Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
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MINISTRY OF DEFENCE
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TBRL / PAMPHLET /B.R.01 / 2006
lsDVj&30] p.Mhx<&160030
Sector-30, Chandigarh-160030
Oct 2006
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DISTRIBUTIONS
SL.NO.
COPY NO.
1.
DIRECTOR OF ARMAMENTS ,
DRDO HQ,
DRDO BHAWAN,
NEW DELHI-110011
2.
DIRECTOR MT-5,
INTEGRATED HQ OF MOD(ARMY),
ARMY HQ,
NEW DELHI-110011
2,3
3.
DIRECTOR,
CTEC,
DRDO BHAWAN
NEW DELHI-110011
4,5
4.
DIRECTOR,
TERMINAL BALLISTICS RESEARCH LABORATORY,
SECTOR-30, CHANDIGARH-160030
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CONTENTS
PREFACE
vii
PART-1
INTRODUCTION
SECTION
I
GENERAL
Need of Baffle Range
Policy
Para
2.
5.
PART-2
DEVELOPMENT OF BAFFLE RANGE
II
III
BAFFLE RANGE
Baffle range-Mark(I)
Baffle range-Mark(II)
7.
9.
13.
15.
16.
17.
PART-3
BAFFLE RANGE PLANNING & DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
IV
18.
23.
25.
26.
28.
29.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
35.
36.
39.
40.
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iv
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VI
GUIDELINES FOR BAFFLE RANGE CONSTRUCTION
General
42.
Design Parameters
44.
Construction Considerations
45.
Side Wall Pair
45.
Baffle walls
46.
Stop Butt
47.
Ground Barriers
48.
Direct fire zone
49.
Support Facilities
50.
Weather Protections
Approval of construction drawings
Construction Inspection
Test Fire in Baffle range
51.
52.
53.
54.
PART-4
BAFFLE RANGE OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
VII
VIII
IX
55.
57.
61.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
74.
76.
PART-5
SALIENT FEATURES
X
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v
77.
81.
82.
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PART-6
GLOSSARY
XI
XII
DEFINITIONS
THE 4 ES FOR BAFFLE RANGE
PART-7
ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUTS OF BAFFLE RANGE
DRAWING-01.
DRAWING-02.
DRAWING-03.
DRAWING-04.
DRAWING-05.
DRAWING-06.
DRAWING-07.
DRAWING-08.
DRAWING-09.
DRAWING-10.
DRAWING-11.
DRAWING-12.
DRAWING-13.
DRAWING-14.
DRAWING-15.
DRAWING-16.
LIST OF FIGURES
A typical conventional classification firing range
Baffle range-Mark(I) at Infantry School Mhow
Model of 100m Baffle range-Mark(II)
Computer model of 300m Baffle range-Mark(II)
Para
1.
8.
10.
11.
28.
65.
76.
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vi
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PREFACE
This Pamphlet provides guidelines for planning & layout design of a Baffle
Range, a reduced danger area range for practice firing with small arms. A safe
Baffle range results if and only if it is operated safely, the firers are controlled by the
rules and safety policies and its fitness is maintained. Therefore recommendations
regarding Baffle range construction design, maintenance, fitness certification, usage
and safety audit are also included herewith. These guidelines/ recommendations are
based on literature survey, feedback received on performance of already constructed
Baffle ranges and extensive data generated through trials at TBRL in recent years.
The 4 Es (Evaluate, Engineer, Educate, and Enforcement) must be used at
every step during development and usage of a Baffle Range. The design
guidelines/recommendations, safety rules and safety policies stated in this Pamphlet
and in Pamphlet No.33, Infantry Training , Volume III, Range and Courses, Range
Construction and Regulation (All arms) must be enforced on the Baffle range
construction and usage so as to ensure required safety and service life. The attention
of users is especially required in Part-4 of this pamphlet Baffle range operation &
maintenance so as to ensure safe firing practices and longer service life for Baffle
range.
It is hoped that the users will find these guidelines helpful in planning Baffle
ranges which are cost effective, while affording safer service.
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vii
PART-1
INTRODUCTION
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SECTION-I
GENERAL
1.
Small Arms Firing Range is a live-fire training facility for practice firing with small
arms. Conventional Classification Ranges (CCR) used for firing practice with small arms are
provided a danger area extended up to 1830 m behind the stop butt. The danger area provides
a safe zone for the misdirected bullets resulting from possible errors made by soldiers in both
horizontal and vertical directions during practice firing. It must be free from buildings, roads,
footpaths, etc. These ranges were not very safe and several accidents have been reported
because free flight rifle bullet can travel up to 3 Kms.
A TYPICAL CONVENTIONAL CLASSIFICATION FIRING RANGE
Sheet 1 of 21
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operations, it has been agreed that construction of Baffle range up to 300m would meet
training requirements of army. However, where possible, scope for extending the Baffle range
up to 500m at a later date should be created.
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
Sheet 2 of 21
PART-2
DEVELOPMENT OF BAFFLE RANGE
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SECTION-II
BAFFLE RANGE
Baffle range-Mark(I)
7.
