed personally. The soil type in
field 1, 2 and 3 was silty clay and that in field 4 was light
clay. But it was failed to analyze the soil type in field 3 in
2006.
Fertilizer application

Generally, LF consists of NH4 and organic nitrogen. The


ratio of these components varied according to the materials
added to the methane fermentation tank. The ratio of NH 4 to
total nitrogen in LF was 1650 / 3100 ppm in 2005, and 1683 /
4778 ppm in 2006. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied
to LF fields was calculated based on the amount of NH 4,
because it is difficult to predict the amount of mineralized
nitrogen (Nakamura et al., 2007). LF was applied with
irrigation water at 7.6 tons per hour at basal dressing. Then,
puddling was performed to spread LF as uniformly as
possible. At topdressing, the speed of application was
decreased to 3.4 tons per hour, because it was impossible to
perform puddling. In CF fields, NK fertilizer (17% N and

3. Vegetation growth

Date

of harvesting, : Field was different in

The test fields are located in Hidokoro district, Yagi town,

2.

7:

33

Vegetation
growth
at
panicle initiation and heading
stages was investigated in nine
sampling points in each field
and six stocks of rice plants at
each point. These were
separated into leaves and
stems at the panicle initiation
stage and into leaves, stems
and ears at the heading stage.
The separated parts of each
sample were dried using a
circulation drier at 80 for
more than 72 hours and then
weighed.
The
nitrogen
concentration of the finely
ground leaves and stems was
measured three times for each
sample
with
gas
chromatography
NC-900
(Sumica Chemical Analysis
Service, Japan). Nitrogen
content was calculated by
multiplying the dry mass and
nitrogen concentration.
Spatial

variability

of

vegetation growth at each field

17% K2O) was applied at basal dressing and topdressing

was described by GreenNDVI,

while P fertilizer (17.5% P2O5) was applied at basal dressing.

which has a relation with

Table 1 shows the management date and items for the test

nitrogen content at vegetation

fields in 2005 and 2006. It was possible to control the

growth

stage

and

management date in 2005 but not in 2006. It was impossible

contents at ripening stage, as

to apply topdressing in LF fields in 2006 because vegetation

shown at equation (1).

growth at the panicle initiation stage was inadequate.

(DN

Tabel 1. Management date and items for test

GreenNDVI =

fields in 2005 and 2006


Area

(Soil type)

LF
2005
CF

LF
2006
CF

*1

Basal

T*4

Middle

*5

where,

Topdressing

[ha] D*2 N*3


D N D N
0.38 5/27 35 5/30 6/27 18 7/26 18

0.33 5/27 35 5/30 6/27 20 7/26 20

9/9 9/20

3*8

0.41 5/26 10 5/28 6/14 14 7/27 25

8/3 25 9/9 9/16

0.30 5/26 24 5/28

0.38

6/3

63 6/10

9/12 9/17

0.33

6/3

59 6/10

9/12 9/21

3*8

0.41 5/22 41 5/24

0.30 5/25 36 5/25

7/16 11

6/7

DN860

(DN
and

860

DN560 )

860

+ DN560 )

DN560

represent the digital number

protein

N
9/9 9/20

S*6 H*7

9/9 9/18

15 7/15 25

7/25 21 9/12 9/17

7/16 17

9/12 9/20
4

for near infrared (835~885


nm) and green (535~585 nm)
of

airborne

digital

sensor

ADS40 (Leica Geosystems,


USA). The images were taken
on July 20, August 5, and
September 2, in 2005, and on
August 13, and September 9 in
2006 (Pasco Co., Japan).

( : Basal dressing, : Date, : Amount of nitrogen fertilizer [kg/ha], : Date of


transplanting,

5:

Fertilizer application between basal dressing and topdressing,

6:

4.

Rice taste and grains

yield

measurements

(Ryu

et

al.

