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Applied

Reservoir
Geology

Chapter 12
Basics of Wireline Logging & Interpretation

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Applied
Reservoir
Geology

What you will learn


What logging means
Different measurements we make
Basic wireline tools
and what they measure
Simple log analysis

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Applied
Reservoir
Geology
The Early Years
19121927

1912: Conrad conceives the


idea for electrical
measurements
1919: Marcel joins his
brotherfirst work in
Normandy
1921: Office opens in Paris,
rue SaintDominique
1927: First electrical
downhole log in
Pechelbronn, France
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Applied
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Geology

First well logs recorded in 1927


The recording system

The cable winch

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The stationary pointby-point log

Applied
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Geology
Modern Logging Truck
Modern Surface equipment :
High powered computers
Controls downhole logging
Changes signal configuration to
obtain acquisitions
Includes surface database to
optimise results and for well-to-well
correlations
Used also for forward-modelling
Includes also all the well
configurations- depth, casing,
formations, etc..

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Applied
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Geology
Logging Tools

Modern Tools
Sensors used in modern logging:
Electrical
Electromagnetic
Magnetic Flux Induction
Acoustic
Ultrasonic
Nuclear: Neutron
Nuclear:

- Rays

Nuclear: Nuclear Magnetic


Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Every potential signal source have been used in modern-day logging
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Applied
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Geology

Modern Logs

1600

1700
1 50

-1 8 0

(M V )

2 00

FX N D
50

(P U )

Facies

S P (S P )
0

R t from H A L S
180

5.0 0
7.7 5
12 .01
18 .62
28 .85
44 .72
69 .81
1 07 .43
1 66 .51
2 58 .08
4 00 .00

R X 18
1

1 00 0

R t from A IT H
1

(O H M M )

10 0 0

M ud R e s istiv ity from H A L S


1

10 0 0
90
M ud R e s istiv ity fro m A IT H

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A H TP R
10 0 0

(O H M M )

1 00 0

Invasion Profile

(G A P I)

Layering

Pad

1:2 20 F t

G am m a R a y (G R )

90

Modern logs have more


measurements but the
principle is the same
Shading is often added to
make the log curves easier
to read.
Additional outputs can be
made:
Invasion Profiles
Facies
Layering

Applied
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Geology
Open Hole Measurements :
Wireline Logging.
LWD (Logging While Drilling)
Logging on Drill Pipe (TLC)

Wireline

LWD
TLC

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Applied
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Geology

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Applied
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Geology

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Applied
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Geology

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Applied
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Geology

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Applied
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Geology

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Applied
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Geology

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Applied
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Geology

Lithology (reservoir rock?)


Resistivity (HC,water,both?)
Porosity (how much HC?)
What type of HC

Formation mech. properties


Permeability / cap pressure
Shape of the structure
Geological information
Geothermal
Unconventional applications

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Why we log ?

Applied
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Geology

Review of Basic Logging Tools

Spontaneous Potential (SP) and Gamma Ray (GR)


Resistivity
Neutron
Sonic
Density

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Applied
Reservoir
Geology

Log Measurements

Type log

Direct
Measurement
Self-Potential (SP) mV

Indirect
Measurement
Shaliness

Gamma-Ray (GR)

API units

Shaliness

Caliper

Hole diameter

Acoustic

Travel time

Various
corrections
Porosity

Density

Bulk density

Porosity

Neutron

Hydrogen index

Porosity

Induction/laterolog Resistivity

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Water
saturation

Applied
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Geology

Spontaneous Potential (SP)

Measures the electrical potential in the formation caused


by the salinity difference between the drilling mud and the
formation water
SP is generally an indicator of permeability
The SP log measures the electrical
potential in the formation. This is a
relative measurement. The deflection
on the SP log is measured from the
shale to the sand. The amount of
deflection that you see between the
shale and the sand is a relative amount
of deflection. The log analyst does not
read the value of the SP log directly
from the log. Rather, it is the difference
between the shale reading and the sand

reading

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Applied
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Geology

