Lecture 3

ANALOG FILTERS
OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the filter types;
2. Recognize the filter type from a pole-zero pattern;
3. Plot the magnitude and phase response of filters;
4. Analyze the frequency response of first and second-order filters;

5. Understand the significance of the pole frequency 0 and the pole-Q;

6. Analyze first/second-order active-RC filters

Lecture 3
ANALOG FILTERS
CONTENTS:
1. Introduction
2. Definitions and types of filters
3. Active-RC filters: first- and second-order functions
4. The Sallen-Key & two-integrator loop biquads

5. The second-order parallel LCR resonator

6. Introduction to MOSFET-C filters
7. Introduction to OTA-C filters

8. Introduction to switched-capacitor filters

3.1 Introduction

http://electronicsbus.com/surface-acoustic-wave-saw-filters-rf-frequency-filters/

http://www.edn.com/design/wireless-networking/4413442/SAW--BAW-and-the-future-of-wireless

3.1 Introduction

http://www.vectron.com/products/saw/pdf_saw/TFS86E.pdf

3.1 Introduction
Filters are frequency-selective networks

linear (!)
time-invariant (!)

Filters

passive - R,L,C
active RC
MOSFET-C
active - Transconductance - C
Switched-capacitor

monolithic
filters
5

3.1 Introduction
Why are filters needed?

Noise attenuation

Anti aliasing and reconstruction filters

http://www.mathworks.com/help/hdlcoder/examples/lms-filter-noise-cancellation.html

3.1 Introduction
Why are filters needed?
Modification of the relative amounts of low frequency (bass) and high
frequency (treble) energies in audio recording systems.
In high fidelity audio systems, equalizing circuits are designed to compensate
for the frequency response of the speakers and the listening room.

Source: http://williamson-labs.com/basic-ele-pt-2.htm

3.1 Introduction
Why are filters needed? Anti-aliasing and reconstruction filters

Anti-aliasing filter

http://www.design-reuse.com/articles/20284/pipeline-sigma-delta-adc.html
8

3.1 Introduction
Why are filters needed? Separation of channels of FDM systems

http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/sounds/
spectrgr/FMFMPAM.html

http://ecomputernotes.com/computernetworkingnotes/
network-technologies/what-is-fdm
9

3.1 Introduction
Why are filters needed?
Channel equalization to compensate for frequency
dependent channel response
Prediction of signals
System identification

10

3.1 Introduction
Image filtering

Original image

Original (noisy) image

http://lodev.org/cgtutor/filtering.html#Median

Edge-enhanced image

Median-filtered image

11

3.2 Definitions and types of filters

+
v (t)
- i

vi ( t ) Vi (s)

Filter circuit
T(s)

vo(t)

vo ( t ) Vo (s)

V (s)
T(s) o
Vi (s)

T(s): filter transfer function ( Laplace transform of the

filter impulse response)
T( j) Re(T( j)) j Im(T( j)) T( j) e j()
magnitude

Gain:

phase

G () 20 log T( j) , dB

Attenuation:

A() 20 log

1
20 log T( j), dB
T( j)
12

Distortionless transmission
vi(t)

Vi(j)

vo(t)
T(j)

Vo(j)

vi(t)

t2+to
t3

t1

t2

vi (t ) Vi ( j)

delay t o

t3+to

t1+to

vo (t) K Vi (j)e-jto
T( j)

T( j) K
() t o

vo (t ) K v i (t t o )

V ( j)
T( j) o
K Vi ( j)e jto
Vi ( j)

() t o
13

Magnitude characteristics Ideal filters

14

Specification of the magnitude characteristics LP filter

15

The filter transfer function

aM s M aM 1s M 1 ... a1s a0 N ( s )
T (s)

N
N 1
s bN 1s ...b1s b0
D(s)

NM

N: filter order

aM s z1 s z2 ... s zM
T ( s)
s p1 s p2 ... s pN
z1,z2,...zM : transmission zeros/transfer-function zeros
p1,p2,...pN : transfer-function poles/natural modes

