Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NETWORKS
MODULE 1
Property of Neotelis
Outline
Warm up Quiz
Introduction to QoS
QoS issues in existing networks
NGN concepts & IP technology
QoS issues raised by NGN and IP
ITU-T Recommendations (to date)
Property of Neotelis
Outline
Warm up Quiz
Introduction to QoS
QoS issues in existing networks
NGN concepts & IP technology
QoS issues raised by NGN and IP
ITU-T Recommendations (to date)
Property of Neotelis
A Warm up Quiz
Property of Neotelis
Outline
Warm up Quiz
Introduction to QoS
QoS issues in existing networks
NGN concepts & IP technology
QoS issues raised by NGN and IP
ITU-T Recommendations (to date)
Property of Neotelis
Introduction to QoS
Property of Neotelis
Introduction to QoS
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Property of Neotelis
Introduction to QoS
Inter
switch
trunks
Transit switch
Local
switches
Local
switches
Transit switch
Telephone networks use telephone numbers to enable one party to connect to another,
whether it is local, national or international . Area codes and country codes are
included as required as well as numbers that indicate whether a call is local or
long distance. E.164 is the ITU standard that regulates this, with NANP being
the exception applying to the USA, Canada and the Caribbean.
Property of Neotelis
Introduction to QoS
MS
CO
BSS
BSC
MSC
MS
Local
switch
Fixed
network
Property of Neotelis
Introduction to QoS
End-to-end call
Call set
set-up,
up call cleared
cleared, call waiting
waiting, voice mail
mail, etc
etc
Facsimile
Connectivity to Internet
Connectivity to mobile
Long distance call
Conferencing
g
Video
Payphone
etc.
Property of Neotelis
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Introduction to QoS
Packet switching
Property of Neotelis
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Introduction to QoS
Property of Neotelis
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Introduction to QoS
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Property of Neotelis
Introduction to QoS
Packet switching
Packets are sent independently and may or may not follow the
same route which create the need for proper sequencing,
delay and quality issues
2
4
Packet network
Property of Neotelis
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Introduction to QoS
Comparison of switching techniques
Circuit switching
Packet switching
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Introduction to QoS
Property of Neotelis
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Introduction to QoS
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Introduction to QoS
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Introduction to QoS
S i h
Switch
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Property of Neotelis
Introduction to QoS
PBX
Outside Lines
(trunk to CO)
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PSTN
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10
Introduction to QoS
Company
site B
Public Network
Company
site C
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Introduction to QoS
Property of Neotelis
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Introduction to QoS
S i
Service
Provider
PSTN
Voice trunk
Client
Filter
C
Copper
pair
i
switch
network
switch DSLAM
router
network
PC
Microfilter
IP/MPLS
Service
Provider
Entry filter
Modem
10/100BT
ATM
Service
Provider
Voice
switch
router
IP DSLAM
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Property of Neotelis
Introduction to QoS
Property of Neotelis
1 km
<1.5
km
3 to 4.5 km
5 5 km
5.5
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12
Introduction to QoS
Point-to-point (expensive)
Property of Neotelis
Introduction to QoS
Considerations
Earths
E th curvature
t
Antenna height
Obstacles in path
Fresnel zone clearance
Antenna
height
Obstacle
clearance
Antenna
height
g
Earth Curvature
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13
Introduction to QoS
Satellite communications
Satellite
Earth Stations
Ground Station
National
Network
Regional
Network
Customer
Premises
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Property of Neotelis
Introduction to QoS
Control
Equipment
PSTN
Control
Equipment
MSC
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14
Introduction to QoS
UMTS (WCDMA )
Property of Neotelis
Introduction to QoS
MSC
Circuit Switched
PLMN Core
MSC
BTS
BSC
PSTN or PLMN
MGW
IP transport
Evolution of
mobile with
packet technology
MGW
IP MPLS Packet
Switched Core GGSN
IP Network
SGSN
HLR
MSC Server
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15
Introduction to QoS
Airport
Cross
Roads
Internet
SME
SOHO
Cafe
31
Property of Neotelis
Introduction to QoS
WiMAX
equipped
Internet
Cross
Roads
Airport
WiMAX
SME
SOHO
Cafe
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Introduction to QoS
Technology evolution
SNA
ARPANET
X.25
ETHERNET
MOBILE
INTERNET
Rights
released;
FRAME
WWW
RELAY
Summary
timeline
ti
li off key
k
developments
2000
1990
1980
1970
1960
FAST
ETHERNET
PC
DIGITAL
SWITCHING
Fiber Optics
GIGABIT
ETHERNET
SONET
ISDN
