OGDCL Chaknaurang Field

Energy
Efficient
Solutions
for street
lighting
A Brief Analysis

Zain Nadeem
3rd Student Of Bachelors of Electrical
Engineering
National University of Sciences & Technology
Contact no: 03344347720

Energy Efficient Solutions for

Street Lighting
ENERGY EFFICIENT SOLUTIONS FOR STREET LIGHTING
Outdoor street light installations are an essential part of designing an environment
that remotely uses electrical power. By employing an efficient street lighting
system, we can have huge saving potentials. Outdated installations increase cost as
well as energy consumption. With new installations there is a great saving potential
when employing new enriching adaptive lighting techniques which are possible with
todays high technology.

UNITS IN WHICH STREET LAMPS ARE MEASURED

The most common units in which street lamps are measured in terms of energy
consumption are as follows:

Lumens/watt: Measures the total amount of visible light a source has

emitted.
CRI: The Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a scale from 0 to 100 percent
indicating how accurate a "given" light source is at rendering color when
compared to a "reference" light source. The higher the CRI, the better
the color rendering ability.
Lifetime hours of bulb
Power rating stated in watts

INTRODUCTION TO VARIOUS TYPES OF STREET LIGHTS

EMPLOYED:
At Chaknaurang Oil field, the following types of street lights have been employed.
They are discussed as follows:

MERCURY VAPOR LAMPS:

A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp that uses an electric arc through
vaporized mercury to produce light. The arc discharge is generally confined to a
small fused quartz arc tube mounted within a larger borosilicate glass bulb. The
outer bulb may be clear or coated with a phosphor.

PRINCIPAL OF OPERATION:
The mercury in the tube is a liquid at normal temperatures. It needs to be vaporized
and ionized before the tube will conduct electricity and the arc can start. So, like

fluorescent tubes, mercury vapor lamps require a starter, which is usually contained
within the mercury vapor lamp itself. A third electrode is mounted near one of the
main electrodes and connected through a resistor to the other main electrode. In
addition to the mercury, the tube is filled with argon gas at low pressure. When
power is applied, there is sufficient voltage to ionize the argon and strike a small arc
between the starting electrode and the adjacent main electrode. This starting arc
discharge heats the mercury and eventually provides enough ionized mercury to
strike an arc between the main electrodes. This process takes from 4 to 7 minutes,
so mercury lamps are slow starting. Some bulbs include a thermal switch which
shorts the starting electrode to the adjacent main electrode, extinguishing the
starting arc once the main arc strikes.

STATISTICS

CRI 20 (clear bulb) 60 (phosphor coated)

Color Temperature - 6800 K (clear bulb)
Lumens per watt: 30-60
Lamp life: 24,000 - 175,000 hours
Power rating 125 Watts

HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LIGHTS :

The HPS lamp is the most ubiquitous for street lighting used on the planet. This
lamp is an improvement over the Low pressure sodium (LPS) lamp in that, it has
more acceptable color and energy efficiency. But the better color rendering comes
with a bit of sacrifice and it has less efficiency than LPS lights. Two types of HPS
lamps have been currently employed at Chaknaurang Oil Field namely:

HPS Lamp (400 W)

HPS Lamp (125 W)

STATISTICS:

CRI 20-30
80-140 lumens per watt
Bulb Life: 24,000
Choke Wattage: 400 W

WORKING:
The HPS lamp consists of a narrow arc tube supported by a frame in a bulb. The arc
tube has a high pressure inside for higher efficiency. Sodium, mercury and xenon
are usually used inside the arc tube. The arc tube is made of aluminum oxide
ceramic which is resistant to the corrosive effects of alkalis like sodium.
The lamp comes in variations, but the most common way to start the lamp is with a
pulse start. There is an ignitor built into the ballast which sends a pulse of high
voltage energy through the arc tube. This pulse starts an arc through the xenon gas.
The lamp turns sky blue as the xenon lights. The arc then heats up the mercury and

the mercury vapor then lights, giving the lamp a bluish color. The lamp heats and
the sodium is the last material to vaporize. The sodium vapor strikes an arc over
240 C. The sodium is mixed with other impurities to create a more "white" light. The
mercury helps add a blue spectrum light to the pure yellow of the sodium.

ADVANTAGES:

Good efficiency (lumens per watt)

Smaller size than LPS or fluorescent, the HPS fits into many fixture types
Can be retrofitted into older Mercury Vapor fixtures
Better bulb life than LPS lamps

DISADVANTAGES:

Still has a bad color rendering compared to metal halide and halogen lamps
Requires a lossy ballast (inefficient) that operates a low arc voltage of 52100V. This reduces the actual efficiency of the lamp when you count the
whole system together
Its choke has a lower Power Factor of 0.41

STREET LIGHTING USED AT CHAKNAURANG FIELD

After surveying various administration and other oil wells, we have found the
following types of street lamps installed.