16

Examples of pole-zero pattern

pole
j

s-plane

zero

j2

-a

T (s) K

s
sa

T j K

2
HP filter

tg

2 a2
1
a

-j1

-a

T (s) K

j1

sa
s p s p

sa
T (s) K
s
s 2 o o 2
Q
BP filter

-j2

T (s) K

s s 2 12 s 2 22
s 6 b5 s 5 bo

BP filter

17

Some basic building blocks of active-RC filters

R2

R1
+

vs

1
sC

R1

Integrator

vo

vs

Inverting amplifier

v
o

vs

1
sC

v
o

Differentiator

18

3.3. First- and second-order filter functions

Active-RC

19

Active-RC
20

21

22

23

3.4. The Sallen-Key & two-integrator loop biquads

Ideal op amp: A
i 0

The Sallen-Key biquad

H (s )

ao
b 2s 2 b1s bo

i3
i1
vIN

i2
R1

v1

C1

i1 i 2 i 3
V V1 V1 V
IN

V1 Vo sC1
R1
R2

i=0
1
3

R2
C2

vO

V1 V
V sC2
R2
V Vo

Low pass filter

1
T(s) 2
s R1R 2C1C2 sC2 R1 R 2 1

o2

1
R1R 2C1C2

R 1R 2
C1

C 2 R1 R 2
24

vIN

C1

v1

R1
3

C2

vOUT

R2

Highpass filter
C1C2
s 2 R1R 2C1C2
R2
T(s)= 2
Q=

s R1R 2C1C2 +sR1 C1 +C2 +1

R1 C1 +C2

C1

R2

R1
vIN

C2

vOUT

Bandpass filter

T(s)=

C1C2
-sR 2C2
R1

Q=

s 2 R1R 2C1C2 +sR1 C1 +C2 +1

R 2 C1 +C2
25

The two-integrator-loop biquad

Derivation of a block diagram realization of the two-integrator-loop biquad.

26

The KHN (Kerwin-Huelsman-Newcomb) biquad circuit

(a) The KHN (Kerwin-Huelsman-Newcomb) biquad circuit. The three basic filtering functions, HP, BP, and LP,
are simultaneously realized. (b) To obtain notch and all-pass functions, the three outputs are summed with
appropriate weights using this op-amp summer.
27

The Tow-Thomas biquad circuit

(a) Derivation of an alternative two-integrator-loop biquad in which all op amps are used in a single-ended fashion.
(b) The resulting circuit, known as the TowThomas biquad.
28

3.5. The second-order parallel LCR resonator

(a),(b) and (c) have the same natural modes

29

T(s )

N(s )
D(s )

1
D(s) s 2 o s o2 ; o
Q
LC

Q oCR

Lowpass: N(s)=o2
Highpass: N(s)=s2
Bandpass: N(s)=o Q s
Notch: N(s)=s2+ o2

30

1
o ???
L1C1

Realization of various second-order filter functions using the LCR resonator (a) general structure, (b) LP, (c) HP, (d) BP, (e) notch at 0, (f)
general notch, at n (g) LPN (n 0), (h) LPN as s , (i) HPN (n < 0).

31

The Antoniou inductance-simulation circuit

Figure 12.20 (a) The Antoniou inductance-simulation circuit. (b) Analysis of the circuit assuming ideal op amps. The order of the analysis steps is
indicated by the circled numbers.

32

Op ampRC resonator obtained by replacing the inductor L in the LCR

resonator of with a simulated inductance realized by the Antoniou circuit

Figure 12.21 (a) An LCR resonator. (b) An op ampRC resonator obtained by replacing the inductor L in the LCR resonator of (a) with a
simulated inductance realized by the Antoniou circuit of Fig. 12.20(a). (c) Implementation of the buffer amplifier K.

