Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Muller
Geodesy
4th Edition
DE GRUYTER
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3.2 Geometry of the gravity field
3.2.1 Level surfaces and plumb lines
3.2.2 Local gravity field representation
3.2.3 Natural coordinates
3.3 Spherical harmonic expansion of the gravitational potential
3.3.1 Expansion of the reciprocal distance
3.3.2 Expansion of the gravitational potential
3.3.3 Geometrical interpretation of the surface
spherical harmonics
3.3.4 Physical interpretation of the spherical
harmonic coefficients
3.4 The geoid
3.4.1 Definition
3.4.2 Mean sea level
3.4.3 The geoid as height reference surface
3.5 Temporal gravity variations
3.5.1 Gravitational constant, Earth rotation
3.5.2 Tidal acceleration, tidal potential
3.5.3 Non-tidal temporal gravity variations
The Geodetic Earth Model
4.1 The rotational ellipsoid
4.1.1 Parameters and coordinate systems
4.1.2 Curvature
Spatial geodetic coordinates
4.2 The normal gravity field
4.2.1 The level ellipsoid, level spheroids
4.2.2 The normal gravity field of the level ellipsoid
4.2.3 Geometry of the normal gravity field
4.3 Geodetic reference systems, optimum Earth model
Methods of Measurement
5.1 Atmospheric refraction
5.1.1 Fundamentals
5.1.2 Tropospheric refraction
5.1.3 Ionospheric refraction
5.2 Satellite observations
5.2.1 Undisturbed satellite motion
5.2.2 Perturbed satellite motion
5.2.3 Artificial Earth satellites
5.2.4 Direction, range and range rate (Doppler, DORIS)
measurements
5.2.5 Global Navigation Satellite Systems GNSS
(GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and others)
5.2.6 Laser distance measurements
5.2.7 Satellite
5.2.8 Satellite-to-satellite tracking, satellite gravity gradiometry
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5.3 Geodetic astronomy
5.3.1 Optical observation instruments
5.3.2 Astronomic positioning and azimuth determination
5.3.3 Reductions
5.3.4 Very Long Baseline
5.4 Gravimetry
5.4.1 Absolute gravity measurements
5.4.2 Relative gravity measurements
5.4.3 Gravity reference systems and gravity standard
5.4.4 Gravity measurements on moving platforms
5.4.5 Gravity gradiometry
5.4.6 Continuous gravity measurements
5.5 Terrestrial geodetic measurements
5.5.1 Horizontal and vertical angle measurements
5.5.2 Distance measurements, total stations
5.5.3 Inertial surveying, underwater acoustic positioning
5.5.4 Leveling
5.5.5 Tilt and strain measurements
6 Methods of Positioning and Gravity Field Modeling
6.1 Residual gravity field
Disturbing potential, height anomaly, geoid height
Gravity disturbance, gravity anomaly,
deflection of the vertical
Statistical description of the gravity field,
interpolation
6.2 Three-dimensional positioning
6.2.1 Observation equations
6.2.2 Geodetic datum
6.3 Horizontal positioning
6.3.1 Ellipsoidal trigonometry
6.3.2 Reductions to
ellipsoid
6.3.3 Computations on the ellipsoid
6.4 Height determination
6.4.1 Heights from geometric leveling
6.4.2 Trigonometrical heights
6.4.3 Heights from GNSS (GPS)
6.5 Fundamentals of gravity field modeling
6.5.1 The geodetic boundary-value problem
6.5.2 Gravitation of topography, digital elevation models
6.5.3 Gravity' reductions to the geoid
6.5.4 Orientation and scale of gravity field models
6.6 Global gravity field modeling
6.6.1 Spherical harmonic expansion
6.6.2
gravity field models
6.6.3 Combined (high resolution) gravity field models
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6.7 Local gravity field modeling
6.7.1 Gravimetric geoid heights and deflections of the vertical:
integral formulas
6.7.2 Gravimetric height anomalies and surface deflections
of the vertical
6.7.3 The external gravity field
6.7.4 Astrogeodetic geoid and quasigeoid determination
6.8 Least-squares collocation
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References
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