1.3 - Datacom-IP Basics Packet NW

Data Communication
&
IP Addressing
D C Sonkhla
DE (MPLS), BRBRAITT
dcsonkhla@bsnl.co.in
dcsonkhla@yahoo.com
919425800989
For circulation to CTO Trainees only
AGENDA
Introduction to data communication
Packet Switching Network
IP Addressing
Introduction
Data communication:
The process of sending data between two devices via
some transmission medium.
Data communication is said to be local if the
communicating devices are in the same building
Data communication is considered remote if the devices
are farther apart.
Components of Data Communication System
The data communication system is made up of five

components
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Protocol
Protocol
Message
Medium
Sender
Receiver
Characteristics of Effective Data Comm

Effective Data Communication
Delivery
Accuracy
Timeliness
Delivery:
The system must deliver the data to the correct destination.
Accuracy:
The delivery of data must be accurate.
Timeliness :
Deliver the data as exactly the same and deliver it in timely
manner.
Data Communication Network Criteria

Data Communication
Network Criteria
Performance
Reliability
Security
Performance: BW, Delay, Type of cable/connector used, impairment.

Reliability: Packet Drop/loss due to impairment.
Protocols
A common language that both Sender and Receiver agree
upon and communicate.
A protocol is a set of rules that govern data

communication.
Hello shall
I Speak in
French?
OK ,I can
Understand
French
Protocols
Protocol
What to
communicate ?
How to
communicate ?
When to
communicate ?
Protocols
Key Elements of a
Protocol
Syntax
Semantics
The order in which Data

to be present.
Format or Structure
How to interpret format ?

what action is to be taken ?
Timing
When data should be sent
and how fast ?
Standards
Essential for interconnection of different equipments from different
vendors for proper and effective Data transfer.
Standards
De facto
(By Facts)
De jure
(By Law)
Adopted through widespread use
Approved by an organized body
Signals
Signals are electric or electromagnetic representations
of data.
Data are propagated from one point to another by
means of electrical signals.
Signalling
Signalling is the physical propagation of the signal along
a suitable medium.
Both data and the signals may be either Analog or

Digital.
An analog data is a continuous wave (human voice)
Digital data is data stored in the form of 0 and 1.
An analog signal is a continuous wave form that changes
smoothly over time.

A digital signal is discrete. It can have values 0 or 1.
Encoding and Decoding

Encoding is transforming data into signals to
send them on the channel from one place to
another.
Encoding:
The process of putting a sequence of data into a
specialized format for efficient transmission.
Decoding:
The conversion of an encoded format back into the
original form.
Type of Transmission
Data Transmission
Analog
Transmission
Digital
Transmission
Serial
Asynchronous
Parallel
Synchronous
Asynchronous Transmission
Transmits the characters one at a time, with start bit (0)
& stop bits (1 s) at the end of each byte.
There may be a gap between bytes.
Asynchronous transmission is very slow.
The advantage of asynchronous transmission is that it is
simple and inexpensive.
Synchronous Transmission
The entire message is sent in an even flow.
The bits are sent one after another without start/stop
bits or gaps.
The receiver counts the bits as they arrive and group
them in eight bit units.
Synchronization is maintained by a clock signal on a
separate wire or modulated on the data signal extracted
from incoming bit stream.
Transmission Media
The medium which carries the signal from the sender to the
receiver.
Transmission Media
Guided Media
Twisted Pair
Coaxial
Unguided Media
Optic Fiber
UV
Radio Frequency
Microwave
Twisted Pair Cable

Unshielded Twisted Pair
Shielded Twisted Pair
Ratings are defined by Category.
Coaxial Cable
The Coaxial cable ratings are defined by RG rating.
RG 6, RG 8, RG 11 are thicker one and RG 58, RG 59 are thinner
BNC Connectors, T Connector, In the end there would be terminator.

Fiber Optic Cable
Communication Channel Configuration
Point to point
Provides a dedicated link
Entire capacity of the channel is reserved
Point to Multi Point
Mode of Transmission
Mode Of Transmission
Simplex
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
DTE and DCE

Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)
any device that is a source or destination for binary
digital data.
Computers and terminals are usually DTE
A Data Circuit Terminating Equipment (DCE)

any device that transmits or receive data in the form
of an analog or digital signal through network.
Modems and communications hardware are generally

DCEs
Handshaking
Handshaking is a way to control the flow of data
between connected units.
There are two common forms of handshaking.

