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Fosterville Gold Mine Heated Leach Process

M Binks1 and P Wemyss2
1. MAusIMM, Processing Manager, Fosterville Gold Mine, McCormicks Road,
Fosterville Vic 3557. Email: marcus.binks@northgateminerals.com.au
2. Processing Manager, Stawell Gold Mine, Leviathan Road, Stawell Vic 3380.
Email: peter.wemyss@northgateminerals.com.au
ABSTRACT
The Fosterville Gold mine is located approximately 20km to the East of Bendigo in central
Victoria. The gold at Fosterville occurs as solid solution within disseminated arsenopyrite
and pyrite. The Fosterville ore bodies contain various amounts of native carbon in the form
of bituminous coal. This carbon (Non-Carbonate Carbon or NCC) has been the
predominant mechanism for gold loss from the processing facility throughpreg-robbing.
Processing of the Fosterville ore is achieved initially through crushing, grinding and
flotation to extract the sulphides. The sulphide concentrate is oxidized using Bacterial
Oxidation, before being leached in a conventional CIL circuit.
A high portion of the native carbon (NCC) in the mine ore is naturally hydrophobic in
nature, and subsequently reports to the flotation concentrate stream, and ultimately onto
the CIL circuit. This NCC has a notable preg-robbing ability. Treatment of Black Shale
ores, which have elevated NCC levels, has historically resulted in CIL recoveries as low
as 35%, with around 60-80% of the gold loss from the leach circuit attributed to pregrobbing.
Standard technologies for dealing with a carbonaceous leach feed have been trialed with
limited success. The discovery of the significance of heat on leach recoveries, triggered
extensive testwork on a range of leach feed and tails samples. Pilot plant testing
demonstrated that Heated Leaching of the CIL tails was the best process with an
average recovery increase of 7.5% being achieved.
Following a successful pilot study, an engineering feasibility study was completed by
Minerva Engineering, and the project economics determined. With strong recovery gains
evident and a predicted project payback of 1-1.5 years, approval for the installation of the
full scale plant was granted. Detailed design commenced in September 2008 with
installation commencing in January 2009. The circuit was successfully commissioned in
April 2009.
Following commissioning, the Heated Leach circuit has achieved recovery gains of 4-14%,
and has proven itself to be a significant contributor to the overall plant performance.
INTRODUCTION
Fosterville Gold Mine is wholly owned by Northgate Minerals, a Canadian company.
Mining at Fosterville has taken place intermittently since 1894. Contemporary exploration
and heap leach operations commenced in the 1980s and up to 2001 produced a total of
240 000 troy ounces (oz) of gold from these operations. Following the completion of a
successful deeper drilling program in 2001/02, a detailed feasibility study was undertaken
based on mining and processing refractory ore at a nominal rate of 800,000 metric tonnes
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per annum. Engineering for the ore processing plant commenced in November 2003 with
plant construction commencing in March 2004. Installation was completed and the first
sulphide gold bar was poured in May 2005.
The Fosterville mineralization occurs within Lower Ordovician sediments comprising of
interbedded sandstones, siltstones and shales. The predominant feature in the area is the
Fosterville Fault System, a north-south striking, steep westerly dipping reverse fault
comprising of numerous sub parallel faults. Gold is typically located in disseminated
arsenopyrite and pyrite forming a halo to veins in a quartz carbonate veinlet stockwork,
which is in turn controlled by late brittle faults. The arsenopyrite occurs as fine-grained
acicular needles with no preferred orientation. The disseminated pyrite associated with
gold mineralisation occurs as crystalline pyritohedrons (Hitchman et al).
The Fosterville ore bodies contain various amounts of native carbon in the form of
bituminous coal. This carbon (referred to as Non-Carbonate Carbon or NCC) occurs
through hydrothermal alteration and as a significant sedimentary structure along the
Fosterville fault line. The carbonaceous minerals in the ore are the predominant
mechanism for gold loss from the processing facility throughpreg-robbing.
Processing of the Fosterville ore is achieved through a simple single stage jaw crushing
circuit followed by a SAG mill. The sulphides are separated using a 3 stage flotation circuit.
The sulphide concentrate is oxidized using bacterial oxidation, with the residue washed
through a counter current decant (CCD) circuit, before being leached in a conventional CIL
circuit. The tails from the CIL circuit are heated (Heated Leach) to recover a portion of the
preg-robbed gold, before being pumped to a CIL residue storage dam. The flotation
residue and the neutralised liquor from the CCD circuit are combined and pumped to an
In-Pit residue storage facility.
A high portion of the native carbon in the mine ore is naturally hydrophobic in nature, and
subsequently reports to the flotation concentrate stream, and ultimately into the CIL
circuit. This NCC has been shown to have a high a preg-robbing ability, with gold loss of 6
to 7% from even the cleanest of ores. Treatment of black shale ores, which have elevated
NCC levels, has historically resulted in CIL recoveries as low as 35%, with around 70-80%
of the gold loss from the leach circuit attributed to preg-robbing (Wemyss, 2007).
Defining Fosterville Preg-robbing
Both plant and laboratory leaching demonstrate that the leach rate of the gold in oxidized
Fosterville ores is extremely fast. Kinetic leach testing however, demonstrates a continued
drop in solid grades over a 48 hour period and indicates a steady release (desorption) of
weakly preg-robbed gold back into solution for adsorption onto activated carbon. The rate
of gold desorption from the preg-robbing NCC is, as expected, solution grade and time
dependent.
Diagnostic analysis (Table 1) and size by size assays (Table 2) provides an indication as
to which size fraction the gold reports, and mechanism by which it is reporting. The
historical average level of preg robbed gold in CIL tails is approximately 62%, with 36%
locked in sulphides and the balance in silicates or precipitates.
Analysis of the size by assay shows that on average 70% of the gold and 90% of the
native carbon is below 9 micron in size. The fine nature of the gold and native carbon limits
the ability to study the surface of the mineral particles to more firmly establish the
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gold/NCC association. The gold/NCC association is subsequently indirectly determined

