Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2015
Peace Education This area affirms personal and global responsibilities for the
promotion of peace, cooperation, disarmament, justice and non-violent resolution of
conflict.
Human Rights Education Promotes understanding of Human Rights concepts and
values to enable learners to comprehend and transform conditions which give rise to
human rights violation.
Global Education Involves learning about those problems and issues which cut across
national boundaries and about the interconnectedness of system cultural, ecological,
economic, political, and technological. It also includes citizenship education.
disarmament
human solidarity
environmental care
d. Ethical and Practical Rationale students should study the ethical and practical
basis for the above-cited peaceful alternatives in order to provide added
motivation for learning.
2. Attitudes/Values
a. Self-respect
b. Respect for others
c. Respect for human life/nonviolence
d. Global concern
e. Ecological concern
f. Cooperation
g. Openness/Tolerance
h. Social Responsibility
i. Positive Vision
3. Skills
a. Reflection
b. Critical Thinking
c. Decision-making
d. Imagination
e. Communication
f. Conflict Resolution
g. Group Building
Principles and Concept About Peace
Since wars begin in the minds of men and women, it is in the minds of woman and men that
the defense of peace must be constructed.
Love
self-worth/self-esteem
positive self-criticism
deep sense of responsibility
fidelity/loyalty
sense of reconciliation
gentleness
trust and respect
openness
concern for others
sense of sacrifice
courage
endurance
Compassion
kindness
nurturing
moral strength/fortitude
goodwill
supportiveness
Harmony
Tolerance
mutual respect
respect for personal and cultural differences (unity in diversity)
genuine acceptance and accommodation
peaceful conflict resolution
acceptance and appreciation of diversity of cultures
respect for minority groups and foreigners
sense of humor, courtesy/cordiality, open-mindedness
love
concern
generosity
Interdependence
sense of subsidiarity
non-violence
active participation
transformational leadership
Spirituality
inner peace
belief in ones material and spiritual development
reverence and respect for life
commitment to genuine human development
confidence in human spirit
freedom of thought, conscience and belief
2.
3.
Global Education
Global education involves learning about those problems and issues that cut across national
boundaries, and about the interconnectedness of systemsecological, cultural, economic,
political and technological. Global education involves perspective takingseeing things
through the eyes and minds of othersand it means the realization that while individuals and
groups may view life differently, they also have common needs and wants.
Global Education involves the:
Study the systems (economic, political, ecological, technological)
Study of human values (universal and diverse)
Study of persistent problems (war and peace, human rights, environmental issues)
Study of global history (development of global systems and human values)
Issues Relevant to Global Education
Childrens Rights
The Convention on the Rights of the Child is a universally agreed set of non-negotiable
standards and obligation which spells out the basic human rights that children
everywhere without discrimination.
Disasters
Reducing human suffering and economic losses caused by natural and technological
disasters comes from preparedness and mitigation through policies, education and
strategic and rapid responses.
Education
Investing in education systems helps build human capital and ensures that people can
participate more fully in society.
Environment
As the worlds population grows there is more and more pressure on the environment to
produce enough food and energy without consuming the resources faster than they can
be replaced.
Food Security
Providing for the physical, social and economic access by all people at all times to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life.
Governance
Effective governance means competent management of a countrys resources in a way
that is fair, open, accountable and responsive to peoples needs.
HIV/AIDS
The HIV/AIDS pandemic represents one of the greatest challenges facing developing
countries.
Health
Improving the basic health and the quality of health service delivery and addressing the
health effects of natural disasters and emergencies are the means of improving the
health of people.
Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights sets forth the human rights and
fundamental freedoms of all men and women in all nations, everywhere in the world.
Infrastructure
The development and maintenance of essential public services and systems is an
important ingredient for sustained economic growth and poverty reduction.
Micro credit
Small scale business development is an important means of helping individuals out of
poverty.
Peace building
The support structures and processes which strengthen and solidify peace in order to
avoid a relapse into conflict.
Poverty Alleviation
The Complex web that keeps people poor is being addressed through economic growth
and improving governance, education and health.
Refugees
Forced to flee their homes because of persecution refugees are a significant group who
need international protection as they seek a durable solution to their plight.
Rice
Highlighting the importance of rice as a primary food and income source in many
developing countries.
