Introduction :

Radar is an object detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range,
altitude, direction, or speed of objects. Radar systems come in a variety of sizes and
have different performance specifications. Some radar systems are used for air-traffic
control at airports and others are used for long range surveillance and early-warning
systems. A radar system is the heart of a missile guidance system. Small portable
radar systems that can be maintained and operated by one person are available as well
as systems that occupy several large rooms.
The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves which
bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy
to a dish or antenna which is usually located at the same site as the transmitter.
Mountainous terrain affects radar echo patterns by interfering with the radar beam and
modifying precipitation processes and patterns. When the radar beam is intercepted by
terrain, clutter and shadowing result (Joss and Lee 1995; Lin and Reilly 1997).

LITERATURE SURVEY:
RADAR was secretly developed by several nations before and during the World War
II. The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym
for RAdio Detection And Ranging. The modern uses of RADAR are highly diverse,
including Air Traffic Control, RADAR astronomy, Air-Defense Systems, Anti-Missile
Systems, Marine RADARs to locate landmarks and other ships, aircraft collision
system, ocean surveillance systems, outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems,
meteorological precipitation monitoring, altimetry and flight control systems, guided
missile target locating systems and ground penetrating RADAR for geological
observations. High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal
processing and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise
levels. Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of the electromagnetic
spectrum. One example is "lidar", which uses visible light from lasers rather than
radio waves.

Principles:
A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves called radar signals in
predetermined directions. When these come into contact with an object they are
usually reflected or scattered in many directions. Radar signals are reflected especially
well by materials of considerable electrical conductivityespecially by most metals,
by seawater and by wet lands. Some of these make the use of radar
altimeters possible. The radar signals that are reflected back towards the transmitter
are the desirable ones that make radar work. If the object is moving either toward or
away from the transmitter, there is a slight equivalent change in the frequency of the
radio waves, caused by the Doppler Effect. Radar receivers are usually, but not
always, in the same location as the transmitter. Although the reflected radar signals
captured by the receiving antenna are usually very weak, they can be strengthened
by electronic amplifiers. More sophisticated methods of signal processing are also
used in order to recover useful radar signals. Radar relies on its own transmissions
rather than light from the Sun or the Moon, or from electromagnetic waves emitted by
the objects themselves, such as infrared wavelengths (heat). This process of directing
artificial radio waves towards objects is called illumination, although radio waves are
invisible to the human eye or optical cameras.

GOAL OF PROJECT:

To build an accurate range detection device based on Ultrasonic Principles

similar to radar detection.

The device will be: forward looking, computer controlled and display results

in real time.
Detection solution that provides intermediate sensing capabilities.

BLOCK DIAGRAM :

Figure 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Figure 2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

The Ultrasonic sensor is used to transmit the waves and receive them if any obstacle
is present in its path. It is mounted on a servo motor that provides it a wide view of
270 degrees. The microcontroller takes the input from the sensor in form of digital
signals and the time taken by the sensor is noted and divided by 2 to get the distance
of the obstacle from it. This distance is displayed on the LCD module. This distance
so calculated is considered as the radius of the arc so formed and is used to calculate
the angle at which the obstacle is present from the mean position. The angle so
calculated is finally displayed on the LCD module.
Hence, Target Acquired and ready to be Eliminated !!!
4

APPLICATIONS:

In aviation, aircraft are equipped with radar devices that warn of aircraft or
other obstacles in or approaching their path, display weather information, and
give accurate altitude readings.

Marine radars are used to measure the bearing and distance of ships to prevent
collision with other ships, to navigate, and to fix their position at sea when
within range of shore or other fixed references such as islands, buoys, and

lightships.
Meteorologists use radar to monitor precipitation and wind. It has become the
primary tool for short-term weather forecasting and watching for severe
weather such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, winter storms, precipitation types,

etc.
Geologists use specialized ground-penetrating radars to map the composition

of Earth's crust.
Police forces use radar guns to monitor vehicle speeds on the roads.
Radar interferometry is also being applied to the field of ocean and surface
water altimetry.

REFERENCES:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar
2. Journal on Radar Data Processing and Visualization by CURTIS
N. JAMES, STACY R. BRODZIK, HARRY EDMON, ROBERT A.
HOUZE JR., AND SANDRA E. YUTER-Department of Atmospheric
Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
3. www.radartutorial.eu
4. http://vaabrobotics.blogspot.in/2013/03/hc-sr04-ultrasonicsensor-interfacing.html

5. http://extremeelectronics.co.in/avr-tutorials/interfacingultrasonic-rangefinder-with-avr-mcus-%E2%80%93-avrtutorial/
6. http://repatch.dyndns.org/pic_stuff/ultrasonic_radar/ECE496_P
resentation_03Jan29_Final.pdf