through diagnostic testwork.
Figure 1, is a plot of the gold and NCC levels obtained from composite samples taken over
a two year period. It can be clearly seen that a reasonably strong correlation exists
between the level of native carbon and gold within the CIL residue stream.
Table 1
CIL tail diagnostic analysis.
Average

Diagnostic
CIL gold feed grade (g/t)

58.5

CIL tail grade gold grade

(g/t)

8.9

Preg-robbed gold (%)

61.7

Native Carbon (NCC) (%)

1.2

Gold grade (g/t)

5.5

Sulphide locked gold (%)

35.7

Sulphide sulfur (%)

0.9

Silicate locked gold (%)

2.5

Table 2
Average elemental and weight distributions within the CIL tails stream.
CIL tail distributions
Size
Wt (%)

Au (g/t)

S2- (%)

NCC (%)

+ 45 micron

12

14

47

+ 20micron

10

35

+ 9 micron

+ 2 micron

30

26

46

< 2 micron

42

46

16

44

Total (%)

100

100

100

100

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Figure 1. CIL tail gold grade versus %NCC.

Combating Preg-robbing
During the prefeasibility study for the Fosterville project, the presence of native carbon and
losses through preg-robbing were identified, but the degree to which the ore bodies
contained native carbon was underestimated. During the pre-feasibility, initial tests on the
carbonaceous samples used the standard method of Kerosene blanking in a bid to
address the pre-robbing loss, however this proved relatively unsuccessful.
Following commissioning of the Fosterville processing facility, CIL gold recoveries
struggled to achieve the levels predicted in the prefeasibility study. Although leach gold
losses were initially exacerbated by low oxidation levels, the loss of gold to preg-robbing
was identified as the key recovery influence.
A myriad of testwork was conducted in a bid to establish a treatment method, including but
not limited to:

Elevated Carbon Concentrations;

Low Density Leaching;
Kerosene Blanking;
Synthetic Blanking;
Pressure Oxidation;
Thiosulphate Leaching;
Chlorination;
Thiourea Leaching.