Rural Development
The majority of the worlds poor live in rural areas, and are disproportionately
dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods, especially resources such as
forests and fisheries.
Volunteering
Many people give their time and skills without pay to make a contribution to assist
others.
Water
Water is the source of life vital for health, food and ecoomic development.
Women
Improving the status of women is not just a womens issue, but a goal that requires the
active participation of both men and women.
Global Citizenship
Diversity
understanding
of
global
debates
deeper understanding of
different
cultures
and
societies
complexity of global issues
understanding of key issues
of Agenda 21
lifestyles for a sustainable
world
complexity of conflict issues
and conflict resolution
Skills
Critical thinking
Economics
open-mindedness
sense of individual and
collective responsibility
commitment
to
the
eradication of poverty
valuing all people as equal
and different
commitment to sustainable
development
willingness to work towards
a more equitable future
The study that deals with how scarce resources are allocated to maximize the unlimited
wants that indibiduals and societies want to fulfill.
The study of how individuals and societies choose to use the scarce resources that
nature and previous generations have provided.
The study of how societies choose to use scarce productive resources that have
alternatives uses to produce commodities of various kinds, and to distribute them
among different groups.
Economics is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends
and means which have alternative uses (Lionel Robbins, 1935).
Economics or political economy is an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth
of nations (Adam Smith, 1976).
Economics is the science of production. Production is a social force insofar as it
channels human activity into useful ends (Karl Marx, 1848).
Factors of Production
1. Land (Natural Resources) includes all resources found in the sea and on land. Raw
materials, landscapes, ports (natural harbor), climatic conditions, geographical location.
2. Labor (Human Factor) any kind of work, either mental o manual in nature, which has
the sole purpose of receiving rewards.
3. Capital (Man-Made) wealth uesd for production
4. Entrepreneur (Management) usually the organizer in a company
Price System
Is the mechanism by which producers and consumers transmit information about
production to one another.
It is referred to as the basic coordination and
communication system of a market economy because it helps producers make
production decisions and whereby keeps the economy balance.
Market
A set of arrangements by which buyers and sellers of a good are in contact to trade that
good.
Demand
The amount of a good buyers want to purchase at different prices.
behavior of buyers
Quantity Demanded
The amount (number of units) of a product that a households would buy in a given
period it if could buy all it wanted at the current market price.
Demand Schedule
A table showing how the quantity demanded of some product during a specified period
of time changes as the price of that product changes, holding all other determinants of
quantity demandes constant.
Demand Curve
A graphical depiction of a demand schedule. It shows how the quantity demanded of
some product during a specified period of time will change as the price of that product
changes, holding all other determinants of quantity demanded constant.
Shortage
Excess demand
Law of Demand
The lower the price, the higher the quantity demanded of a particular commodity.
Factors Affecting Demand
Price Factor
1. Price of the product itself
Non-Price Factors
1. Fashion, taste, and climate
2. Changes in income
3. Changes in population
4. Changes in the price of related goods
5. Advertisements
6. Introduction of new products
7. Social and economic conditions
8. Festive seasons
9. Speculation
Supply
The amount of a good sellers want to sell at different prices.
behavior of sellers
Quantity Supplied
The amount of a particular product that firm would be willing and able to offer for sale
at a particular price during a given time period.
Supply Curve
A graph illustrating how much of a product a firm will supply at a different price.
Surplus
Excess supply
Law of Supply
The positive relationship between price and quantity supplied: An increase in market
price will lead to an increase in quantity supplied, and a decrease in market price will
lead to a decrease in quantity supplied.
Factors Affecting Supply
Price Factor
1. Price of the good itself
Non-Price Factors
1. Climatic Conditions
2. Cost of Production
3. Technological Advancements
4. Government Policies (e.g. tax, subsidies)
5. Time Period
6. Price of Related Goods (Competitive Supply, Joint Supply)
Equilibrium Price
The price at which the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied are equal.