About one week before harvesting, six to eight stocks of 2004).


rice plants were harvested at each sampling point. The

that of brown rice. Moisture


content was measured by the

The spatial variability of

single

kernel

moisture

samples were threshed and dried to about 15% of moisture grains yield in each field was
content. Grains were then husked to brown rice and sorted estimated by yield monitoring

contents analyzer CTR-800E

using a 1.9 mm of mesh. Depending on the amount of brown combine

RTK-DGPS

The grains yield maps was

rice, each sample was separated into two or three parts with (Trimble MS750, USA), with
200 mL and then these were measured by the rice grain taste an accuracy of 2cm. Grains

constructed using the kriging

analyzer, RCTA11A (Satake Co., Japan). Rice taste, protein, yield was calculated based on
amylose (amylopectin), fatty acid, and moisture content were the amount of grains and not

(Gamma

obtained by calculating the average value of two or three of

with

(Shizuoka Seiki Co, Japan).

method with GS+ software


Design

Software,

USA) (Iida et al., 2004).

34

Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food Vol. 3, No. 1 (2010)


content,

coefficient

of

variation [%], Ratio L/C: the

61 Results

and

Discussions

5% significant level)

stage was measured on July 21 in 2005 and


July 24 in 2006. Table 2 shows the
descriptive statistics of vegetation growth in
2006.

The

LF 2006, : vs. CF 2005 with

Vegetation growth at panicle initiation

and

LF to CF, : vs. LF 2005, : vs.


#

1. Vegetation growths
(1) Panicle initiation stage

2005

ratio for vegetation growth of

differences

in

vegetation growth between LF and CF fields


were significant with 5 % of level.
Differences in that in LF fields between
2005 and 2006 were also significant. While
dry mass ratios and nitrogen contents ratios
of LF to CF fields were greater than 0.6 in
2005, they were less than 0.5 in 2006. The
similar trend that dry mass is greater in CF
fields and nitrogen concentration is higher in
LF fields (Ryu et al., 2007) was confirmed
in this study. In spite of the similar field
management in 2005, vegetation growths in
LF fields had a different tendency from that
in CF fields. Nitrogen concentration ratios of
LF to CF fields in 2006 were higher than
these in 2005. It might be influenced by the
insufficiency of dry mass. Moreover, first
topdressing in CF fields was applied few

Fig. 1 shows the


differences of weather
conditions between 2005
and
2006.
Weather
condition, especially the
accumulated radiation, in
2005 was better than that
in 2006. The difference
in
the
accumulated
temperature and radiation
hours between LF and
CF fields were 7 and
13 hours in 2005, but
70 and 55 hours in
2006. It was difficult to
determine the reason of
the
difference
in
vegetation
growth
between 2005 and 2006
because
field
management and weather
conditions
influence
vegetation growth.

Fig. 1 Weather
conditions in
2005 and 2006
Fig. 2 shows the
GreenNDVI

maps

taken of the test fields


at the panicle initiation
stage on July 20 in
2005. Nitrogen content
in CF fields was higher
than that in LF field.
Nitrogen content in the
upper parts of LF fields
was higher than that in
the lower parts. It was
influenced by the total
solid content of LF,
which was combined
with organic nitrogen

days before sampling, except for field 3 in

making it difficult to

2005.

spread out (Iida et al.,


2009). It is necessary
to

Table 2 Descriptive statistics of

management

panicle initiation stage in 2005

including

and 2006

consistent ratios of LF

(Date of sampling)
Mean
4

2005
(7/21)

CF

CV
Mean
CV

(7/24)

CF

CV
Ratio L/C
1

( : Dry mass,

to irrigation water or

NC [%]
Stem

new

1.19

methods to apply LF as

160

308

3.31

9.09 10.3 9.54 5.45 8.19


*+
*+
*+
*+
+
200 259 459 2.95
1.15
8.63
0.74

CV

using

148

59.0

Mean

factors,

Leaf Stem Total Leaf

Mean

2006

D [kg/m ]

Ratio L/C
LF

field

vegetation growth data at

Panicle initiation

LF

control

23.3
+#

13.4
0.62
43.0

26.5
+#

10.9

11.3

26.8

0.67

1.12

1.04

4.13

2.03

102

19.5
+#

4.37
*+

3.08

6.33

174

334

27.1

21.4

23.2

7.00

6.18

0.37

0.25

0.30

1.34

1.51

: nitrogen concentration,

1.34

*#+

160

: nitrogen

application

uniformly as possible.

