(3) YACIMIENTOS DE

SULFUROS NI-CU (PGE)

MAGMTICOS

Magmatic Ni-Cu sulphide deposits

Ni-Cu sulphide deposits occur in certain

mafic and/or ultramafic intrusions or volcanic
flows
fl

Ni is the main economic commodity and Cu

C
is byproduct or coproduct; PGE and Co are
byproducts Other commodities: Ag,
byproducts.
Ag Au
Au, S,
S Se,
Se
Te.

T p of
Types
f NiNi-Cu
C sulphide
lphid deposits
d p it
Astrobleme- associated in mafic intrusion ((Ni:Cu~ 1))
-- Sudbury: world largest Ni producing camp
Rift- and continental flood basalt and intrusions
((various
a ous Ni:Cu
Cu ratios)
at os)
Norilsk and Jinchuan: 2nd an 3rd world producers
Komatiitic volcanic flows and intrusions (Ni:Cu >
10);
Alexo Mine, Ontario; Thompson Nickel belt,
Manitoba; Kambalda and Agnew, Australia)
Third most important type in the world
Gabbro-Anorthosite intrusions (Ni:Cu ~2-3)

Voiseys Bay, Labrador

Ni-Cu sulphide deposits in the World

XXXXX

Naldrett, 1997

Grade
vs.
Tonnage

Eckstrand and
Hulbert, 2005

FIG.2.CartoonsofthegeologicsettingsofNisulfidedeposits.a.Meteorimpact,Sudbury.b.
Feederstofloodbasalt,e.g.,Norilsk.c.Feeders along asuture,Voiseys Bay.d.Thick crust,
Grenville.
,

TexturasensulfurosdeNiCuPGEdeorigenmagmtico

Jinchuan NiCu(PGE)deposit NWChina.

A)Nettextured oreinterstitial to olivine.B)Patchy nettextured orewith avariation of
interstitial sulphides and altered silicates. C) Disseminated ore. D) Massive ore
incorporating minor silicate and carbonate material. E) Massive sulphide remobilisation.
,F)Small scale sulphide remobilisation inacarbonatevein.

Canadian Ni
Ni-Cu
Cu sulfide deposits

Eckstrand and Hubert, 2007

Ages
Eckstrand and Hubert, 2007

Voiseys Bay
(1.3-1.4 Ga)

*
Thompson
Belt (1.88 Ga)

Sudbury
(1.85 Ga)

Location of the Canadian Nickel Deposits and Districts

(Eckstrand, 1995)

Sudbury

Ni-Cu
sulphide
deposits
in
Canada

Eckstrand, 1996

ASTROBLEME-ASSOCIATED NICKEL-COPPER

SUDBURY Ni-Cu
Ni C DEPOSITS

Near the southern limit of the Archean

S
Superior
i P
Province,
i
which
hi h iis overlain
l i b
by th
the
Proterozoic Huronian Supergroup
SIC: 1850 Ma
Ma), anorogenic
North: Levack gneiss (2711 Ma)
intrusive rocks (2680 Ma)
South: Mafic and felsic volcanic rocks ((2450 Ma))
and felsic intrusives (2388 Ma), and sedimentary
rocks
Whitewater
Whit
t Group:
G
sediments
di
t and
d hheterolitic
t liti
breccia

Sudbury
y

Huronian SG: 2.4 Ga

SIC:1.8
S
C 8 5Ga
WG

Eckstrand and Hulbert, 2007

Sublayer:
contains the Ni-Cu sulphide deposits
a) contact sublayer: (< 200 m thick)

consists of discontinuous gabbronoritic lenses

along the basal contact.
characterized
h
t i d by
b the
th presence off Ni-Cu
Ni C sulfides
lfid
and xenoliths of wall rock and mafic-ultramafic
rocks of non-local origin.

b) Offset sublayer:

consists of apophyses of mainly quartz diorite,

diorite
which project outward into the footwall rocks.
also mineralized.