Market Structures
1. Perfectly Competitive Markets has the following characteristics:
a. There are many buyers in the market
b. There are many sellers in the market
c. Goods are homogeneous and not differentiated
d. There must be free entry to and exit from the market
e. Both consumers and the producers have perfect knowlegde about the market
situation
f. There is mobility of factors of production
g. No transport cost
h. There is independence in decision making
i. There is no preferential treatment
2. Monopoly has the following characteristics:
a. There is only one single seller but two types of monopoly (Natural and Private
Monopoly)
b. Many buyers are available
c. There are barriers to entry
d. The product does not have close substitutes
e. An important assumption is that monopolist can only control price or quantity but
not both
3. Monopolistic Competition has the following characteristics:
a. There are many buyers
b. There are many sellers but not as many as in perfect competition
c. Products are differentiated
d. There is ease of entry and exit, but not as easy as in perfect competition
e. Non-price competition exist (ex., advertisements, sales promotion, etc.)
f. No perfect knowledge is assumed
g. One producer can lower the price without affecting other firms.
4. Oligopoly has the following characteristics:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Opportunity Cost
The value of the next best alternative that the decision forces the decision-maker to
forgo. Rational decision making, be it in industry, government, or households, must be
based on opportunity cost calculations.
Economic Goods
Things of value that you can see, touch, and show to others.
Economic Services
Intangible things that have value but often cannot be seen, touched or shown to others.
Taxation
It is an inherent power of the state to impose and collect revenues to defray the
necessary expenses of the government.
It is a compulsory contribution imposed by a public authority irrespective of the amount
of services rendered to the payer in return.
It is a compulsory levy on private individuals and organizations by the government to
raise revenue to finance expenditures on public goods and services.
Purpose of Taxation
1. To collect revenue for the government
2. To redistribute income
3. To combat inflation
4. To correct an adverse balance of payments
5. To check consumption of goods which are considered undesirable
6. To protect local/infant industries
7. To influence population trends
8. To improve unfavorable terms of trade
9. To reallocate resources
10.
To create a sense of identity
The Four R s
Taxation has four main purposes or effects:
o Revenue
Taxes raise money to spend on roads, schools and hospitals, and on more
indirect government functions like market regulation or justice systems.
This is the most widely known function.
o Redistribution
This means transferring wealth from the richer sections of society to poorer
sections.
o Repricing
Taxes are levied to address externalities: tobacco is taxed, for example, to
discourage smoking.
o Representation
Theory
Taxation is a necessity and indispensable, for without taxes government cannot function
and exist.
Basis
It is found in the reciprocal duties of protection and support between the state and its
inhabitants.
income tax
residence tax
real state tax
immigration tax
estate/gift/inheritance tax
B. Indirect Taxes
1. The tax burden can be shifted to the third party
2. Indirect taxes are based on expenditures and consumption
3. All indirect taxes are regressive in nature
4. Indirect taxes are optional in the sense that they can be avoided
Examples:
sales tax
import tax
VAT/EVAT
o
o
o
Kinds of Cooperative
Credit Cooperative
o Promotes thrift and savings among its members and creates funds in order to
grant loans for productivity.
Consumer Cooperative
o The primary purpose is to procure and distribute commodities to member and
non-members.
Producers Cooperative
o Undertakes joint production whether agricultural or industrial.
Service Cooperative
o Engages in medical, and dental care, hospitalization, transportation, insurance,
housing, labor, electric lights and power, communication and other services.
Multi-Purpose Cooperative
o Combines two (2) or more of the business activities of these different types of
cooperatives
In terms of territory, cooperatives are categorized according to areas of operation which may
not be coincide with the political subdivision of the country.
The General Steps in Forming a Cooperative
Six Steps in Setting Up A Cooperative:
1. Get Organized.
You must have at least 15 members. At once determine the common problems you
would want to solved and the basic needs you would want provided for through a
cooperative.
The by-laws contain the rules and regulation governing the operation of the
cooperative.
Indicate the name of the cooperative, its members, terms of existence and other
pertinent description about your cooperative.
5. Secure bond of your accountable officers, normally the treasurer, or the treasurer and
the manager.
The amount of the bond is to be decided upon by the Board of Directors, based on the
initial network of the cooperatives which includes the paid-up capital, membership fees
and other assets of the cooperatives at time of registration.
6. Register your cooperative with the Cooperative Development Authority (CDA), you
must submit four copies each of the Economic Survey, By-Laws, and Articles of
Cooperation and Bond of Accountable Officer(s).
Members of a Primary Cooperative
If you are a Filipino of legal age, you can ba a coop member if you meet the
qualifications prescribed by the coops by laws.
The board of directors act on application for membership.