33

Realizations for second-order filter functions using the op ampRC

resonator and the Antoniou inductance-simulation circuit

Figure 12.22 Realizations for the various second-order filter functions using the op ampRC resonator of Fig. 12.21(b): (a) LP, (b) HP, (c) BP,

34

3.6 Introduction to MOSFET-C filters

ID (A)

25

VD=VQ+Vin

VG =4.5 V

3V

ID
VQ

VG
0

VD (V)
Vin

VS=VQ

(b)

-25

Integrated RC time constants are inaccurate. R

MOSFET (can be tuned
but harmonic distortion is high) Fully-differential topology (eliminates
C
V
even-order harmonics)
G

ID1

M1

VCM+vi
VCM+vy

VSS

VCM-vi

VCM+vy
M2

+
-

VCM+vo
VCM-vo

ID2
(c)
VG

C
Basic principle of MOSFET-C filter technique. (a) Active-RC integrator. (b) MOSFET I-C curve. (c) MOSFET-C integrator

35

3.6 Introduction to MOSFET-C filters

MOSFET-C filter

Tow-Thomas biquad

Active-RC filter
(Tow-Thomas biquad)
36

3.7 Introduction to OTA-C filters

OTA - Operational transconductance amplifier
+
vi
_

Gmvi

(a)
ii
+
vi
_

io=Gmvi

+
vi
_

Gm
(b)

_
Gm
+

+
vi
_

io

+
_

vo

Gm

(c)

(d)

(a) Small-signal equivalent circuit of the ideal transconductor, (b) its symbol, (c) the use of
a transconductor as a resistor (ii/vi=Gm), and (d) the Gm-C integrator.

Gm can be tuned Time constants (C/ Gm) can be adjusted

37

3.7 Introduction to OTA-C filters

A CMOS OTA (nonlinear block)
VDD

1:1

M4

M3

iO

M1

M2

vin/2

-vin/2

IT
(b)

38

3.7 Introduction to OTA-C filters

vi

vo

C VO

VI

1
1 sCR

vi

VO
1
s

VI
1 sC / Gm

(a)

vi

vo

Gm

(b)

Gm1

Gm2

vo

VO
Gm1 / Gm 2
s

VI
1 sC / Gm 2

(c)

39

3.8 Introduction to switched-capacitor filters

Basic principle: charge conservation

Basic principle of the switched-capacitor filter technique. (a) Active-RC integrator. (b) Switched-capacitor integrator. (c) Twophase clock (nonoverlapping). (d) During 1, C1 charges up to the current value of vi and then, during 2, discharges into C2.
40

3.8 Introduction to switched-capacitor filters

Assume that

fck f signal

q1 C1v A

q2 C1vB

q q1 q2 C1 v A vB

iav q / T C1 / T v A vB
Thus, on average, the switched capacitor behaves as a resistor with its resistance value given by

R1 T / C1 1/ C1 f ck
If the clock frequency is much higher than the maximum signal frequency, the continuous-time model of the switched capacitor
can provide an adequate representation of it; otherwise, an accurate time (frequency) domain model of the switched circuit must
41
be used.

3.8 Introduction to switched-capacitor filters

vo n vo n 1 C1 / C2 vin n 1/ 2

Time-constant=R1C2

Time-constant = C2 R1

C2T
1 C2

C1
f ck C1

Accuracy is dependent on:

capacitive ratio
clock frequency
Accuracy is independent of:
absolute values of Cs

42

3.8 Introduction to switched-capacitor filters

(a)

(a) Parasitic-sensitive and (b) Parasitic-insensitive switched-capacitor integrators.

43

3.8 Introduction to switched-capacitor filters

(a) A two-integrator-loop active-RC biquad and (b)

its switched-capacitor counterpart.
44

Non-ideal effects in filters:

Finite and frequency-dependent op-amp gain;
Harmonic distortion;
Noise;
Parasitic elements;
Non-ideal switches;
Settling time;
Offset voltage;
Unbalanced inputs;

45

A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, any

edition.
R. C. Jaeger and T. Blalock, Microelectronic Circuit Design,
McGraw-Hill, New York, any edition.
B. Razavi, Fundamentals of Microelectronics, Wiley, 2008.
S. Noceti Filho. Filtros seletores de sinais. Florianpolis, SC:
Editora da UFSC, 1998.

46