First Baffle range was constructed at Infantry School Mhow, in 1995.
8.
Baffle range-Mark(I) comprised of nineteen baffle walls (33m wide 8.5m high and with
22m wide, 2.5m -4.2m high opening from GL) and one Stop-butt (33m wide10m high). It is
used by 6 firers at a time. It has firing points at100m, 200m, 300m. This design has been
modified and number of baffles has been reduced from 6 per 100m to 2 per 100m making it
cost effective.
BAFFLE RANGE-MARK(I) AT INFANTRY SCHOOL MHOW
Baffle range-Mark(II)
9.
Since these early beginnings continuous studies were conducted at TBRL using trial
data and user feedback. These studies revealed need of modifications in the Baffle rangeMark(I) through an improvised concepts of a system of ground barriers, side walls, baffle
walls and stop butt to arrest the misdirected bullets. The new concept requires lesser number of
baffle walls as compared to Baffle range-Mark(I)
10.
The modified Baffle range-Mark(II) provides improved performance with reduced risk,
enhanced overall safety, ricochet reduction,
reduced overall construction cost and
accommodates six firers in lying, kneeling and standing in trench positions. It has a number of
ground barriers to eliminate ricochets from ground surface.
MODEL OF 100M BAFFLE RANGE-MARK(II)
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11.
According to army units the Baffle range should provide safety for error of 14 deg in
horizontal plane and 11 deg in vertical plane from all firing point. The required safety of the
range was achieved in Baffle range Mark-II by
(a)
Providing baffle walls with more width [35.8m(6.9+22+6.9)] and more height [9.1m].
(b)
Increasing vertical clearance of 22m wide opening in all baffle walls to 4.1m above GL.
(c)
Providing 6.9 m wide x 9.1 m high side wall pairs at 44m, 55m, 85m in every 100m
segment.
(d)
Increasing the width of side wall pair at target gallery to 8.2 m
(e)
Enclosed type Stop Butt for maximum safety [12 m high & width (9+22+9) 40m].
COMPUTER MODEL OF 300M BAFFLE RANGE-MARK(II)
12.
Detailed layout drawings for Baffle Range-Mark(II) are place at Part-7 of this
pamphlet. Site specific construction design must be in accordance to these detailed layout
drawings as well as the guidelines in this pamphlet & Pamphlet No.33, Infantry Training ,
Volume III, Range and Courses, Range Construction and Regulation (All arms) .
Sheet 4 of 21
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SECTION-III
EVALUATION OF BAFFLE RANGE PERFORMANCE
General
13.
Baffle Range-Mark(II) has been made at few places. A 100m Baffle range-Mark(II)
was constructed at TBRL, Ramgarh Range for field trials to collect feedback on range
performance, firearms testing, and as a means of developing accurate ammunition.
14.
The range was studied theoretically & experimentally as well as shown to various
perspective users for valuable suggestions so as to achieve a design with enhanced safety.
Feasibility of ground barriers concept
15.
Feasibility of ground barriers concept was evaluated through preliminary trials at the
Baffle range at TBRL and by exhaustive trials in form of simulated test firings at a layout
prepared at Infantry School, Mhow.
Feedback on Baffle Range Performance
16.
TBRL is in the continuous process of getting feedback about the performance of these
Baffle Ranges. Extensive theoretical and practical studies are being carried out using
feedback from user and trials so as to achieve continuous improvements in Baffle range
concept like greater range safety, longer life, minimum maintenance etc.
Findings of performance studies
17.
These studies revealed following:
(a)
Cost effective, safe, low maintenance Baffle range design can result only if safe,
controlled firers are an assumption. There is no possibility of any bullet escaping
Baffle range if practice firing is executed with in permissible firing errors. In case of
aimed firing the probability of a bullet hitting some RCC ballistic structure is very less.
(b)
A RCC structure meeting a bullet hit develops local damage which must be repaired
using suitable repair material as soon as possible.
(c)
If a local damage to RCC structure is not repaired quickly, multiple bullet hits at the
same location can cause very heavy damage / damage beyond repair. Consequently
huge maintenance costs may be involved as well as the effective service life span of
such Baffle range will get reduced considerably.
(d)
The concept of ground barriers although useful, but can result in ricochets if soil
slopes are not maintained properly.
(e)
The performance and utilization of the present Baffle ranges Mark-II can be improved
manifolds by providing partial lining of rifle grade material of hardness 480 BHN/
sacrificial material like SIFCON (Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete) panels of suitable
thickness on baffle walls and stop butt. The armour steel plates of hardness 480 BHN
can be supplied by PEC Ltd.(A Government of India Enterprise), Hansalaya, 15
Barakhamba Road, New Delhi-110 001, Tel 011-2331 4727, Fax no. 011-23315279,
23314797 & 23313664, E-mail: pec@peclimited.com, Web:www.peclimited.com. The
randomly selected sample of armour plates should be ballistically evaluated at
TBRL Chandigarh
(f)
Longer service life and higher safety with very less maintenance can be achieved by
using suitably inclined overhead baffles made of rifle grade material and angled side
walls. The new concept is being analysed at TBRL Chandigarh. The cost of
implementing this new concept will be almost same as that of the present design of
Baffle range-Mark(II) incorporating partial lining of armour plate.