A member may exercise his rights only after having paid the fees for membership and
acquired shares in the cooperative.
Cooperative Law
Cooperative Code of the Philippines (RA 6938)
Cooperative Development Authority (RA 6939)
Executive Order 95 and 96 were issued by Pres. Fidel Ramos in June 1993, providng for
implementation guidelines for some of he provisions of he two vs.cited.
Cooperatives Values
self-help
self-responsibility
democracy
equality
solidarity
equity
honesty
openness
social responsibility
caring for others
Sociology
The scientific and systematic study of society, including patterns of social relations,
social stratification, social interaction, and culture.
The science of society and he social interactions taking place in that society.
The study of human society: its origin, growth, structure, function, customs, traditions,
group life and institutions.
Sociology is considered a branch of the social sciences.
Importance
To obtain factual information about our society and the different aspects of our social
life.
To enable us to see the connection between our own personal experiences and the
social forces in the bigger social world which influence our life
Auguste Comte
The term sociologie was first used in 1780 by the French essayist Emmanuel Joseph
Sieyes (1748-1836) in an unpublished manuscript.
The term was used again and popularized by the French thinker Auguste Comte in
1838.
Comte had earlier used the term social physics, but that term had been appropriated
by others, notably Adolphe Quetelet.
Comte hoped to unify all studies of humankindincluding history, psychology, and
economics.
His own sociological scheme was typical of the 19 th century; he believed all human life
had passed through the same distinct historical stages (theology, metaphysics, positive
science) and that, if one could grasp this progress, one could prescribe the remedies for
social ills.
Sociology was to be queen of the positive sciences. Thus, Comte has come to be
viewed as the Father of Sociology.
Sociological Scholars
These scholars greatly influenced the founding of sociology:
o Auguste Comte
o Emile Durkheim Social Facts (material and non-material) are to be studied
empirically, not philosphically, mechanical (social) solidarity and organic solidarity
society
o Karl Marx Dialectical Materialism and Economic Determinism
o George Herbert Mead interrelatedness of humans and society (social self)
o Vilfredo Pareto
o Robert E. Park
o Georg Simmel
o Ferdinand Tonnies Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft
o Max Weber Bureaucratization as ideal type of Verstehen
Scope and Topics of Sociology
Sociologist study society and social action by examining the groups and social
institutions people form, as well as various social, religious, political, and business
organizations.
They also study the social interactions of people and groups, trace the origin and
growth of social processes, and analyze the influence of group activities on individual
members and vice versa.
Sociologist research macro-structures and processes that organize or affect society,
such as, but not limited to, race or ethnicity, gender, globalization, and social class
stratification.
They study institutions such as the family and social processes that represent deviation
from, or the breakdown of, social structures, including crime and divorce. And, they
research micro-processes suchas intepersonal interactions and the socialization of
individuals.
Sociologists are also concerned with the effect of social traits such as sex, age, or race
on a persons daily life.
Sociologists study the many dimensions of society.
Sociological Paradigm
Sociological Research
The basic goal of sociological research is to understand the social world in its many
forms.
Quantitative methods and qualitative methods are two main types of sociological
research methods.
Sociologists often use quantitative methodssuch as social statistics or network
analysisto investigate the structure of a social process or describe patterns in social
relationships.
Sociologists also often use qualitative methodsuch as focused interviews, group
discussions and ethnographic methodsto investigate social processes.
Sociologists also use applied research method such as evaluation research and
assessment.
and
recurrent
social
relationship
among
persons
in
organized
Goals of formal
Bureaucracy
The administrative machinery of a formal organization or social organization which is
aimed to enable members to meet their goals.
Socialization
Process through which a person acquires the skills and behavios necessary for social
living.
Elements of Socialization
1. Childs culture
2. Biological inheritance
3. Childs interaction
Family Most important socializing agent
School Transmitter of culture
Language An important tool in socialization
Non-material culture
o Social Norms rules or expectation that define what is acceptable or required in
a social situation
folkways commonly known as customs, traditions and conventions of
society
mores a way of behaving, a custom as determined by usage or
practice and not by law
laws formalized norms enacted by people who are vested by political and
legal authorities designated by the government
o Values abstract standards that persist overtime and serve as guides to what is
right and proper for people in society
o Knowlegde the total range of what has been learned or perceived as true. This
could be natural, supernatural, and magic knowlegde.
o Belief in After Life early Filipino believed in the after-life. The afterlife was
believed to be a continuation of life on earth, thus valuables were also buried
alongside the dead.