SP Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC
0
SPC
-160 MV

ILDC
150

0.2

10700

SP
Log
10800

10900

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1.95

200

CNLLC
0.45
-0.15

SNC
40

0.2

16

0.2

ACAL
6

RHOC
200

MLLCF
200

2.95

150

DT
us/f

50

Applied
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Geology

GR Gamma Ray

The GR Log
GR is the measurement of the natural radioactivity of the
formation
In sedimentary formation; this reflects the presence of shale
Radioactive elements tend to concentrate in shales.
Clean (Shale-free) formations usually have low level of
radiation

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Applied
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Geology

GR Gamma Ray
Gamma Rays are bursts of
high-energy electromagnetic
waves that are emitted
spontaneously by some
radioactive elements. Nearly all
the Gamma Radiation
encountered on Earth is emitted
by:
Potassium (K)
Thorium (Th)
Uranium (U)

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Applied
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Geology

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GR Gamma Ray

Applied
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Geology

Resistivity
Resistivity Theory

Current can only pass


through the water in the
formation, hence the
resistivity (Rt) depends on:
Resistivity of the formation
water (RW )
Amount of water present (
and SW)
Pore structure (F) This defines
the tortuousity and throat radii
of the current path.
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Applied
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Geology

Resistivity

Increasing Oil Saturation

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Effect of
decreasing
Sw on the
measured
Resistivity

Applied
Reservoir
Geology

The Resistivity Log


Bonanza #2
09/13/2003 3:57:45 PM

Resistivity Logs can be of two types:

DEPTH
FT 0.

GR(GAPI)

ILD(OHMM)
150. 0.2

SPC1 (MV)
-100.

SN(OHMM)
0. 0.2

CALI (INCH)
1:500 6.

1. Induction Logs (shown here)


2. Laterologs
Both measure resistivity, but use
different physical methods.
Laterologs cannot be used in OilBased Muds
Three measurements usually made:
1. Shallow (mud filtrate)
2. Medium
3. Deep (true resistivity)

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RHOB (GC3)
2000. 1.7

DT2 (US/F)
2.7 150.

50.

NPHILS (dec)
2000. 0.6

0.

MLL (OHMM)
16. 0.2

2000.

10700

10800

10900

25

Applied
Reservoir
Geology

Porosity

3 porosity logs - acoustic, density, neutron


All read the same if:
lithology known
shale free
100% water
Porosity calculation is complex - must take into account
lithology, shale, and fluid type
Calibrate with core data - note scale difference

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Applied
Reservoir
Geology

FDC Density Log

The density logging tool measures the


formation density and formation
lithology.
The effects of borehole, mud, poor
pad-formation contact is compensated
for digitally.
Gamma rays lose their energy when
they collide with electrons (Compton
Scattering)
By measuring the number of gamma
rays and their energy levels at a given
distance from the source, the electron
density of the formation can be
predicted.

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Applied
Reservoir
Geology

Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved

Applied
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Geology

CNL Neutron Log


Neutron Tools: Principles
Neutron tools emit high energy neutrons
and measure the response of these
neutrons as they interact with the
formation, or in many cases, the fluids
within the formation.
This measured response is affected by the
quantity of neutrons at different energy
levels and by the decay rate of the
neutron population from one given
energy level to another.
A neutron interacts with the formation in a
variety of ways after leaving the source, it
is the aftermath of these interactions that
is detected by the tool.

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Applied
Reservoir
Geology

CNL Neutron Log

Example of standard CNL - NEUTRON LOG


STANDARD DISPLAY OF COMPENSATED
NEUTRON LOG (CNL)
- Basic Quality Control:
Neutron Porosity values should be taken with
care in front of bad hole - washout - values
might read too high.
CNL is usually run in combination with LDT.
Zones of poor density readings are usually
identical with poor neutron porosity readings.