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Introduction to QoS
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Introduction to QoS
Definitions
Service:
Ap
pre-defined
e de ed type o
of ttreatment
eat e t du
during
g ttransmission
a s ss o
across a network, usually quantitative:
-
Delay
Delay variation
Information loss probability
Throughput
Maximum transfer unit (MTU)
Priority
Class of service
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Definition in telephony
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Bit rate
Delay
Jitter
Packet dropping probability
Bit error rate
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Introduction to QoS
Various perceptions
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Introduction to QoS
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Outline
Warm up Quiz
Introduction to QoS
QoS issues in existing networks
NGN concepts & IP technology
QoS issues raised by NGN and IP
ITU-T Recommendations (to date)
Property of Neotelis
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Human Factors
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Echo
Singing
Delay
Distortion
Noise
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Delay
l
Jitter
BER (Bit Error Rate)
The problems of echo and distortion are also still
present
The big
g advantage
g of digital
g
technology
gy is
the ability to eliminate noise as well as
detect and correct errors through a
variety of techniques
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22
Throughput
Delay (latency)
Loss (of packet)
Jitter (variation of delay)
Error rate
Sequence errors
Echo
Blocking
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Introduction to QoS
Input functions
Physical layer:
bit-level reception
Data link layer:
e.g. Ethernet
Queuing
determination
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Introduction to QoS
Output functions
Data link
processing
(protocol,
encapsulation,
fragmentation)
Queuing
management
Physical layer:
bit-level encoding
Data link layer:
e.g. Ethernet
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Property of Neotelis
Router
Next router
B
A
50
25
1.
2.
Queuing
Time spent
p
in the output
p
queue waiting to be sent
Depends on queue depth,
link speed, queue service
Serialization
B
A
Propagation
Processing
Queuing
51
Property of Neotelis
3.
4.
Propagation delay:
Serialization
t1
B
A
Processing
Propagation
t2
Delay
= t1 + t2
Queuing
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Processing delay
Queuing delay
Serialization delay
Propagation delay
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Outline
Warm up Quiz
Introduction to QoS
QoS issues in existing networks
NGN concepts & IP technology
QoS issues raised by NGN and IP
ITU-T Recommendations (to date)
Property of Neotelis
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NGN concepts
Digital Phones
PBX
Analog
FAX
Voice Network
Class
4/5
Switch
Analog
Telephone
Key
System
Little or no flexibility
existed to carry
services other than
those for which the
network was designed
Router
PC Client
ATM
Switches
Servers
Data Network
Router
Frame Relay
Switches
Ethernet
Switches
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Still today:
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28
IP architecture evolution
PSDN (DATA)
(TDM-based, dedicated,
message or packet
switched)
PSTN (POTS)
(TDM-based)
Interconnection
Broadband access
Narrowband access
POTS/ISDN
Enterprise
customers LAN H.323/SIP
Dial-up
xDSL
57
Property of Neotelis
IP architecture evolution
3G
(cellular)
SS7
PSTN (POTS)
(TDM-based)
Interconnections
?
Broadband access
Narrowband access
POTS/ISDN
Dial-up
PSDN (DATA)
(TDM-based, dedicated,
message or packet
switched)
Enterprise
customers LAN H.323/SIP
Property of Neotelis
xDSL
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NGN Architecture
Applications
Service Layer
Softswitch
Servers
Control Layer
IPX
PSTN/
PLMN
TGW
AGW
RGW
AGW
LAN
Enterprise customers
Media Layer
Media Server
IMS UMTS
Access
Broadband access
Remote office/SOHO
3G mobile
users
Residential
users
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IP architecture evolution
Softswitch
Trunking
Gateways
Switching
Matrix
Elements tightly linked
together more often than
not with proprietary methods
IP or ATM
Access
Gateways
IP Terminals
Distributed elements working
together based on open
standards and protocols
New (IP)
Traditional (CS)
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Softswitches
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Typical Softswitch
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Gateway
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NGN IP components
Media Gateway
IP telephony gateway
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Router
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IP
Network
Router
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Property of Neotelis
IP routing
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35
Routing
Engine
Routing
Table
Control Plane
Exchanges routing
information with
other routers i.e.