Outside of the treatment of the leach feed to combat preg-robbing, other tests focused on
the flotation circuit and the rejection of native carbon at this stage of the process. Chemical
suppression was unsuccessfully trialed several times in the plant. Through the trials
however, the use of Guardisperse (naphthalene sulphonate) was found to assist in the
management of tenacious carbonaceous froth experienced during the blending of black
shale ores. Gardisperse continues to be used periodically to assist in managing tenacious
froth and not specifically NCC rejection.

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Due to the fine nature of the native carbon and its lower density relative to the sulphide
minerals, physical separation from the secondary circuit flotation concentrate was
assessed. The use of 1 Mozley cyclones was evaluated (Binks, 2006) and ultimately
applied to remove fine native carbon from the stream. This project proved successful in its
own right with 60% carbon rejection achieved with an associated 5% gold loss from the
flotation circuit. The clean cyclone underflow produced vastly improved leach recoveries.
However this circuit was superseded with the introduction of the Heated Leach process
and the need to blend the high NCC ores to maximize flotation gold recovery.
Roasting is seen as the best method for the treatment of Fosterville flotation concentrates.
However, the location of the site in a highly populated area, coupled with the local weather
conditions meant that the process was considered environmentally unsound and therefore
not a viable proposition.
A Left Field Approach
Standard technologies and known methods for dealing with the Fosterville carbonaceous
leach feed have been trialed with limited success. The lack of success from laboratory
tests provided evidence that a portion of the gold must already be associated with the
native carbon prior to entering the leach circuit. Mozley cyclone classification testwork on
flotation concentrate (Binks, 2006) demonstrated that a gold/carbon association is not
present within the flotation concentrate and subsequently indicates that the preg-robbing
is initiated in the bacterial oxidation circuit.
This understanding moved the focus of testwork to reversing or breaking the gold/NCC
association developed within the bacterial oxidation circuit. The application of heat to the
pulp was tested as a method to break the gold/NCC bond. Initial leach temperatures of 40
degrees Celsius were adopted with the view to use waste heat from the bacterial oxidation
circuit which operates at a similar temperature. Heated Leach tests conducted on CIL
feed at 40 degrees Celsius immediately showed benefits with a step increase in CIL
recoveries over both plant and previous testwork results and provided the foundation for
further work.
Heated Leach Pilot Plant Studies
To fully evaluate the Heated Leach process, establish a potential processing circuit
flowsheet and to enable identification of any idiosyncrasies of operating such a circuit, a
pilot plant was constructed. Como Engineering of Perth Western Australia were engaged
to construct the plant based on site design. The pilot plant (Figure 2) consisted of 2 trains
of 6 tanks. Each train was different in volume to enable a comparison of residence time
and to conduct two tests simultaneously.
Heating of the pulp was achieved by circulating hot water through jackets around the
tanks. Each tank was fitted with a basket to retain the carbon and allow for easy carbon
transfer. The circuit was also set up with chemical, oxygen and air dosing to the tanks.
Standard carbon management in the pilot plant was designed around having 20g/l carbon
concentration in each tank, with basket movements in each train timed to approximate
carbon movement rates and dwell times achieved in the existing CIL plant. Free cyanide
levels were kept at historical plant levels and pH was kept in line with the plant. Any
variation from the above was performed specifically to test different treatment scenarios.

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Sampling of streams was performed every 6 or 12 hours in order to give good variation
around the 9hr and 18 hour basket movement regime. This way assay results were
available from the start, middle and end of basket dwell duration in order to determine
variation effects.

Figure 2. Heated Leach Pilot Plant.