Fig. 2 GreenNDVI maps at panicle


initiation stage in 2005

(2)

Heading stage

vegetation growth in 2005

nitrogen

and 2006. The differences

differences in vegetation

in dry mass and nitrogen

growth

concentration between LF

between 2005 and 2006

and

were

were also significant. In

significant with 5% of

2005, nitrogen content

level, except dry mass of

ratios of LF to CF fields

CF

fields

content.
in

and
nitrogen
Except one sample in CF fields in 2005, leaves
concentration
in
2005.
vegetation growth was investigated on

were

similar

August 9 in 2005 and on August 14 in 2006. However, there were no


Table 3 shows the descriptive statistics ofsignificant differences in

to 1.01.

LF

to

The
fields

each

other, ranging from 0.87

RYU, SUGURI, IIDA, UMEDA:


Investigation into Possible Use of Methane Fermentation Digested Sludge as Liquid Fertilizer for Paddy Fields
Fig.
Table 3 Descriptive statistics of
heading stage in 2005 and

stage on August 5 in

2006

2005 and August 13 in


*1

NC
Total Leaf

D [kg/m ]

*4

CV
Mean

the
maps

taken at the heading

Heading

LF

shows

vegetation growth data at

(Date of sampling) Leaf Stem Ear


Mean

GreenNDVI

191

376

97

671

*2

3.11

[%]

2006.

Stem

variability

0.97

Fig. 3 GreenNDVI
maps at heading stage
in 2005 and 2006

Spatial
of

GreenNDVI

between

LF and CF fields in

21.6 44.0 10.7 71.3


+
*+
*+
*+
207 476 133 833

0.35
2.83

0.21
0.87

33.0

53.3

14.6

0.35

0.25

in 2006. The difference

Ratio L/C

0.93

0.79

0.73

Mean

139

252

CV

15.3

16.6

2005
(8/9) CF

CV

LF
2006

*+#

(8/14) CF

Mean 184
CV

Ratio L/C
*1

( : Dry mass,
contents,

*4

+#

67

18.5
*+#

87.9
0.81

1.10

1.11

in GreenNDVI between

460

2.80

0.79

LF and CF fields at the

15.2

7.72

13.0

heading stage (Fig. 3)

+#

*+#

163

751

12.3

16.6

18.1

13.0

7.97

10.8

panicle initiation stage

0.76

0.65

0.41

0.61

1.12

1.20

(Fig. 2). The pattern of

: nitrogen concentration,

*3

0.66

: nitrogen

ratio for vegetation growth of LF to CF, : vs. LF 2005, :


#

vs. LF 2006, : vs. CF 2005 with 5% significant level)

there

were

no

significant

4.61

was less than that at the

390

*2

2.51

*+#

: coefficient of variation [%], Ratio L/C: the

Although

2005 was less than that

great nitrogen content


(higher GreenNDVI) in
the upper parts of LF
fields was seen at the
panicle initiation stage,
was also seen at the

differences in nitrogen contents between LF

heading

and CF fields in 2006, those ratios of CF to LF

implies that vegetation

stage.

This

ranged from 0.79 to 0.84. In spite of not

growth at the panicle

performing topdressing, the differences in

initiation

vegetation growth ratios of LF to CF fields at

influences grows at the

the heading stage were decreased compared

heading

with these at the panicle initiation stage. This

Therefore,

suggests that organic nitrogen, which is

important

included at basal dressing and supplied by the

basal

soil, supported vegetation growth from panicle

uniformly to decrease

initiation to heading stages. The ear dry mass

spatial

ratios of LF to CF fields were different as 0.73

vegetation growth at

in 2005 and 0.41 in 2006.

the heading stage.

stage
stage.
it
to

is
apply

dressing
variability

of

2. Rice taste
Rice taste, amylose,
and protein

contents

were

investigated

in

each

field

on

September 9 in 2005
and on September 12 in
2006.