Hardware Handshaking
Software Handshaking
Hardware handshaking sometimes referred to as

(Request To Send (RTS) /Clear To Send (CTS))
Software handshaking referred to as (Xon/Xoff) which
uses extra characters in the data flow to achieve the
control.
Interfaces
The interfaces has four characteristics
Mechanical characteristics
The physical Characteristics pertain to the
physical connection (Physical Appearance)
Electrical characteristics
Deals with the voltage levels and timing of
the voltage changes.
These characteristic determine the data rate
and distances that the data can reach.
Interfaces
Functional characteristics
Specify the functions that are performed by
each of the interface
Procedural characteristics
specify the sequence
transmitting data.
of
events
for
some times known as logical interface which

defines how the signal should be interpreted
Organizations Making Standards

The major organizations responsible for making
standards are:
Electronics Industries Association (EIA)
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Consultative Committee on International Telephone
and Telegraph (CCITT)
International Organisation for Standards (ISO)
Introduction
Switching technique is used for communication
of information from one end to other end.
A switched Network consists of interlinked nodes
called Switches
Switches are Hardware or Software devices
capable
of
creating
temporary
between two or more devices.
connections
Type of Switching
Switching
Circuit
Switching
Packet
Switching
Message
Switching
Circuit Switching
Dedicated connection path is created between
the source and destination.
Designed for the real time applications.
Communication path is not shareable.
Communication path is under utilized.
Message Switching
Whether a person is available or not, it is sent.
Not real time
Telegram Systems SFT(Store & Forward
Telegraph, 16 bit), SFMSS (Store & Forward
Messaging System, 32bit)

SMS
Packet Switching
Data are made
transmitting.
into
packets
before
A packet is a unit of data that is transmitted

across a packet-switched network.
Packets contain header information
includes a destination address.
that
A
packet-switched
network
is
an
interconnected set of networks that are joined
by routers.
Packet Switching
Routers in the network read destination
address and forward packets along the most
appropriate path to that destination.
The transmission bandwidth is dynamically
allocated
Permitting many users to share the same
transmission line.
Type of Packet Switching
Packet Switching
Virtual Circuit
Approach
(Connection Oriented)
Datagram
Approach
(Connectionless)
Connectionless Packet Switching

No connection is set up to track.
No end-to-end delivery guarantee.

No state about a packet flow between sender
and receiver.
Different packets may take different paths to
the destination.
Advantages
The packets are forwarded independent of
other packets.
Packets are forwarded on the fly by routers,

based on the most current best path to a
destination.
In case of link failure the packets are quickly
diverted along another path.
There may be possibilities of loss of packets, as it
may not reach to destination.
Hence quality is not guaranteed.
Connection Oriented Packet Switching

A virtual circuit is established between sender
and receiver across the network before packets
can start to flow.
Provides end-to-end delivery guarantee.
All the packets are transmitted by source in
sequential order over the established path to
destination.
Each packet is acknowledged by the destination.
A proper method is adopted to supervise the
correct receipt of information.
IP ADDRESSING
AGENDA
Introduction
Dotted Decimal Notation
Hierarchical Addressing
IPv4 address classes
What is an IP Address
IP Address is Internet Protocol Address
IP was first standardized in September 1981.
It is an unique identifier for a node or a host
in an IP Network.
An Internet address works like a postal
address, allowing data to be routed to the
chosen destination.
What is an IP Address
There are two versions
IPV4 (Now in use) 32 Bits
IPV6 (Yet to be implemented) 128 Bits
IPV4 is a 32 Bits binary address
Introduction
IP - is Internet Protocol & is responsible for :
Moving packet of data from node to node.
IP forwards each packet based on a four-byte destination
address (the IP address).
Each host on the internet is assigned a 32-bit integer
address called its internet address or IP address.