The Heated Leach pilot plant was operated for a period of 4 months on a continuous
roster to evaluate the effects of:

Heated Leach process on CIL Feed;

Heated Leach process on CIL Tails;
Various Temperature Profiles;
Carbon addition to the circuit including location, activity and rate;
Cyanide addition;
Caustic addition.

Pilot plant testing clearly demonstrated that Heated Leaching of the tailings from the CIL
plant was the best method for increasing overall gold recovery from the ore, with an
average recovery increase of 7.5% being achieved. The pilot work also identified that the
recovery increase through Heated Leaching is possible without any further additions of
cyanide, and can be performed in the absence of air or oxygen injection into the pulp
(Wemyss, 2007).
Pilot studies were later extended to evaluate the ability of the process to recover gold from
historic leach tails which had an average gold grade of 10 g/t. The testwork indicated that
35-50% of the gold within the tail residue could be recovered, further supporting the
implementation of the process. Additional capacity was factored into the design to allow
for reclaimed tails to be processed con-currently.

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Board Approval for the project was received in October 2008. Minerva Engineering of
Melbourne were engaged to complete the detailed design. Site construction commenced
in January 2009 with commissioning underway by April of that year.
Full Scale Operation
The six stages used during the pilot plant studies on the CIL tail were ultimately applied to
the full scale plant. The initial three stages of the Heated Leach circuit are operated up to
70 degrees Celcius with the remaining three stages cooled to aid the adsorption of gold
from solution.
Heating of the CIL tails stream is achieved through inline injection of steam which is
provided by a 4 megawatt LPG fired boiler. Tanks on the first three stages are rubber lined
and insulated to reduce radiant heat loss. Stainless steel lids are fitted to four of the six
stages to retain heat and reduce steam entering the operator working zone on the top of
the tanks.
The detailed design identified the necessary cooling of the secondary stages (tanks 4-6)
could be achieved through simple aeration of the tanks. This cooling method however,
proved unsuccessful during the commissioning phase and ultimately cold recycled water
from the CIL residue dam was adopted to achieve the temperature adjustment, at the
sacrifice of density and tank residence time.
In stages 1-3, recessed impeller pumps are used for carbon transfer to prevent
unnecessary cooling of the pulp that would occur if using air lifts. Air lifts are used for
carbon transfer in stages 4-6 where lower operating temperatures are required. In all
cases, the carbon advance slurry is screened to allow the carbon only to progress forward
and the slurry to return to the tank from which it came.
Barren carbon is continuously added to both stages 1 and 6 in the circuit. The loaded
carbon from the Heated Leach circuit is recovered to a carbon column, regenerated and
then returned to the CIL circuit. Figure 3 below depicts the carbon movement at nominal
rates and grades.

Figure 3. Carbon Movement through the Heated Leach and CIL circuits.
The circuit operates continuously with an availability of 95-98%. In 2010, the Heated
Leach process (Fig 4.) provided an average recovery gain of 7.4%. This is deemed an
excellent result particularly given the level of circuit downtime and reduced efficiency
associated with poor availability of the steam boiler. During the year, a peak monthly gold

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recovery gain of 14% was achieved during the processing of a blend containing high NCC
levels.

Figure 4. Fosterville Gold Mine Heated Leach circuit

Conclusion
The Heated Leach circuit is the most notable addition to the Fosterville processing facility
that has been made since the operation of the plant commenced. The Heated Leach
circuit contributes significantly to improved process economics and the long term future of
the site. Continued work on the optimization of the process and improvement of the
equipment availability will further enhance the benefits obtained.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge Northgate Minerals for the support and confidence
in firstly piloting the process and then establishing a full scale operation.
References
Binks, M, 2006. Cyclone Classification Report February 2006, Fosterville Gold Mine.
Hitchman, S, Holland, I, and Evans, B, 2008. Technical Report on Fosterville Gold Mine,
Victoria Australia.
Wemyss, P, 2007. CIL Tail Heated Leaching, Fosterville Gold Mine.

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