Sheet 5 of 21
PART-3
BAFFLE RANGE PLANNING & DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
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SECTION-IV
PLANNING & LAYOUT OF BAFFLE RANGE
General
18.
A new range is planned, designed, and constructed based upon the needs of the specific
user.
19.
All decisions in planning, designing and construction of a baffle range are based on
proven engineering practices.
20.
Individual units may establish design criteria exceeding the minimums specified in this
pamphlet and pamphlet-33. Various agencies should jointly develop site-specific designs.
21.
The range design must also address noise control and environmental hazards resulting
from the use of ammunition containing lead.
22.
Planning should be logical so that nothing is overlooked or left to chance. Suggested
guidelines are outlined below.
Determination of user needs
23.
The first decision is to identify the types of practice firing necessary to meet the needs
of the user unit.
24.
The range type, size, and configuration is based upon the training needs of individual
units, weapon-specific training requirements, land availability, location of range, length of
range, firing line & target line requirements, climatic & ground conditions, soil type etc.
Baffle range layout considerations
25.
Various consideration specified in the Pamphlet No.33, Infantry Training , Volume 3,
Range and courses must be satisfied for following:
(a)
Range area: There are certain basic and optional considerations used to layout ranges.
Among these are: terrain features, site dimensions, type of range, soil structure,
surrounding inhabitants, access and utilities.
(b)
Direct fire zone The ground between the targets and firing line must be free of any
hardened surface, such as rocks or other ricochet producing materials, up to 30cm
depth.
(c)
Firing line area: Firing points , firing point numbering scheme, firing line enclosure
or cover, space for support activities, walkways etc.
(d)
Target line area: Target carriers spacing for small arms practice firing ranges is
determined by the size of the carrier used, and may vary from a minimum of about 2.5
mtrs up to a maximum of 3.65 mtrs (centre to centre).
(e)
Backstop: Backstop construction must meet certain specific criteria: be wider than the
target area; provide clean earthen surface material to a depth of 450-600mm at a slope
>400.Horizontal bullet catchers provide maximum use of the exposed surface area.
(f)
Baffles and other safety barriers Vertical, overhead, ground and side baffles are
barriers used to keep errant bullets confined to a restricted area of the range. Adding
these barriers is often expensive, but properly installed they can reduce land
requirements. Baffle ranges over 300 meters in length is not practical.
(g)
Side Containment Side berms may be in the form of earthen embankments, concrete
walls or wooden crib/earth embankment combinations.
Sheet 6 of 21
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SECTION-V
SELECTION OF SITE FOR BAFFLE RANGE
General
26.
A suitable internal board of officers including officers from user unit and MES should
be constituted to identify several sites because one or more may prove unsuitable or
construction costs may be prohibitive.
27.
The BOO should collect technical data including zoning maps, aerial & normal
photographs, topographic maps, relevant to each site. The on-site information should be
gathered both on the ground and in the air.
Feedback form for evaluation of site
28.
Suitability of a site is determined on the basis of feedback on each site in a format
placed below.
FEEDBACK FORM FOR EVALUATION OF SITE
1
Access:
( Dedicated right-of-way, Dirt road,
Paved road Gravel road or No access).
Poor Access necessitates construction
of roadway to site.
Location:
(Travel distance for firers)
Locate the range as convenient to the
users as possible.
Orientation
The ideal orientation is with firing
conducted from South to North to
minimize glare.
Utilities available
Electricity Phone Water Sanitary
Sewer etc.
Residential area
Noise complaints are likely when
residential areas exist within 360m
from the Baffle range.
Size
An area large enough to accommodate
the appropriate disciplines and
projectile containment as modified by
existing topographic features, and/or
additional range features.
Area geology
(Clay, Sand, Heavy rocks etc.)
Affects cost of conditioning the site
Vegetation
(Cleared , Scrub brush, Light timber,
Heavy timber etc.)
Topography
(Desert, Plains, Hilly, Mountainous,
Flood Plain) Affects cost of
Construction
Weather
Dry, Semi-Dry, Wet, Heavy Snows
etc.
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10
11
12
13
14
No-man land
Minimum 50m no-man land (with
sufficient greenery)on sides and back
of the direct fire zone/ range area
Future expansion
15
16
Character of ground
(i) Character of ground in rear of
targets, height, slope and so on.
(ii) Character of ground in front of
targets, if rising or falling towards
target line.
(iii) Is there a clear line of sight from
all firing points to all targets. If not,
what work will be required to obtain a
clear line of sight?
17
Safety Precautions
What arrangements exist or are
proposed to prevent persons entering
the danger area while firing is in
progress? Full details should be given
and positions of sentries, flag poles,
and so on shown on the map.
Any other information:
Station:
Prepared by:
Place:
Approved by:
Sheet 8 of 21
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(d)
33.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Ground characteristics As a general rule a site on level dry ground is the best.
Sites on rocky, uneven, rising or falling ground cause difficulties in construction and
usage and also tend to decrease the safety of the Baffle range.