An Internet Protocol (IP) address specifies the location
of a host or client on the Internet.
The clever part of internet addressing is that the integers

are carefully chosen to make routing efficient.
Introduction
Every host and router on the internet has an IP
address, which encodes its network number and

host number.
The combination is unique: no two machines in
public domain have the same IP address.
The address is coded to allow a variable allocation
of bits to specify network and host.

The IPv4 address is 32 bits long.
What the Internet machines see an IP address?

10001100101100111101110011001000
For human understanding the 32 bits of IP
address are separated into 4 bytes i.e. of 8 binary
digits also called Octets.

Each binary byte is converted into decimal and is
separated by a dot hence also known as Dotted
Decimal Notation
How we see an IP address?
10001100.10110011.11011100.11001000
140
.179
.220
.200
Hierarchical addressing
For a protocol to be Routable, its structure must
be hierarchical, i.e. every IP address must consists
of at least two parts, one identifying the network
and one identifying the host.
A host is an end station viz a computer
workstation, a router or a printer, whereas a
network consists of one or more hosts.
The Class of the address and the (subnet) mask
determine which part belongs to the network
address and which part belongs to the host
address.
Hierarchical addressing
In decimal the
255.255.255.255
address range is 0.0.0.0 to
The IP address is of the form <networkID, hostID>
IPv4 Address Scheme

Two types of addressing schemes for IPv4
Classfull
Classless
Classfull
Original style of addressing based on first few bits
of the address.
Generally used in customer sites.
Classless
A new type of addressing that disregards the class
bit of an address (first 4 bits) and applies a
variable prefix (mask) to determine the network
number.
IPv4 Address Classes

There are five classes of addresses A, B, C, D & E.
A, B & C classes are used to represent host and
network address.
Class D, E and starting with 127.x.x.x (used for
loopback) addresses should not be used for Hosts.
Class-A:
Class-B:
Class-C:
Class-D:
For Multicast
Class-E:
For Research
Identifying a class of address

Address Identifier Network Address
A
0 7 bits Network Address
10
110
1110
1111
Host Address
24 bits Host Address
14 bits Network Address


8 bits Host Address
Multicast address (224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255)

Reserved for future use
By Using first 4 bits, class of address can be identified.

IP Address Bit Patterns

8 Bits
8 Bits
8 Bits
8 Bits
00000000
01111111
0-127
10000000
10111111
128-191
11000000
11011111
192-223
11100000
11101111
224-239
11110000
11111111
240-255
Class-A address
0nnnnnnn
hhhhhhhh
Network
0 7 bits Network Address
hhhhhhhh
hhhhhhhh
Host
Number of Networks = 27 i.e.128 (0-127)
Network ID 0 is not used & Network ID 127 is reserved

for loop back and is used for internal testing.
Number of Networks = 126
Network IDs = 1-126

Number of Hosts=224=16,777,216
Class-A address
No Host ID can have all zeros i.e. 0.0.0
(network address) & all ones i.e. 255.255.255
(broadcast address).
Number of
2=16777214
Hosts
per
network=
224
Class A networks are referred as"/8s" network,

since they have a 8-bit network-prefix
Class-B address
10nnnnnn
nnnnnnnn
hhhhhhhh
Network
10
hhhhhhhh
Host
Number of Networks = 214 i.e.16384

Number of Hosts = 216 i.e. 65,536 (0-65,535)
No Host ID can have all zeros
i.e. 0.0 and specifies network address.
Class-B address
10nnnnnn
nnnnnnnn
hhhhhhhh
Network
10
hhhhhhhh
Host
No Host ID can have all ones

i.e. 255.255 and specifies the broadcast address.
Number of Hosts per network= 216 -2=65534
Class B networks are referred as "/16s" Network,
since they have a 16-bit network-prefix
Class-C address
110nnnnn
nnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnn
Network
110
hhhhhhhh
Host
8 bits Host Address
Number of Networks = 221 i.e. 2,097,152

Number of Hosts = 28 i.e. 256 (0-255)
No Host ID can have all zeros
i.e. 00000000 and specifies network address.
Class-C address
110nnnnn
nnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnn
hhhhhhhh
Network
110
Host
8 bits Host Address
No Host ID can have all ones

i.e. 11111111 and specifies the broadcast address.
Number of Hosts = 28-2 = 254
Class A networks are referred to as "/24s
Networks since they have a 24-bit network-prefix.
Class-D & E addresses