Manunggul Jar reflection of this belief
Deviance and Social Control
Deviance
The process by which those who violate group norms are identified as norm violators
People are often said to have a disorder because their behavior deviates from what
their society considers acceptable. What constitutes normality varies somewhat from
one culture to another, but all cultures havesuch norms. When people violate these
standards and expectations, they may be labeled mentally ill (Thomas Szasz)
Deviants
People who diverges from group norms while deviates are those who display divergent
behavior but are not identified as norm violates.
Component of Deviant Behavior
Act or unit of action
Actor who exhibits the behavior
Social situation
Audience of definers of the act
Social Control
Refers to all those attitudes and behaviors originating in the social environment that
have the effects or directing or restricting the attitude and behavior of an individual or
group.
Theories on the Causes of Deviance
Anomie Theory groups with fewer opportunities to achieve success goals will have
greater motivation to violate norms and higher rates of deviance.
Subculture Theory the greater motivation to violate norm will result in different
patterns of deviance depending upon the availability of illegitimate opportunities in the
neighborhood.
Differential Association Theory specific direction of a persons motivation and
action depends upon frequency and intensity of interaction with others.
Labeling Theory assumes that most people commit deviant acts at one time to
another
Social Mobility
Refers to movement up or down in social status.
occupation. This process may be speeded by:
o Revising ones standard of living
o Cultivating class-typed modes of behavior
o Manipulating associational membership
o A strategic marriage
Social Stratification
Exists when there is a hierarchy of position with differences in wealth, power and
prestige and when there is intergenerational transmission of advantage or
disadvantage stemming from ones location in the hierarchy.
o Caste system made upon religiously sanctioned and hierarchically ranked
groupings in which membership is fixed at birth and is permanent. This is found
in India where the rank order are: (1) Brahmans; (2) Ksashtriya; (3) Vaishyas; (4)
Sudras. Untouchable is considered outcasts.
o Social Class System composed of economic groups that are cased upon
similarities in occupation, income and wealth. Social mobility is allowed in this
system.
o Race and Ethnicity both passed on from parents to child but race refers to the
genetic transmission of physical characteristics and ethnicity refers to
socialization into distinct cultural patterns.
Nature of formal organization
It is a deliberately constructed social unit with explicitly coordinated activities designed
to contribute toward the attainment of a stated goal.
o Bureaucracy where there is a clearly ordered hierarchy of positions or officers;
a defined sphere of competence; activities are recorded; positions are filled on
the basis of expertise; operation is based upon a system of general rules; and
relationship among people within a bureaucratic organization is impersonal.
Institutions
Cluster of norms associated with important social activities.
o Family basic social unit which is the source of intimate social relationship and
the most effective agent of transmitting culture.
o Economic Institutions is the actual organization and utilization of natural and
human resources by a given society at a given time in accordance with their
cultural patterns.
o Religion is any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to
supernatural power.
o Political Institutions
o Educational Institutions
Values Education, Ethics, & Moral Education
Values
Expressions of the ultimate ends, goals or purposes of social action. They are societys
moral imperatives that deals with what ought to be.
A thing has a value when it is perceived as good and desirable. (DECS)
Values are made up of assumptions and beliefs, which our culture endorses as
appropriate bases for responses to events, facts, and states. It is our assumptions and
beliefs that influence us to see things the way we do (F. Landa Jocano, Filipino Value
System).
there is no negative Filipino values. There are only wrong uses of the values. That is
why we label as crime the misuse of values or the violation of value principles,
particularly the legal ones (F. Landa Jocano)
Values are the reason why we see and do things the way we do. They are the guiding
principles in our lives with respect to the personal and the social ends we desiresuch
as salvation or peaceand with respect to moral conduct and personal competence
such as honesty and imagination (Kouzes and Posner, 1993).
and
social
Filipinos Occidentalism
Spanish influence is manifested in our religious, political, economic, educational life and
even in our language, dress and diet.
o Emphasis on spiritual aspect had shaped out attitude towards divorce, birth
control, fiestas and ceremonies.
o Gambling and our aversion to manual labor could be traced to Spains inferior
regard for us
Americanization of Filipinos
o Manifested in our political and social outlook.