signalling
The routing
logic
Forwarding
Table
Forwarding plane
Directs outbound
packets to the
appropriate interface
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Property of Neotelis
Address of a destination
IP address of the next hop router
Network interface to be used
A
1
B
R1
Destination
address
Next Hop
Interface
Directly connected
Directly connected
Directly connected
R2
R2
R2
R2
3
4
F
Property of Neotelis
D
2
E
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36
Application Servers
73
Property of Neotelis
Hub
H b
Hub
Switch
DNS
server
DHCP
Server
Web
server
LAN
LAN
FTP
server
Property of Neotelis
LAN
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Property of Neotelis
Tier-1 ISPs
interconnect
privately
Tier-1 ISPs
interconnect at
public Network
Access Points
(NAPs)
Tier-1 ISP
Tier-1 ISP
Tier-1 ISP
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38
Ti
Tier-2
2 ISP
pays Tier-1
ISP for
connectivity
to rest of
Internet
Tier-2 ISP is a
customer of
Tier-1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-1 ISP
Tier-1 ISP
Tier-1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISPs
peer
privately
with each
other,
interconnect
at NAPs and
P-NAPs
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
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Property of Neotelis
Local and
Tier-3 ISPs
are clients of
higher Tier
ISPs that
connect them
to the rest of
Internet
local
ISP
local
oca
ISP
Tier-3
Tier
3
ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-3
ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-1
Ti
Tier-1
1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-3
ISP
local
ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-3
ISP
Property of Neotelis
local
ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-3
ISP
local
ISP
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39
Inherent to the
structure, technical
issues arise for
Quality of Service
(QoS) and Security
local
ISP
Tier-3
ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-1 ISP
Tier-1 ISP
Tier-1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-3
ISP
Tier-3
ISP
local
ISP
local
ISP
Tier-3
ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-3
ISP
local
ISP
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Standards
Protocols
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83
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System B
Layer n+1
Interface
Layer n
Layer n+1
Protocol
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Layer n
84
42
TCP/IP model
Application
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Data link
Data link
Physical
(groups layers
5,6,7)
Physical
85
Property of Neotelis
network
data link
PPP, Ethernet
transport
application
Property of Neotelis
physical
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43
TCP/IP architecture
Others
TELNET
FTP
NFS
TFTP
SNMP
TCP
BOOTP
ARP
IGP
EGP
ICMP
RIP
RARP
OSPF
network
IP
802.2
Ethernet
application
transport
UDP
EGP
BGP
Others
802.3
PPP
FDDI
802.5
SLIP
Serial Link
data link
physical
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Layers implementation
application
transport
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
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44
TCP/IP Model
Client for Microsoft Networks
D-Link DFE-530TX PCI Fast Ethernet Adapter
Layers 3 and 4
TCP/IP
Layers 1 and 2
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Transport Layer
data
application
transport
transport
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
ack
data
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical
data
application
transport
transport
network
link
physical
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45
Source
M
Ht M
H nH t M
H l H nH t M
Destination
application
application
transport
transport
network
t
k
network
t
k
link
link
physical
physical
message
Ht M
H nH t M
H l H nH t M
segment
datagram
frame
91
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frame
Hl Hn Ht
M
M
M
M
Source
application
transport
network
link
physical
Switch
Hl Hn Ht
link
physical
Hl Hn Ht
M
Ht
Hl Hn Ht
Hn Ht
Destination
application
transport
network
link
physical
Hn Ht
Hl Hn Ht
M
M
network
link
physical
Hn Ht
Hl Hn Ht
M
M
Router
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46
TCP service
UDP service
93
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Transport layer
FTP
TELNET
Network
layer
Transport
layer
Network
layer
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e-mail
remote terminal access
Web
file transfer
streaming
g multimedia
Internet telephony
Application
layer protocol
Underlying
transport protocol
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP
e.g.
g RealPlayer
y
e.g. Skype
UDP or TCP
UDP
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Protocols or Standards
Presentation
Applications / CODECs
Session
Transport
Network
IP Non QoS
Data Link
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SIP
RTP
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Outline
Warm up Quiz
Introduction to QoS
QoS issues in existing networks
NGN concepts & IP technology
QoS issues raised by NGN and IP
ITU-T Recommendations (to date)
99
Property of Neotelis
Traditional networks
Location #2
PABX
PSTN
Leased line
WAN
Host
Leased line
Property of Neotelis
Controller
100
50
Location #2
PABX
WAN
Host
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Lack of bandwidth
Delay jitter
Packet loss
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Dropped packets
Delay
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Talker overlap
Voice gets clipped or disappears
Slow screen refreshes
Spongy keyboard effect
Slow application responses
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Outline
Warm up Quiz
Introduction to QoS
QoS issues in existing networks
NGN concepts & IP technology
QoS issues raised by NGN and IP
ITU-T Recommendations (to date)
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ITU-T Recommendations
Support
Operability
Accessibility
Retainability
Integrity
Security
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ITU-T Recommendations
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ITU-T Recommendations
ITU Series E
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ITU-T Recommendations
ITU Series G
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ITU-T Recommendations
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ITU-T Recommendations
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ITU-T Recommendations
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ITU-T Recommendations
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ITU-T Recommendations
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ITU-T Recommendations
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ITU-T Recommendations
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