Because

the

amount of sample was


less than 200 mL, three
samples in LF fields
and one sample in CF

35

fields could not be measured in 2005. Table 4 in


shows

the

descriptive

statistics

2005

and

on

of

taste September 9 in 2006.


properties in 2005 and 2006. Difference in taste GreenNDVI
at
the
properties between LF and CF fields was not ripening stage has a
significant in 2005 but significant with 5% level relation

with

(9/9)

(n=17)
Ratio L/C

protein

in 2006. Spatial variability of taste properties in contents of grains.

2006

2005 was larger than that in 2006. Although the

(9/12)

amount of ears in CF fields was greater than that

Table 4
Descriptive
statistics of taste
properties

in LF fields, protein content ratios of LF to CF


fields were similar to each other. It means that
protein content in LF field might be decreased
when the amount of ears are increased.
Fig.

shows

the

GreenNDVI

maps

constructed at the ripening stage on September 2

(Date of sampling)

2005

LF
(n=15)

Mean
CV

*1

CF

Mean

18.6

6.37

80.1

CV

2.23

7.04

5.51

1.02

1.03

0.96

75.3
2.70

*2

LF

Mean

19.1

7.67

(n=18)

CV

0.99

3.01

78.8

Mean

18.7

(n=18)

CV

0.79

2.47

2.08

1.02

1.04

0.96

( : coefficient of variation
*2
[%], : the ratio for vegetation
growth of LF to CF,
Amylose
[%]
*
+
: vs. LF 2005, : vs. LF 2006,
#
: vs. CF 2005 with 5%
significant level)

7.38

*+#

CF

Ratio L/C
*1

36

Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food Vol. 3, No. 1 (2010)

was

having

better

despite

received

Table 5 Total

less

amo

nitrogen fertilizer. This

unts

could be attributed to

of

compost application in

appli

field 4, which was done

ed

after harvesting in 2005.

nitro

The average amounts of

gen

brown

fertil

rice

produced

Kyoto prefecture were

izer

510 kg/10a in 2005 and

and

505

2006

grain

(MAFF of Japan, 2007).

yield

When grain yield would

in

kg/10a

in

be decreased 25% by

2005

hulls, brown rice yield in

and

field 4 was only larger

2006

than the average amount


of that in the region.

LF

Fig. 4 GreenNDVI maps at ripening stage in


2005 and 2006

The difference in GreenNDVI between LF


and CF fields at the heading stage (Fig. 3)

2005
CF

LF
2006
CF

was similar to that at the ripening stage (Fig.


4). It means that the areas where nitrogen
content was higher at the heading stage were
higher protein content at the ripening stage.
Although protein content ratios of LF to CF
fields in 2006 were similar to each other as
shown at table 4, spatial variability of protein
content in LF fields was higher than that in
CF fields. Spatial variability of GreenNDVI
in 2005 was less than that in 2006, whereas
spatial variability of taste properties was
larger in 2005 than that in 2006.

Amount of

Amount of

Amount of

1 (9/20)

nitrogen fertilizer
7.9

grains yield
632

brown rice yield


474

2 (9/20)

8.5

627

470

3 (9/16)

7.4

664

498

4 (9/18)

3.5

667

500

1 (9/17)

6.5

574

431

2 (9/21)

6.1

558

419

3 (9/17)

10.2

504

378

4 (9/21)

5.3

727

545

(Date of harvesting)

(Unit: [kg/10a], : Amount of


grain yield 0.75)

Brown rice yield in LF


fields was 92% ~ 93% of
the average amount in
2005. However, in 2006,
it was 83% ~ 85% of the
average amount of brown
rice in the region. It
might be influenced by
the

difference

in

the

3. Grains yield

amount of ears between

Grain yield was measured on September

LF and CF fields in 2006.