With the introduction of a
democratic system of government we become aware of our rights and privileges.
The popularization of education gave us the opportunity for social mobility.
Japanese Occupation
Ethics
Comes from the Greek word ethos, usage, character, custom, disposition,
manners
The analysis of concepts such as ought, should, duty, moral rules, right,
wrong, obligation, responsibility, etc.
The inquiry into the nature of morality or moral acts.
The search for the morally good life.
Imperatives of Ethics
1. Existence of God or a Supreme Being
2. Existence of human freedom
3. Immortality of the soul
Philippine History
Terms from the Philippine Revolution
Cavite Mutiny
Filipino soldiers in the fort of San Felipe in Cavite rose in mutiny under the leadership of
Sergeant La Madrid. The cause was the abolition of some privileges of the Filipinos.
GOMBURZA were arrested and killed because of the suspicion that they were involved
in the said mutiny.
El Filibusterismo
Rizals second novel, published in 1891 in Belgium, with the financial support of
Valentin Ventura, who lent him the money to print the book. Rizal dedicated this book
to GOMBURZA, the three martyr-priests. This is a political novel in which Rizal
predicted the coming of the revolution.
Insulares
Spaniards born in the Philippines.
Kalayaan
Newspaper of the Katipunan, which first came out on January 1896, with Emilio Jacinto
as editor.
Katipunan
The secret revolutionary movement founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892 in
Tondo, Manila. It means KATAASTAASAN KAGALANG-GALANG NA KATIPUNAN
NANG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN. It laid down three fundamental objectives: Political,
Moral and Civic. The political aim consisted in working for the separation of the
Philippines from Spain. The moral objective focused on the teaching of good manners,
hygiene, good morals and attacking obscurantism, religious, fanatism, and weaknesses
of character. The civic aim revolved around the principle of self-help and the defense of
the poor and the oppressed.
La Liga Filipina
Founded by Rizal on July 3, 1892, in Tondo, Manila, its aims were:
o to unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogenous
body;
o mutual protection in every want and necessity;
o defense against all violence and injustice;
o encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and
o study and application of reforms.
La Solidaridad
Organ of the Reform Movement in Spain, with Graciano Lopez-Jaena as its first editor.
Its first issue came out on February 15, 1889. Its aim was to gather, to collect liberal
ideas which were daily exposed tin the camp of politics, in the field of science, arts,
letters, commerce, agriculture, and industry. Known as Sol to the propagandists, it
became the mouthpiece of the Filipinos in Spain.
Magdalo
One faction of the Katipunan in Cavite, led by Baldomero Aguinaldo, with headquarters
in Kawit, Cavite.
Magdiwang
The other Katipunan faction in Cavite, led by Mariano Alvarez, with headquarters in
Noveleta, Cavite.
Noli Me Tangere
Rizals masterpiece, published in 1887. This is a sociohistorical novel based on facts
that Rizal gathered while in the Philippines. It is a novel, but not fiction. The novel
gained popularity immediately, but the Spaniards authorities, especially the friars
whom Rizal ridiculed in the novel, prohibited its reading.
Pact of Biak-na-Bato
Agreement made between the Filipinos and the Spaniards, mediated by Pedro Paterno,
wherein Aguinaldo and his companions would go into voluntary exile in Hong Kong
while Governor Gen. Primo de Rivera would pay cash money to the rebels.
Palabra de Honor
Word of honor, or keeping ones promises.
Peninsulares
The Spanish-born residents of the Philippines.
Spolarium
The most famous painting of Juan Luna.
The True Decalogue
A political tract written by Apolinario Mabini which became the bible of the Filipino
rebels.
Thomasites
American teachers who came to the Philippines in 1901 to teach English to the Filipinos.
The first batch of these teachers arrived aboard the American ship Thomas, hence, they
were called Thomasites.
The Philippine National Heroes
Dr. Jose Rizal
Andres Bonifacio
General Gregorio del Pilar
General Emilio Aguinaldo
Apolinario Mabini
GOMBURZA
Trece Martirez
Emilio Jacinto
Gregoria de Jesus
Fernando Ma. Guerrero
Felipe Agoncillo
Rafael Palma
Juan Luna
Cofounder of La Independencia.
Motherof Biak-na-Bato.
Agueda Esteban