A hollow site is unsatisfactory.
An uphill line of sight must be avoided.
Direct fire zone
The direct fire zone must be stone free up to 30 cm depth.
Soil additives must be tested to ensure that they will not cause cementing or hardening
of the soil surface.
Direct fire zone should not be in wetlands or in locations subjected to frequent
flooding.
No-man land
There must be at least 50m no-mans land on sides and back of Baffle range.
The no-man area must be maintained green through protecting existing trees &
vegetation and plantation of suitable trees not higher than 15 feet.
A 3.6 m high boundary wall of RCC/brick must be constructed around the direct fire
zone at 15m distance from the edges of the stop butt & direct fire zone. Facilities like
target store & workshop , troop shelters, facilities for maintenance, rest rooms,
observers shade, range complex, toilets, stores, vehicle parking shades, underground
water storage etc, can be constructed at safe & suitable locations in no-man area and
within range boundary.
Any facility within the Baffle range boundary should not be constructed exactly behind
firing point.
Surrounding structures:
The range line of fire should not be in the direction of residential areas or upwind of
residential areas.
Distance of residential area from the Baffle range should be at least 360 m in view of
noise pollution from the Baffle range,
No multistory complex be allowed within 100 m on sides only of the range body.
Any magazine for explosive storage must be located as per STEC Pamphlet No.1
Quantity Distance Regulations for Military Explosives, 1993 of DRDO.
No airport should exist within 400 m of the Baffle Range.
34.
Site a Baffle range with the prevailing wind blowing from the firers back toward the
target line.
35.
(a)
(b)
(c)
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Sheet 10 of 21
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SECTION-VI
GUIDELINES FOR BAFFLE RANGE CONSTRUCTION
General
42.
Construction plans should follow the usual format used by architects and engineers
detailing specifications for a builder. These plans should include at a minimum a layout of the
proposed range in cross section and top view. The necessary professional help, such as, a
consultant, an engineer, an architect, a surveyor, a draftsman should be hired to complete the
plans for the construction phase.
43.
The Baffle range and its support facilities, when completed, must satisfy or exceed the
requirements of this pamphlet and . Pamphlet No.33, Infantry Training , Volume III, Range
and Courses, Range Construction and Regulation (All arms)
Design Parameters
44.
Loading to be considered during design of structures comprises of dead load, wind
load, earthquake load, snow load, impact load due to minimum two bullets (weight 10gms
each moving at 850m/sec)
Construction Considerations
45.
Side Wall Pair comprises of two 9.1m high (above MGL-made up ground level) 6.9m
wide walls separated by 22m. Side walls may be minimum 230 mm Brick envelop with
suitable beams and columns of M25 RCC.
46.
Baffle walls comprises of a pair of side wall [9.1m high(above MGL) & 6.9m wide]
integrated with a 22m x 5m horizontal baffle 4.1m above MGL.
(a)
In horizontal baffle
lower 3m band is minimum 300mm thick M25 RCC and
Upper 2m band may be minimum 230 mm Brick envelop with suitable beams
and columns of M25 RCC.
(b)
Integrated vertical side wall may be minimum 230 mm Brick envelop with suitable
beams and columns of M25 RCC.
(c)
The lower 2m band of the baffle is exposed to severe bullet impact and must be
provided extra reinforcement by using
Sacrificial lining of minimum 75mm thick SIFCON panels in 24m x 2m area
as shown in drawing of baffle wall. The sacrificial lining need to be replaced
before it is damaged to exposes the RCC surface of the baffle. Approximately
3.8 m3 of SIFCON will be required per baffle.
Non-sacrificial lining of 10mm thick armour plate of hardness 480 BHN
covered with 30mm soft wood in 24m x 2m area as shown in drawing of
baffle wall. The non-sacrificial lining need only protection from weather to last
for the life of baffle if aimed firing is assumed. Approximately 3.85 ton of
armour grade steel of hardness 480 BHN will be required per baffle.
47.
(a)
(b)
Stop Butt
Stop butt is 40m wide 12m high (minimum 300mm thick M25 RCC) with stone free
(to a minimum depth of 450-600mm) soil compacted at a slope of minimum 40deg
inside a 22m wide 6m high 7.5m deep box (minimum 300mm thick M25 RCC).
The stop butt must be provided extra reinforcement by using a 10mm thick armour
plate of hardness 480 BHN covered with 30mm soft wood in 24m wide lower 2m
band of the horizontal baffle and on upper 2m band of rear wall of soil box as shown
BAFFLE RANGE PROCEDURES
TBRL / PAMPHLET / BR01/ 2006; Oct 2006; Copy: 06;
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Sheet 11 of 21
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in drawing of stop butt. Approximately 7.4 ton of armour grade steel of hardness 480
BHN will be required for stop butt reinforcement.
48.
Ground Barriers A Ground barrier comprise of 0.35m high (above GL)wooden boxes
made of 30mm soft wood filled with washed gravel and closed on top with a 0.25m(min)
wide 0.15m high right angled triangle cap of soft wood. These wooden boxes are backed on
side facing stop butt by compacted stone free soil (refer drawing). The total height of ground
barrier above OGL must not exceed 0.55m (so as to keep it 50 mm below top of firing points
and target gallery).
