Professional Documents
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Reservoir
Geology
Chapter 12
Basics of Wireline Logging & Interpretation
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
The Early Years
19121927
Applied
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Geology
Applied
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Geology
Modern Logging Truck
Modern Surface equipment :
High powered computers
Controls downhole logging
Changes signal configuration to
obtain acquisitions
Includes surface database to
optimise results and for well-to-well
correlations
Used also for forward-modelling
Includes also all the well
configurations- depth, casing,
formations, etc..
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Logging Tools
Modern Tools
Sensors used in modern logging:
Electrical
Electromagnetic
Magnetic Flux Induction
Acoustic
Ultrasonic
Nuclear: Neutron
Nuclear:
- Rays
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Modern Logs
1600
1700
1 50
-1 8 0
(M V )
2 00
FX N D
50
(P U )
Facies
S P (S P )
0
R t from H A L S
180
5.0 0
7.7 5
12 .01
18 .62
28 .85
44 .72
69 .81
1 07 .43
1 66 .51
2 58 .08
4 00 .00
R X 18
1
1 00 0
R t from A IT H
1
(O H M M )
10 0 0
10 0 0
90
M ud R e s istiv ity fro m A IT H
A H TP R
10 0 0
(O H M M )
1 00 0
Invasion Profile
(G A P I)
Layering
Pad
1:2 20 F t
G am m a R a y (G R )
90
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Open Hole Measurements :
Wireline Logging.
LWD (Logging While Drilling)
Logging on Drill Pipe (TLC)
Wireline
LWD
TLC
Applied
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Geology
Applied
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Geology
Applied
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Geology
Applied
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Geology
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Geology
Applied
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Geology
Applied
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Geology
Why we log ?
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Log Measurements
Type log
Direct
Measurement
Self-Potential (SP) mV
Indirect
Measurement
Shaliness
Gamma-Ray (GR)
API units
Shaliness
Caliper
Hole diameter
Acoustic
Travel time
Various
corrections
Porosity
Density
Bulk density
Porosity
Neutron
Hydrogen index
Porosity
Induction/laterolog Resistivity
Water
saturation
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
reading
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
SP Log
001) BONANZA 1
GRC
0
SPC
-160 MV
ILDC
150
0.2
10700
SP
Log
10800
10900
1.95
200
CNLLC
0.45
-0.15
SNC
40
0.2
16
0.2
ACAL
6
RHOC
200
MLLCF
200
2.95
150
DT
us/f
50
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
GR Gamma Ray
The GR Log
GR is the measurement of the natural radioactivity of the
formation
In sedimentary formation; this reflects the presence of shale
Radioactive elements tend to concentrate in shales.
Clean (Shale-free) formations usually have low level of
radiation
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
GR Gamma Ray
Gamma Rays are bursts of
high-energy electromagnetic
waves that are emitted
spontaneously by some
radioactive elements. Nearly all
the Gamma Radiation
encountered on Earth is emitted
by:
Potassium (K)
Thorium (Th)
Uranium (U)
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
GR Gamma Ray
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Resistivity
Resistivity Theory
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Resistivity
Effect of
decreasing
Sw on the
measured
Resistivity
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
DEPTH
FT 0.
GR(GAPI)
ILD(OHMM)
150. 0.2
SPC1 (MV)
-100.
SN(OHMM)
0. 0.2
CALI (INCH)
1:500 6.
RHOB (GC3)
2000. 1.7
DT2 (US/F)
2.7 150.
50.
NPHILS (dec)
2000. 0.6
0.
MLL (OHMM)
16. 0.2
2000.
10700
10800
10900
25
Applied
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Geology
Porosity
Applied
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Geology
Applied
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Geology
Applied
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Geology
Applied
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Geology
31
Applied
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Geology
Note:
scale is LIMESTONE
compatible
Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved
Applied
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Geology
Applied
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Geology
34
Applied
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Geology
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Geology
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Geology
Applied
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Geology
Applied
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Geology
Applied
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Geology
Applied
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Geology
shales
Shale Distribution in a
reservoir
Structural shale : where the shale
grains replace some of the sand
grains. In this case the matrix density
changes but the porosity does not
alter.
Laminar shale : Thin layers of shale
in the matrix, replacing both matrix and
porosity. There are hence changes in
matrix density and the porosity.
Dispensed shale : The clay mineral
fills in the intergranular space i.e.. it
changes the porosity leaving the
matrix density untouched.
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Clean (Shale-Free) Formation
Water / Hydrocarbon
Porosity
( )
Oil
Water
Matrix
Matrix
(sand,
Limestone,
Dolomite,
Mixture)
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Shaly Formation
Water / Hydrocarbon
Porosity
( )
Oil
Water
Shale
Shale
Matrix
Shale
Matrix
(sand,
Limestone,
Dolomite,
Mixture)
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
50 0hm-m
Sw= 25%
Sw= 25%
Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved
Increasing Vsh
Sw= 25%
Effect of
Increasing
Vsh on the
measured
Resistivity
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
The Gamma Ray reads the high value in the shale (usually). Resistivity logs
react to the water filled porosity of the shale as well as the electrical properties
of the rock. This gives a low resistivity value for this rock.
Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Applied
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Geology
Shale Corrections
Applied
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Geology
Vsh =
Copyright 2009, NExT, All rights reserved
GR (zone) - GR (clean)
GR (shale) - GR (clean)
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Applied
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Geology
Progressive invasion
Mudcake is formed from solids in mud
This creates an impermeable barrier
Although Phydraustatic > Pformation little no invasion will take place
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Formation
Resistivity
Rxo
Rt
Virgin Zone
Borehole mud
Invaded Zone
Filtrate filled
Transition Zone
Mud
Mud cake
BOREHOLE
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Mud
Rm
Adjacent bed
Rs
hmc
Rmc
Flushed
zone
dh
(Bed
thickness)
Mudcake
Uninvaded
zone
Zone of
transition
or
annulus
Rxo
Rt
Rw
Sw
Rmf
Sxo
di
dj
(Invasion diameters)
rj
dh
Hole
diameter
Rs
Adjacent bed
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
a
R
n
w
Sw =
m R
t
Sw = Water Saturation
Rt = Formation Water Resistivity
o = Porosity
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Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Applied
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Geology
Water Salinity
Formation
water or filtrate
Water Temperature
As water temperature is raised, ionic
mobility increases and resistivity
decreases.
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Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Rt
10
5- Rw from Cross-plots
Rt =
HC Direction
Rt =
Rw
2 .
Sw2
Rw
0.1
1
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10
100
Applied
Reservoir
Geology
Lithology
shale
Applied
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Geology
Applied
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Geology
Porosity= 17 pu
Lithology:
Vdol= 30%
Vlim= 70%
Porosity= 24 pu
Lithology:
Vdol= 80%
Vlim= 20%
2.
3.
Applied
Reservoir
Geology