Sudbury
y

Huronian SG: 2.4 Ga

SIC:1.8
S
C 8 5Ga
WG

Eckstrand and Hulbert, 2007

Sudbury
Lower and Upper Zones

Lower Zone: (0.5 to 2.5 Km thick):

norite and gabbro
gabbro-norite
norite (base) that grades
upwards into a quartz-oxide rich gabbro.

Upper Zone: (1-2.5 Km thick):

composed of granophyre.
granophyre

Sudburyy Particular Features

(a) Contact metamorphic halo (up 1.2 Km in
width))
((b)) Shock f
features ((shatter cones and
planar dislocations)
(c) Footwall breccia.

Sudbury:
y shatter cones

Shatter
cones

Sudbury breccia
Dresser et al
al., 1992

Sudbury:
y Footwall Breccia
Dresser et al., 1992

Onaping FormationFormation-basal unit: impact melt

Dresser et al., 1992

Onaping Formation

Dresser et al., 1992

Chelmsford Formation: wacke

1m

Dresser et al., 1992

Sudbury
y Ore Deposits
p
Ni/Cu ~> 1
(in or adjacent to the sublayer and comprise
pyrrhotite as dominated sulphide)
1.
1
2.
3.
4.

Murray, Little Stobie 1,

Murray
1 Creightom (South)
Levack and Strathcona (North)
Copper Clift and Frood Stobie (Apophysis)
Falconbridge, Garson (Fault)

Ni/Cu < 1
(in footwall rocks and consist of coppersulphides
p
highly
g y enriched in PGE))
1. Deep Copper at Strathcona

Sudbury
y

Eckstrand and Hulbert, 2007

M
Murray
Mine:
Mi
cross section
i

Eckstrand and Hulbert, 2007

Strathcona: cross section

Eckstrand and Hulbert, 2007

Copper Cliff: map

Eckstrand and Hulbert, 2007

F l
Falconbridge
b id Mi
Mine

E kt
Eckstrand
d and
dH
Hulbert,
lb t 2007

Compositions
p
of typical
yp
Sudbury
y ores

Eckstrand, 1996

Slide

Slide

Slide

Naldretts model

Komatiite-hosted Nideposits

T p of
Types
f NiNi-Cu
C sulphide
lphid deposits
d p it
Astrobleme- associated in mafic intrusion ((Ni:Cu~ 1))
-- Sudbury: world largest Ni producing camp
Rift- and continental flood basalt and intrusions
((various
a ous Ni:Cu
Cu ratios)
at os)
Norilsk and Jinchuan: 2nd an 3rd world producers
Komatiitic volcanic flows and intrusions (Ni:Cu >
10);
Alexo Mine, Ontario; Thompson Nickel belt,
Manitoba; Kambalda and Agnew, Australia)
Third most important type in the world
Gabbro-Anorthosite intrusions (Ni:Cu ~2-3)

Voiseys Bay, Labrador

Komatiite
An igneous suite distinguished by
the p
presence of ultramafic lavas,,
commonly exhibing spinifex texture
High Mg content Ni mineralization

Typical textures of komatiitic flows

KOMATIITE

fl top
flow
t with
ith spinifex
i if textured
t t d olivine
li i blades
bl d
From Helmtaedt- Geol488-2002-notes, with permission

Komatiite hosted Ni deposits

Komatiite-hosted
1)

KOMATIITES IN ARCHEAN GREENSTONE

BELTS

ex: Timmins and Kambalda camps

2) KOMATIITES IN RIFTED PROTEROZOIC
CONTINENTAL MARGINS

ex: Thompson Nickel Belt

At Thompson the deposits occurs in the Hudsonian fold-andthrust belt in a series of peridotitic lenses along a particular
sediment-volcanic contact in allochtonous, recumbently folded
sequence of marine shales and komatiitic basalt.
basalt