49.
(a)
Firing points & trenches, Markers gallery & Mantlet must be constructed in
accordance to Pamphlet No. 33.
(b)
The ground in 50m segment of direct fire zone near target line is to be given a
downward slope of 1 towards the target gallery. As the top level of Baffle walls and
sidewalls is the same, the height of various structures in this 50m segment will increase
as per the made up ground level.
Top level of firing points and target gallery should be same (i.e. 0.6m above GL).
The ground between the targets and firing line must be free of any hardened surface,
such as rocks or other ricochet producing materials, up to 30cm depth. Ideally, surface
areas should be nearly level, sloping only enough to provide drainage. The range floor
or ground surface should be planted with low growing ground cover (a healthy quality
grass mixture suited to the area). Grass reduces heat on Baffle range and enhances its
appearance.
(c)
(d)
50.
Support Facilities
As per the requirements of the user unit support facilities like target store & workshop ,
troop shelters, maintenance areas, rest rooms, observers shade, range complex, toilets, stores,
vehicle parking shades, underground water storage etc, can be constructed at safe & suitable
locations in no-man area and within range boundary.
Weather Protections
51.
Weather effects should be addressed by applying weather proof coatings on RCC
structures and steel, treating wood for weather and termites, providing suitable drainage/
pumping for rain water etc. The frontal area of all structures will have a fiber plaster of
thickness not less than 15mm.
Approval of construction drawings
52.
To conclude the project:
(a)
Follow through with all commitments and requirements identified
(b)
Prepare final construction plans, specifications and cost estimates.
(c)
Obtain all necessary approvals.
Detailed plans showing specific dimensions and locations are needed to obtain
approval of final construction drawings from TBRL Chandigarh before commencement of
construction..
Sheet 12 of 21
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Construction Inspection.
53.
Validate that the proper materials have been used and construction complies with the
specifications and drawings.
(a)
The materials, distances, and angles are critical to safety and must be verified
according to this pamphlet and Pamphlet No.33, Infantry training volume III, Ranges
and courses.
(b)
Distances from the firing lines to target lines are critical and must be measured during
construction and on completion of the range.
(c)
Availability of required no-man land must be ensured.
(d)
All barriers, fences and signs must be erected,
Test Fire in Baffle range
54.
In a newly constructed baffle range controlled test-firing must be accomplished using
tracer ammunition before conducting practice firing operations. An expert board will act as
observers. The most experienced firers available will use the most powerful ammunition
authorized for use on the range, for the test.
Sheet 13 of 21
PART-4
BAFFLE RANGE OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
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SECTION-VII
BAFFLE RANGE OPERATION & SAFETY
General
55.
The conventional classification range accommodates the controlled and supervised
discharge of weapons and has sufficient land area to ensure that the discharged projectile does
not exit the safety fan comprising of surface danger zone (SDZ) and vertical danger zone
(VDZ).
56.
Direct-fire rounds and ricochets are unimpeded and may fall anywhere within the safety
fan. The conventional classification range requires a safety fan equal to 100 percent of the
maximum range of the most powerful round to be used on the range.
Baffle Range Control Considerations
57.
Proper and efficient range operations are vital to the success of any practice firing
Baffle range. Basic and advanced schools must be conducted to familiarize firers/ trainers with
the Baffle range and how to set up and conduct a practice firing. Copies of all practice firing
program guidelines, rule books & TBRL pamphlet Baffle Range Procedures should be
included in the range library.
58.
Smooth functioning of Baffle range requires equipment like phone systems, public
address systems. flags, radios etc. Proper use of equipment has a great effect on how long it
will last. Firers must be trained for operating target carriers & equipment, target preparation
etc.
59. Range control serves to provide rules and supervision that encourage safe, healthful and
proper use of a small arms practice firing Baffle range. To be considered are:
(a)
Posting rules, regulations & signs, use of safety devices etc.,
(b)
Provision of administrative facilities such as statistical office, communication system,
(c)
Provision of range optional features like waiting areas, restrooms, portable toilets,
trash receptacles etc.
(d)
Landscaping is an important means of making the Baffle range attractive.
60.
A general safety consideration for small arms Baffle ranges is based on the maximum
range of ammunition authorized for use on the facility.
Cost effective, safe Baffle range design
61.
A Safe Baffle range results if and only if it is operated safely and the participating
firers are controlled by the rules and safety policies which must be enforced while using the
Baffle range.
62.
Cost effective, safe Baffle range design can result only if safe, controlled firers are an
assumption. As per experienced range designers and range operators: A completely safe
Baffle range cannot be designed. Though barriers are installed to limit bullets to a specific
area, each user must be made aware of limitations of Baffle range and the reasons for
them. Rule violations must have consequences.
Sheet 14 of 21
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User
Details
No.of
Firers
Firing
Point
Firing
position
Small
arms
used
Ammunition
used
No. of
rounds
fired
Remarks
&
signature of Range
officer-in-charge
Digital photograph of baffle walls, ground barriers, target gallery, stop butt, and
intermediate firing points should be taken every three months or as and when necessary.