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CNL Neutron Log


Clean Sand Formation Porosity:
Neutron Matrix Correction (Chart)

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31

Applied
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Geology

CNL Neutron Log

Typical NeutronDensity Response

Note:
scale is LIMESTONE
compatible
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Applied
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Geology

BHC Sonic Log

Basics of sonic tool

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The sonic tools create an


acoustic signal and measure how
long it takes to pass through 1 of
rock.

By simply measuring this time we


get an indication of the formation
properties.

The amplitude of the signal will


also give information about the
formation.
33

Applied
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Geology

BHC Sonic Log

Wyllie time-average equation

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34

Applied
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Geology

BHC Sonic Log

Sonic Log measures


interval transit time.
The higher the number,
the slower the time and
the more porous the
formation (sound travels
quicker through more
dense materials
porosity will slow it down)

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Applied
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Geology

Wireline Log Interpretation

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Applied
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Geology

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Applied
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Geology

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Applied
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Geology

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Applied
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Geology

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Applied
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Geology
shales

Shale Distribution in a
reservoir
Structural shale : where the shale
grains replace some of the sand
grains. In this case the matrix density
changes but the porosity does not
alter.
Laminar shale : Thin layers of shale
in the matrix, replacing both matrix and
porosity. There are hence changes in
matrix density and the porosity.
Dispensed shale : The clay mineral
fills in the intergranular space i.e.. it
changes the porosity leaving the
matrix density untouched.

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Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Clean (Shale-Free) Formation
Water / Hydrocarbon

Porosity
( )

Oil
Water

Matrix

Usually Good Permeability


Relatively: High Porosity
Easy to interpret and model
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Matrix
(sand,
Limestone,
Dolomite,
Mixture)

Applied
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Geology
Shaly Formation
Water / Hydrocarbon

Porosity
( )
Oil
Water

Shale
Shale
Matrix

Usually Poor Permeability


Relatively: Lower Porosity
Difficult to interpret and model
Shale disguises thin reservoir beds in shale beds
Plays a critical role in producing the reservoir
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Shale
Matrix
(sand,
Limestone,
Dolomite,
Mixture)

Applied
Reservoir
Geology

Why bother computing Vsh?

50 0hm-m

Sw= 25%

Sw= 25%
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Increasing Vsh

Sw= 25%

Effect of
Increasing
Vsh on the
measured
Resistivity

Applied
Reservoir
Geology

Shales and appearance on Logs

Shales have properties that have important influences on log


readings: Shales have porosity- but no appreciable permeability.
The porosity is filled with conductive water.
Shales are often radioactive (Thorium and Potassium).
Resistivity logs show shales as low resistivity zones.

The Gamma Ray reads the high value in the shale (usually). Resistivity logs
react to the water filled porosity of the shale as well as the electrical properties
of the rock. This gives a low resistivity value for this rock.
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Applied
Reservoir
Geology

Shales and appearance on Logs

Neutron porosity logs exhibit shales as high porosity.


Density and sonic logs react to the porosity and matrix changes (grains).
Gamma ray logs react to shale radioactivity.

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Applied
Reservoir
Geology

Shale Corrections

The electrical properties of shales greatly influence the calculation of fluid


saturations.
A layer of water close to the clay surface is electrically charged.
Archie's equation assumes that the formation water is the only electricallyconductive material in the formation.
The clay layer requires an additional term in the saturation equation.
Porosity tools can be corrected for the shale effect. An "effective porosity"
e can be computed as compared to a "total porosity" t which includes
the shale effect.