16, 18 and 20 in 2005 and September 17 and

Fig. 5 shows grain

20 in 2006. Table 5 shows the total amounts

yield maps in 2005 and

of applied nitrogen fertilizer and grain yields

2006. Grain yield varied

in 2005 and 2006. Grain yields in 2005 were

spatially not only in LF

higher than those in 2006, except in field 4 in

fields but also in CF

2006. In spite of receiving 1.5 times the total

fields. In LF fields, areas

nitrogen fertilizer amount in 2006, grain yield

with higher grain yield

in field 3 was lower than that in the other

were similar in 2005 and

fields. On the other hand, grain yield in field

2006. A similar pattern

was also found in field 4. This spatial


variability of grain yield can be attributed to
different soil properties and/or field surface
elevation (Yanai et al., 2001).

Fig. 5 Grain
yield maps in
2005 and
2006

RYU, SUGURI, IIDA, UMEDA:


Investigation into Possible Use of Methane Fermentation Digested Sludge as Liquid Fertilizer for Paddy Fields
ratios of LF to
It is necessary to determine the optimal amountirrigation water or new

R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s

of LF to improve grain yield and rice taste. In application methods to


addition, it is necessary to find the other crops apply LF as uniformly
that are suited for Yagi region and absorb as possible. It is also
nitrogen well in order to promote the methaneimportant to improve
fermentation digested sludge more widely asgrain yield and rice
liquid fertilizer. Because the amount of LF used taste.
in 1 ha of paddy fields is around 45 tons, more

Agriculture

than 400 ha of paddy fields are necessary to

A
c
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
m
e
n
ts

consume the methane fermentation digested


sludge produced by YBEC.

IV Summary and Conclusions


In this research, the difference in vegetation
growth, taste properties, and grain yields between
LF and CF fields were identified and analyzed to
promote the utilization of LF using precision
agriculture technology.
There were the differences in vegetation
growth at panicle initiation and heading stages

This

between LF and CF fields but there were no supported


significant differences in nitrogen content at theMinistry

variability

ofwho

2005 but significant in 2006. When grain yield


would be decreased 25% by hulls, brown rice
yield in LF fields was 93% of the average
amount in the region (510 kg/10a) in 2005 and
about 84% of that (505 kg/10a) in 2006.
It is possible to use the methane fermentation
digested sludge as liquid fertilizer for paddy
field. However, it is necessary to control field
management factors, including using consistent

htm.
Bio
m
a
s
N

of

support

the

GreenNDVI in 2005 was less than that in 2006, experiment and collect
whereas that of taste properties was larger inthe information of
2005 than in 2006. Difference in taste properties fields.
between LF and CF fields was not significant in

nenjihokoku.

the

to Mr. Nakagawa, the

Spatial

ww/hakusyo/

by

The difference in GreenNDVI between LF and head of Agricultural


CF fields was decreased at the heading stage. and
Forestry
However, the pattern of GreenNDVI in the field Promotion Division,
changed.

maff.go.jp/w

previous research. In spite of no topdressing in technologies". In this


2006, the differences in vegetation growth ratios regard, we would like
of LF to CF fields were decreased because of the to express our thanks

not

http://www.

was

Dry mass is greater in CF fields and nitrogen project for utilizing


concentration is higher in LF fields is similar to advanced

was

2000.

study

heading stage. Vegetation growth ratios of LF toAgriculture, Forestry


CF fields were different because of the differenceand Fisheries of Japan
in weather condition between 2005 and 2006. under the "Research

organic nitrogen in LF.

white paper.

i
p
p
o
n
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
.
2
0
0
6
.
h
tt
p
:/
/
w
w
w

37

.maff.go.jp/biomass/index.html .

that treats manure and

for paddy in 2003. In

Haga K., H. Tanaka and S. Higaki. 1979. Methane tofu refuse. Journal of

Proc. CIGR 2004. 30-

production from animal wastes and its prospects in JSWME 14(5): 258-267.

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