Sheet 15 of 21
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SECTION-VIII
BAFFLE RANGE MAINTENANCE
General
66.
General maintenance starts when the Baffle range is planned. Proper maintenance of
ballistic structures & ground, equipment and fixtures protects the long-term investment.
Fitness for use
67.
The range officer must insist range fitness for use through routine range maintenance
comprising of(a)
Conditioning of range ground by grass cutting, trimming grass, removing any hard
object from direct fire zone, cleaning up litter etc.
(b)
Conditioning of ballistic protection structures through quick repairs
(c)
Restoring ground barriers regularly,
(d)
Restoring soil fill contours at backstop & berm,
(e)
Painting of important areas and signs
Scheduled Maintenance
68.
A good rule is to conduct maintenance chores regularly, rather than just before an
event. Perform small tasks each time the Baffle range is used rather than wait until major
repairs are needed.
69.
Paste a maintenance checklist in the Baffle range and outline check-off blocks, so
soldiers can indicate that they have completed a specific task. In addition, same checklist could
be published in the Range newsletter. This checklist should also point out where tools and
materials are stored at the facility.
70.
Installation of underground telephone and electrical cables inside PVC pipe allows easy
removal and replacement.
71.
All steel used in constructing target carriers be hot dipped galvanized or painted with
rust preventive paint. Such measures will ensure long-term, low maintenance use. It may
require grease fitting or applicators at all wear points. Target carrier maintenance often
consumes a great deal of time in a maintenance program. When carriers are poorly designed,
the result is often frequent and expensive repairs. Therefore, before any practice firing event or
during routine activities, any dirt or rust should be removed from the wear points, tighten loose
fittings, weld or replace any broken parts.
72.
To guarantee long-term use of range equipment, especially items subjected to weather
related deterioration, a preventive maintenance program is required for repairing ballistic
protection structures, cleaning storm water systems, repairing electrical systems, painting
important areas, signs & parking lots etc., edging sidewalks, maintaining buildings, recovery of
lead from soil fills etc.
73.
Sufficient inventories including consumables and repair materials needed for
maintenance during Baffle range usage should always be on hand.
Sheet 16 of 21
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SECTION-IX
SAFETY AUDIT OF BAFFLE RANGE IN SERVICE
Safety audit of Baffle range (Half yearly)
74.
Each HQ Division/Area will constitute a standing board of officers to inspect the
baffle ranges under their jurisdiction half-yearly as per check sheet placed below.
75.
A report will be forwarded to respective HQ command for the period ending 01July
and 31Dec every year. Inspection will cover the parameters given in check-sheet below. HQ
commands will forward a consolidated report to Army HQ/MT-5 giving only the relevant
points, for further action.
Annual Monitoring of Baffle Range
76.
An evaluation committee comprising representatives of QMG, E-in-C, DG Inf, DGMT,
HQ DRDO, TBRL Chandigarh and Col GS (Training) HQ command will annually monitor
and evaluate the maintenance and performance of one baffle range to be selected by
DGMT/MT-5. The committee will prepare a report for perusal of DGMT/DCOAS(IS&T).
BAFFLE RANGE SAFETY AUDIT FORM
Sl. Description
Action
Status
No.
1
Stop Butt
Target Gallery
Firing Points
Range surface
5
6
Support facilities
Remarks:
(Member)
(Member)
(Member)
Sheet 17 of 21
PART-5
SALIENT FEATURES
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SECTION-X
IMPORTANT POINTS ON BAFFLE RANGE
General
77.
Any general details (firing point, trench, target gallery etc.) may be taken from
Pamphlet No. 33, Infantry Training , Volume III, Range and Courses, Range Construction and
Regulation (All arms).
78.
The Baffle range Mark(II) design provides a safety of 14 in the horizontal plane and
12 in the vertical plane.
79.
Board of Officers detailed by concerned formation at a given site will invariably have
a member from TBRL, Chandigarh.
80.
Plan of action for construction of Baffle range should be in accordance to policy and
directives issued at times by Integrated HQ of MOD(Army), General Staff Branch, MT-5.
81.
Firing Practice
(a)
The Baffle range has firing points at 500,400,300,200,100 and 50m. The firing
practice for 50m will be for standing position only.
The Baffle range is to be used strictly for six firers only.
Ground in direct fire zone must be leveled, dry, stone free and turfed.
Before any practice firings the soil fill & slope at firing points, ground barriers, target
gallery and stop butt must be checked, conditioned and correctly made up.
The practice firings must be conducted under the supervision of trained personnel who
are fully conversant with the operation of Baffle Range.
Weapons authorized on the Baffle range include 9mm Carbine & Pistol; 5.56mm
INSAS Carbine, Rifle & LMG; 7.62 Gun Machine MAG58; 7.62mm Sub Caliber for
106 RCL; 9mm Sub Caliber for 84mm RCL; 7.62mm SLR, AK-47.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
82.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Sheet 18 of 21
PART-6
GLOSSARY
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SECTION-XI
DEFINITIONS
Backstop: A device constructed to stop or redirect bullets fired on a range.