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Applied
Reservoir
Geology

Shales and appearance on Logs

Vsh =
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GR (zone) - GR (clean)
GR (shale) - GR (clean)

Applied
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Geology

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Shales and appearence on Logs

Applied
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Geology

The Invasion process

Progressive invasion
Mudcake is formed from solids in mud
This creates an impermeable barrier
Although Phydraustatic > Pformation little no invasion will take place

Progressive filtrate invasion and mud-cake build-up


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Applied
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Geology

The Invasion process

Formation
Resistivity

Rxo

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Rt
Virgin Zone

Borehole mud

Invaded Zone
Filtrate filled

Transition Zone

Mud

Mud cake

BOREHOLE

Applied
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Geology

The Invasion process


Resistivity of zone
Resistivity of the water in the zone
Water saturation in the zone

Mud
Rm

Adjacent bed
Rs

hmc
Rmc

Flushed
zone

dh

(Bed
thickness)

Mudcake

Uninvaded
zone
Zone of
transition
or
annulus

Rxo

Rt
Rw
Sw

Rmf
Sxo
di
dj
(Invasion diameters)
rj

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dh
Hole
diameter

Rs
Adjacent bed

The invasion process


creates a zone where the
main water is filtrate
This invaded zone also
has less HC than the
virgin zone
This fluid displacement is
an indication of fluid
mobility

Applied
Reservoir
Geology

Determination of Water Saturation

Archies Equation (uninvaded formation)

a
R
n
w

Sw =
m R
t

Sw = Water Saturation
Rt = Formation Water Resistivity
o = Porosity
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m is the tortuousity factor


controlling the passage of current
in the formation. This usually
varies in the range 1.2 to 6.0
Sometimes an a term is used.
This is done indirectly to account
for the variation in m
n is the saturation exponent: this
is a function of Wettability (high
for oil-wet, lower for water-wet)
Usually m = n = 2 is used

Applied
Reservoir
Geology

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Identifying Hidrocarbon zones

Applied
Reservoir
Geology

Water Sample Analysis

The waters ability to conduct electricity is a


function two major factors:
V

Water Salinity
Formation
water or filtrate

As salinity increases, more ions are


available to conduct electricity so Rw
(water resistivity) decreases. The
resistivity, and hence the salinity, can be
measured at the surface if a water sample
is available.

Water Temperature
As water temperature is raised, ionic
mobility increases and resistivity
decreases.
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Applied
Reservoir
Geology

Log Rt vs Log Porosity CrossPlot

Log Rt vs. Log Porosity Crossplot

Rt

10

5- Rw from Cross-plots
Rt =

HC Direction

Rt =

Rw

2 .

Sw2

Rw

Log Rt = Log Rw - m log

A cross-plot of the above


equation, on a log-log scale will
give the following:
Rw= 0.021 A slope= m
An intercept on the Rt axis is
0.01
equal to Rw (for100% porosity)

0.1

Best fit line


In the South-West
Direction

1
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10

100

Applied
Reservoir
Geology

Lithology

Lithology could fall in


one of these categories:
Single Rock Lithology
Single Lithology +
Shale
Two or more
Lithologies
Two or more
Lithologies with shale

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shale

Applied
Reservoir
Geology

Cross-plots and their Applications

This is a classical example


of using z-axis plot
The z-axis here is the
Gamma Ray, which is an
indicator of shaliness.
Higher red-colour intensity
signifies a higher value of
GR on the z-axis, which in
turn, indicates an increase in
the volume of shale (Vsh).

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Applied
Reservoir
Geology

Density-Neutron Cross Plot


A Density-Neutron cross-plot in
a carbonate reservoir. The
matrix is a Ls-Dol mixture.
This example explains how to
compute the porosity and then
the lithology for every log point.
1.

Porosity= 17 pu
Lithology:
Vdol= 30%
Vlim= 70%

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Porosity= 24 pu
Lithology:
Vdol= 80%
Vlim= 20%

2.
3.

Draw equal porosity lines


between SST-LST-DOL
lines
Plot points
Estimate for red points
porosity and lithology %

Applied
Reservoir
Geology

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Steps to achieve a Quick evaluation

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