1110
Multicast address (224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255)
Class D are special addresses are known as multicast
addresses
This address is assigned to a group of networks and not to
represent a unique address
This address is used to send IP datagrams to a group but

not to all the hosts on the network
This address is also used to address router update
messages
1111
Reserved (240.0.0.0-255.255.255.255)
Classfull IP Address
Class
Higher
Order Bit
Address
range
No
of No. of Hosts
Networks
Class A
0XXXXXXX
1 to 126
126
16,777,214
Class B
10XXXXXX
128 to 191
16384
65534
Class C
110XXXXX
192 to 223
2097152
254
Class D
1110XXXX
224 to 239
Multicasting
Class E
1111XXXX
240 to 254
For Future use
Identifying Address
140.179.220.200 is a Class B address so by
default Network part is defined by the first two
octets (140.179.x.x) and the host part is defined by
the last 2 octets (x.x.220.200).
To specify the network address, set host section to
all "0"s. In our example, 140.179.0.0 specifies the
network address for 140.179.220.200.
Identifying Address
When the host section is set to all "1"s, it specifies a
broadcast that is sent to all hosts on the network.
140.179.255.255 specifies the example broadcast

address.
Address space utilisation

128 127
10000000 01111111
B-25%
10111111
191
192
11000000
C-12.5%
1
0
11011111
D-6.25%
E-6.25%
223
A-50%
1
1
1
224
11100000
0
239
11101111
240
255
11110000 11111111
00000000
0
100%
IPv6
To meet the continual growth of the Internet ,IETF
has proposed a set of specifications commonly known
as the next generation IP protocol (IPng or IPv6).
IPv6 increases the address size from 32 bits to 128
bits, supporting up to 3.4X1038 nodes.
It is represented using hexadecimal values separated

by colons using the format X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X:, where
each X refers to a four digit hexadecimal integer (16
bits each).
One such address could be
BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:0043.
Advantages
Bigger address space
The bigger address space IPv6 offers is the
most obvious enhancement over IPv4.
Allows full, unconstrained IP connectivity for
today's
IP based machines
Upcoming mobile devices like PDAs and cell
phones
All will benefit from full IP access through
GPRS and UMTS.
Advantages
Mobility
To support Mobility a special protocol called
"Mobile IP" is required for every IPv6 stack.
IPv6 supports for roaming between different
networks, with global notification when you
leave one network and enter the other one.
Advantages
Security
IPv6 protocol stacks are required to include IPsec.
IPsec allows authentication, encryption, and

compression of IP traffic.
This allows that all applications on a machine can
benefit from
Encryption
Authentication
Policies can be set on a per host (or even pernetwork) basis, not per application/service.
Advantages
Stateless auto configuration of hosts
Multicast
Jumbo grams
Network layer security
IPV6 address categories

Categories of IPV6 addressees
a) Unicast
b) Multicast
c) anycast

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Data Communication

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

Components of Data Communication System

The data communication system is made up of five

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

Characteristics of Effective Data Comm

Data Communication Network Criteria

Performance: BW, Delay, Type of cable/connector used, impairment.

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

A protocol is a set of rules that govern data

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

The order in which Data

How to interpret format ?

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

Adopted through widespread use

Approved by an organized body

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

Both data and the signals may be either Analog or

smoothly over time.

Encoding and Decoding

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

from incoming bit stream.

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

Twisted Pair Cable

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

The Coaxial cable ratings are defined by RG rating.

RG 6, RG 8, RG 11 are thicker one and RG 58, RG 59 are thinner

BNC Connectors, T Connector, In the end there would be terminator.

Fiber Optic Cable

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

Communication Channel Configuration

Provides a dedicated link

Entire capacity of the channel is reserved

Point to Multi Point

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

DTE and DCE

A Data Circuit Terminating Equipment (DCE)

Modems and communications hardware are generally

There are two common forms of handshaking.

Hardware handshaking sometimes referred to as

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

some times known as logical interface which

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

Organizations Making Standards

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

International Organisation for Standards (ISO)

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

between two or more devices.

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

Messaging System, 32bit)

For circulation to CTO Trainees only

A packet is a unit of data that is transmitted