Baffles: Barriers to contain bullets and to reduce, redirect or suppress sound waves. Baffles are
placed either overhead, alongside or at ground level to restrict or interrupt errant or off-thetarget shots.
Barrel: The metal tube of a gun made from iron or steel, through which the bullet or shot
charge passes when the gun is fired.
Berm: An embankment used for restricting bullets to a given area, or as a protective or
dividing wall between ranges.
Bullet: A single projectile fired from a firearm.
Bullet Trap: A device designed to trap or capture the entire bullet and fragments as opposed to
redirecting the projectile into a sand pit.
Cartridge: A self-contained unitized round of ammunition that is made up of a case, a primer,
powder and a bullet. The case is usually made from brass but may be steel, metal alloy or
plastic.
Chamber: The enlarged portion of the barrel at the breech in which the cartridge is placed
ready for firing.
Direct Fire Zone: The area between stop butt and most distant firing line.
Firing Distance: The distance between the firing line and the target line.
Firing Line: A line parallel to the targets from where firearms are discharged.
Firing Position (Point): An area directly behind the firing line having a specified width and
depth that is occupied by a firer, his equipment and, if appropriate, an instructor.
Firing Range: A facility designed for the purpose of providing a place on which to discharge
firearms, shoot air guns and/or archery equipment.
Firing Range Complex: It may include offices, classrooms, club houses, parking facilities and
other related structures.
Horizontal Bullet Catcher (Eyebrow Catcher): A device installed along a backstop, a berm,
or on the range floor, and designed to capture ricocheting projectiles. More frequently used on
backstop areas where the slope does not positively contain bullets.
Impact Area: That area in a backstop or bullet trap directly behind the target where bullets are
expected to impact. The term may also refer to an area down range of a Baffle range from first
firing point towards stop butt where bullets will impact.
Line of Sight: An imaginary straight line from the eye through the sights of a firearm to the
target.
Muzzle: The forward end of a barrel.
Muzzle Velocity: The velocity of a projectile as it exits the muzzle of a firearm.
Noise: Unwanted sound is referred to as noise.
Criteria for elimination of ricochet from ground
The ricochets from ground can be eliminated by ensuring bullet impacting soft soil at
an angle exceeding 30deg, so that it gets either embedded in the soil or simply splashes back
after loosing most of its energy as a result of impact. The absorption of bullets misdirected
towards ground can be achieved by constructing ground barriers ahead of firing point
satisfying following requirements
minimum possible number of ground barriers must be used.
minimum maintenance requirements for shape of ground barriers.
height of ground barriers must not interfere with bullet trajectory and allows easy
movement of soldiers, and also the requirement of ground slope is minimized.
Sheet 19 of 21
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Rules and Regulations: Standards used in the operation of a firing range. Rules and
regulations are set up to govern the method of range operation to include health and safety. The
violation of range rules and regulations generally carries penalties enforced by range officer.
Safety Baffles: Vertical or sloping barriers designed to prevent a projectile from traveling into
an undesired area or direction. Most often used to prevent bullets from leaving a confined area.
Small Arms: Firearms that may be both carried and discharged by one person, as opposed to
artillery pieces. Small arms are not subject to precise definitions, but the term usually includes
rifles, handguns (pistols), shotguns, submachine guns and machine guns.
Small Arms Range: Small Arms Firing Range is a live-fire training facility for practice firing
with small arms to improve the marksmanship skills of soldiers, and certifying personnel in the
use of handguns, shotguns, rifles up to 7.62mm.
Surface Danger Zone (SDZ): The portions of the range in the horizontal plane that are
endangered by firing a particular weapon. The SDZ includes the area between the firing line
and the target line, an impact area, a ricochet trajectory area, and a secondary danger area. The
SDZ may also include a weapon back-blast area. The SDZ must be located completely within
the boundaries of Armed force -owned or -leased properties.
Target Line: A line parallel to the firing line along which targets are placed.
Trajectory: The path a projectile travels from the muzzle to the point of impact.
Venetian Blind Trap: A steel trap that has a series of angled plates, 45 degrees or less,
sloping to the rear and toward the bullet impact area and installed in a vertical fashion as to
resemble a Venetian Blind. The bullets are directed upon impact into a chamber located at the
bottom of the device, where remaining velocity and energy are expended. The chamber
provides easy access for lead removal.
Vertical Danger Zone (VDZ): The VDZ is the volume of airspace above the SDZ between
the ground surface and the maximum ordinate of a direct-fired or ricochet round. The height of
the VDZ varies with the weapon and ammunition fired.
Sheet 20 of 21
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SECTION-XII
THE 4 ES FOR BAFFLE RANGE
The 4-Es must be used at every step of developing a Baffle range. The 4-Es are:
evaluate, engineer, educate and enforcement.
(a)
Evaluate the needs of the prospective user and identify the specific firing activities to
be conducted on the Baffle range. Evaluate how many firing activities will be
conducted on the same piece of ground, but not necessarily simultaneously.
