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AUTORECLOSING SCHEMES
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
The large majority of transmission line faults are transient and can be
cleared by momentarily de-energizing the line.
A fault analysis of
1.2
80%
Semi-permanent faults -
10%
Permanent faults
10%
1.3
1.4
2.0
ADVANTAGES OF RECLOSING
2.1
2.3
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DEFINITION
OF
COMMON
TERMS
USED
IN
AUTORECLOSE
SCHEMES
3.1
Operating Time
This refers to the time taken from the inception of a fault until it is
finally cleared by the circuit breaker and a successful re-closure.
This time is governed by:
Dead time
This is time for which a circuit remains de-energised and its governed
by:
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a) Circuit breaker or system time from the extinguishing of the arc and
the re-making of the circuit breaker contacts.
b) Auto Reclose Relay time - the time the auto-reclose scheme being
energised and the completion of the circuit to the circuit breaker
closing contactor.
On all but instantaneous or very high speed reclosing schemes, this
time which is normally adjustable and marked on a calibrated dial is
virtually the same as the circuit breaker dead time.
In multi-short
3.4
Reclaim time
The time from the making of the closing contacts on the auto-reclose
relay to the completion of another circuit within the scheme, or lock
out the scheme or a circuit breaker as required. This time may be fixed
or variable or dependent upon the dead time setting.
schemes,
the
individual
reclaim
time
may
be
In multi-shot
the
same
or
independently adjustable.
3.5
Lock Out
This is a feature in the auto-reclose scheme to prevent further
automatic closing of the circuit breaker after the chosen sequence of
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re-closures has been unsuccessful. For this position, the circuit breaker
must be closed manually.
This feature is also provided in the auto-reclose relay to prevent further
automatic closing after the chosen sequence regardless of whether the
re-closure was successful or not.
3.6
Anti-pumping
This is a feature incorporated in the circuit breaker or in the autoreclose relay where by in the event of a permanent fault, repeated
operations of the circuit breaker are avoided i.e. when the closing
impulse is longer than the sum of the protective relay and circuit
breaker operating times.
3.6
Number of shots
This is the number of attempts at reclosing which an auto-reclose
scheme will make before locking out on a permanent fault.
The
4.1
4.2
There are many factors influencing the choice of Dead time and these
are discussed below.
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that
the
interconnected
power
sources
do
not
swing
out
of
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29
the system voltage. As a general rule, the higher the system voltage,
the longer is the time required to de-ionise the arc.
The factors
coupling
between
the
faulty
and
adjacent
lines
and
spacing
healthy
conductors
d) Configuration
of
the
transmission
between
conductors.
Typical values of de-ionising times for an arc in free air as per studies
conducted in England are as follows:
66
132
330
0.1
0.17
0.35
10.5 + KV _ cycles
34.5
30
Reclosing Time
The reclosing time is generally defined as the time taken by the circuit
breaker to open and re-close the line. It is measured from the instant
the protective relay energises the trip circuit to the instant when the
breaker contacts remake the circuit.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Lock out
In the case of multi-shot, lock out will take place only after several
unsuccessful re-closures depending upon the number of re-closures set
to be attempted.
5.0
5.1
31
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tripping and reclosing, the stability limit of a single tie line can be
raised above the limit as that can be obtained with a three pole
tripping and reclosing with the same speed. The increase in stability
limit is great for a line to ground or line to line fault; considerable for a
two line to ground fault and nothing for a three phase fault.
On a
The open
phase current can flow through the earth via the various earthing
points until the fault current is cleared and the faulty phase is reclosed. Single phase switching has another advantage as it decreases
the amplitude of power swing and the consequent voltage dip during
the swing. This reduces the great mechanical shock to the generator
and
its coupling at the instant of reclosing.
33
re-closure
as
otherwise
there
may
be
inductive
AUTO RECLOSURES
6.1
These are small, automatic pole mounted circuit breakers suitable for
connecting directly in the line. The contacts are normally held closed
by a spring and are opened by a series solenoid. No auxiliary supply is
required and the mechanism is tripped by the fault energy. A timing
device is incorporated to give an operating cycle of two instantaneous
trips followed by two delayed trips with an interval of approximately
one second between each trip and re-closure. This time corresponds to
the dead time.
mechanism will return to normal should the fault be cleared during this
cycle. If the fault is permanent the contacts will be locked open at the
end of the cycle and must be re-closed by hand.
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6.2
These reclosers are normally single phase units and perform the above
cycle as such but when any one unit locks out, the other two are
tripped and locked out also.
6.3
These auto-reclosers are intended for use on rural overhead lines, main
and spur lines and sections. They are used in conjunction with fuses
on adjacent sections.
6.4
phase at 11KV.
7.0
7.1
35
7.2
Such contingencies
8.1
Sequence of Operations
clearance.
4. When the circuit breaker has re-closed, contacts 52b-1 de-energises A
and A-1 prevents further re-closure (pumping) even if the circuit
breaker trips again immediately.
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37
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DEVICE
DESCRIPTION
CAG-1
current relay
PR-1
TC
Trip coil
52x
Closing contactor
52a-1, 52a-2
T-1
T-2, T-3
T-4
T-5
Timer
contact
closed
successively
by
four
B-1, B-4
B-2, B-3
Co
fitted).
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D-1, D-3
D-2, D-4
LC
A/NA
C/T
Close/Trip switch.
Note
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