ADMINISTRATION OFFICE:
High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lights (400 W) : 08
Mercury Street Lamps (125 W): 010

TUBULAR YARD:
High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lights (400 W) : 22

JUNK YARD:
High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lights (400 W) : 12

STAFF

HOUSE:
High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lights (400 W) : 08

PRODUCTION STORES:
High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lights (400 W) : 12

WELL 1A:
High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lights (400 W) : 09

WELL SOUTH -1:

High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lights (400 W) : 05
Mercury Vapor street lamps: 03

WELL 2-A:
High Pressure Sodium lights (400 W): 10

WELL 5-A:
High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lights (400 W) : 07

A BRIEF COST ANALYSIS

A brief analysis of the past bills suggest that tariffs for the electricity consumption
are as follows:
For Peak Hours: Rs. 18
For Off- peak hours: Rs. 12.5
Assuming that the peak hours during which street lights are switched on are from
7pm to 6 am in the morning, daily energy consumption is as follows:

DAILY

ENERGY CONSUMPTION:
Total number of Watts contributed from HPS: 36800 Watts
Total number of Watts contributed from Mercury Street lamps: 2250 Watts
Power Wattage Grand Total: 39,050 Watts
Daily Kilowatt hours consumed during the Peak Hours= 39050 x 3
= 117,150 Whr
Daily Kilowatt hours consumed during the off-Peak Hours= 39050 x 8

= 312,400 Whr
Grand Total

= 429.55 kWh

Daily cost of electricity during peak hours: 117.15 x 18

Rs./kWh= Rs. 2108.2
Daily cost of electricity during off-peak hours: 312.4 x 12.5
Rs./kWh = Rs. 3905
Grand Total: Rs. 6013.2

MONTHLY

ENERGY CONSUMPTION:
Monthly cost of electricity= Rs. 180,396

ALTERNATIVES TO REDUCE COST OF ENERGY

CONSUMPTION
I suggest the following alternatives for a better energy efficient solution for street
lighting. They are as follows:

LED Street Lamps

Induction Lamps

INTRODUCTION

TO LED STREET LIGHTS

An LED street light is an integrated light that uses light emitting diodes (LED) as
its light source. LEDs produce light through the flow of electrons in a semiconductor
material made of positively and negatively charged parts.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY
The primary appeal of LED street lighting is energy efficiency compared to
conventional street lighting fixture technologies such as high pressure sodium (HPS)
and metal halide (MH). One model of LED street lights produced by this group is up
to 60 percent more efficient than previous models, lasting for 12 years.
An LED street light based on a 901-milliwatt output LED can
normally produce the same amount of (or higher)
luminance as a traditional light, but requires only half of
the power consumption.

Comparison of LED Street lights with High pressure Sodium(HPS) lights is as follows:

LIFE

SPAN OF

INDUCTION

LED STREET

LIGHTS:

STREET LAMPS:
Induction lamps are an alternative for High pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps.

Induction lamps are somewhat similar to fluorescent bulbs in that they create light
by using an electromagnetic field to excite mercury particles mixed in an inert gas.
However, instead of using metal prongs, which often break or become stripped,
induction bulbs are excited through a powerful electromagnet positioned outside
the bulb. This setup also eliminates the problem of leaky bulbs (common with
fluorescents), where outside gasses seep inside and disrupt the balance of inert
gasses.

STATISTICS:

Lumens per watt: 65 - 87 (external) 50 - 70 (internal)

Lamp life: 60,000 - 75,000 hrs internal induction lamp
85,000 - 100,000 external induction lamp
CRI 80
Color Temperature: 3000 K and up
Warm up time: instant on

COMPARISON

OF

LED

VS INDUCTION

LAMPS:

A BRIEF COST ANALYSIS AFTER PROPOSED SOLUTIONS

A brief analysis of the past bills suggest that tariffs for the electricity consumption
are as follows:
For Peak Hours: Rs. 18
For Off- peak hours: Rs. 12.5
Assuming that the peak hours during which street lights are switched on are from
7pm to 6 am in the morning, daily energy consumption is as follows:

DAILY

ENERGY CONSUMPTION:
Total number of Watts contributed from Induction Lamps: 4600 Watts
Total number of Watts contributed from LED Streed lamps : 775 Watts
Power Wattage Grand Total: 5,375 Watts
Daily Kilowatt hours consumed during the Peak Hours= 5375 x 3
= 16,125 Whr
Daily Kilowatt hours consumed during the off-Peak Hours= 5375 x 8
= 43,000 Whr
Grand Total

= 59.125 kWh

Daily cost of electricity during peak hours: 16.125 x 18

Rs./kWh= Rs. 290.25
Daily cost of electricity during off-peak hours: 43 x 12.5
Rs./kWh = Rs. 537.5
Grand Total: Rs. 827.75

MONTHLY

ENERGY CONSUMPTION:
Monthly cost of electricity= Rs. 24,834

RESULTS
From the cost analyses done above, the following conclusions can be drawn:
86.3% decrease in power wattage consumption
Almost 87% decrease in Electricity Bills

COMPARISON

OF

DAILY

COSTS:

Comparison of Daily costs

4500
4000
3905

3500
3000
2500
2000
1500

2108

1000
500
0

HPS & Mercury Lamps

Daily Peak Hour cost

290.25

537.5

Daily off-Peak hour cost

APPROXIMATE SAVINGS IN TOTAL= RS. 156,021