(b)
Engineer each Baffle range to accommodate the specific activities which are to be
conducted on the same piece of ground/range. Intimate knowledge of each activity and
a rule book specifying the detailed requirements (if applicable) of each activity is
essential. Each activity's requirements will have to be considered in detail to ensure no
conflicts in firing line design, target line location, target placement and target set up,
etc. Once the design criteria have been established, it will be important for the user to
truly understand that there will be very little room for change in use without returning
to the evaluation phase with a view toward additional engineering to retrofit the range
to accommodate the new activity.
(c)
Educate the range officers and those who will be using the facility (firers) in the
specific actions that are acceptable. Firearms, firearm calibers, positions that can be
used (standing, sitting/kneeling, prone), types of firing (slow fire only, rapid fire, etc.)
are few topics that should be taken into consideration from inception as to how the
range will or may be used. Briefings on the etiquette of firearms safety, how and when
to approach the firing line, how and when to change targets, commands that will be
used-and their meanings, range officer authority, etc. Careful consideration in this area
will reasonably ensure that the Baffle range will never be used outside of its design
criteria and thereby cause problems.
(d)
Enforcement is the final phase of the 4-Es and ultimately is the glue that will hold all
these considerations together into one cohesive package. Enforcement solidifies the
safety plan. The user must consider the specific methods and actions that will be
employed to ensure the Baffle range is always used within the design criteria.
Ultimately, it will be the responsibility of the range officer to determine the method to
be used, assuring adherence to the rules and regulations established.
Sheet 21 of 21
PART-7
ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUTS OF BAFFLE RANGE
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Part-7 Architectural Drawings of Baffle Range-Mark(II) ofBaffle Range Procedures,TBRL/PAMPHLET/B.R.01/2006;Oct 2006; Copy: 06
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Part-7 Architectural Drawings of Baffle Range-Mark(II) ofBaffle Range Procedures,TBRL/PAMPHLET/B.R.01/2006;Oct 2006; Copy: 06
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Part-7 Architectural Drawings of Baffle Range-Mark(II) ofBaffle Range Procedures,TBRL/PAMPHLET/B.R.01/2006;Oct 2006; Copy: 06
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Part-7 Architectural Drawings of Baffle Range-Mark(II) ofBaffle Range Procedures,TBRL/PAMPHLET/B.R.01/2006;Oct 2006; Copy: 06
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100M SEGMENT OF 300 M BAFFLE RANGE
Part-7 Architectural Drawings of Baffle Range-Mark(II) ofBaffle Range Procedures,TBRL/PAMPHLET/B.R.01/2006;Oct 2006; Copy: 06
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BAFFLE RANGE - 100M PLAN & SECTION
Part-7 Architectural Drawings of Baffle Range-Mark(II) ofBaffle Range Procedures,TBRL/PAMPHLET/B.R.01/2006;Oct 2006; Copy: 06
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Part-7 Architectural Drawings of Baffle Range-Mark(II) ofBaffle Range Procedures,TBRL/PAMPHLET/B.R.01/2006;Oct 2006; Copy: 06
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BAFFLE WALL
75mm
75mm
Part-7 Architectural Drawings of Baffle Range-Mark(II) ofBaffle Range Procedures,TBRL/PAMPHLET/B.R.01/2006;Oct 2006; Copy: 06
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15mm Wood
Armour Plate
20mm Wood
Top view
ScrewFlat head
RCC Baffle Wall
Nut
Wood covering with two layers of 20mm & 15mm thick
A 6 mm thick cap of armour grade steel should be placed above nut before
fixing wood covering to avoid any damage to bolt due to bullet impacts.
Direction
of fire
Part-7 Architectural Drawings of Baffle Range-Mark(II) ofBaffle Range Procedures,TBRL/PAMPHLET/B.R.01/2006;Oct 2006; Copy: 06
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SIDEWALL
Part-7 Architectural Drawings of Baffle Range-Mark(II) ofBaffle Range Procedures,TBRL/PAMPHLET/B.R.01/2006;Oct 2006; Copy: 06
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STOP BUTT
Part-7 Architectural Drawings of Baffle Range-Mark(II) ofBaffle Range Procedures,TBRL/PAMPHLET/B.R.01/2006;Oct 2006; Copy: 06
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Part-7 Architectural Drawings of Baffle Range-Mark(II) ofBaffle Range Procedures,TBRL/PAMPHLET/B.R.01/2006;Oct 2006; Copy: 06
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MARKERS GALLARY
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GROUND BARRIER
Part-7 Architectural Drawings of Baffle Range-Mark(II) ofBaffle Range Procedures,TBRL/PAMPHLET/B.R.01/2006;Oct 2006; Copy: 06
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FIRING POINT
Part-7 Architectural Drawings of Baffle Range-Mark(II) ofBaffle Range Procedures,TBRL/PAMPHLET/B.R.01/2006;Oct 2006; Copy: 06
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Part-7 Architectural Drawings of Baffle Range-Mark(II) ofBaffle Range Procedures,TBRL/PAMPHLET/B.R.01/2006;Oct 2006; Copy: 06
Drawing -16 of 16
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