Komatiites in Archean greenstone belts

Important Ni deposits are in Western
Australia in the Norseman-Wiluna
greenstone belt of the Yilgarn craton.
Kambalda camp

In Canada, they occur in Timmins campDundonald Area

Alexo, Dundonald, Frederick House Lake

Comparison of Komatiitic hosts and

nickel
i k l ores

E k t d 1996,
Eckstrand,
1996 p.597
597

Ni-Cu
N
u
sulphide
deposits
in Canada

Eckstrand, 1996

Houle et al., 2008

Ni-Cu Mineralization associated with

Dundonald Formation

Houle et al., 2008

Komatiitic flow and Ni sulphide ore: cross section

Net-textured Ni ore

spnifex texture

Western Australia- geological map

Ni deposits in the
Yilgarn Block
Most of the deposits
Western Australia
are confined to a
central rift (200Km
wide)) which is
characterized by
abundant komatiites
p
cherts
and sulphidic
(deep marine
environment)

Kambalda
camp
Important features:
f
Ultramafic rocks
Sedimentary
rocks
Structures
(
(magma
conduit)
d i)

Eckstrand and Hulbert, 2007

Perceverance Mine
Generalized Geology (Evans, 1996)

Archean Komatiite-hosted deposits

Most of the deposits occur at or near the base of an extrusive
sequence
typically in the lowest, thickest, and most magnesian of the flows.
(marginal chilled zone with >20-35% MgO)

The orebodies occupy the depressions in the floors of the flows

general sequence
q
from the base upward
p
is:
The g
massive, matrix (continuous network of
enclosing olivine crystals), and
disseminated ore

Ore minerals: pyrrhotite, pentlandite,

chromite millerite and violarire
chromite,

pyrite,

sulphides

magnetite,

118 Kambalda (Western Australia)

Panorama de la mine et de lusine de Kambalda, Au premier plan
s situe
se
sit le
l st
stockage
k
des
d s carottes
tt s d
de f
foragess d
de Western
W st
Mining. Photographie prise en 1993. Copyright Michel Jbrak.

119 Kambalda (Western Australia)

f
rubans nickel-cuivre,, Photographie
g p
prise
p
en 1993.
Sulfures
Copyright Michel Jbrak.

117 Kambalda (Western Australia)

Sulfures dissmins : pyrrhotine
d i i
domininante,
pentlandite.
l di
Ph
Photographie
hi
prise en 1993. Copyright Michel Jbrak

Barnes et al. (1999) model

Kambalda schematic cross-section

In Barnes et al.
(1999)

Leshers Model

Lesher, 1989

Leshers
Model
(cont)

Lesher, 1989

Sulfur isotope data

S-isotopes
(0)= [(Rsample/Rstandard)-1]103
R= moles of heavy isotope/ moles of light isotope
RS= moles
l 34S/moles
S/ l 32S
34S= [(RS sample
l /RSDCT)) 1]103
34S and 32S
Standard: Canon Diablo Troilite (CDT)

Guidelines for Exploration?:

p

Voiseys
Voisey s Bay

T p of
Types
f NiNi-Cu
C sulphide
lphid deposits
d p it
Astrobleme- associated in mafic intrusion ((Ni:Cu~ 1))
-- Sudbury: world largest Ni producing camp
Rift- and continental flood basalt and intrusions
((various
a ous Ni:Cu
Cu ratios)
at os)
Norilsk and Jinchuan: 2nd an 3rd world producers
Komatiitic volcanic flows and intrusions (Ni:Cu >
10);
Alexo Mine, Ontario; Thompson Nickel belt,
Manitoba; Kambalda and Agnew, Australia)
Third most important type in the world
Gabbro-Anorthosite intrusions (Ni:Cu ~2-3)

Voiseys Bay, Labrador

Voiseys Bay
(1.3-1.4 Ga)

*
Thompson
Belt (1.88 Ga)

Sudbury
(1.85 Ga)

Location of the Canadian Nickel Deposits and Districts

(Eckstrand, 1995)

VOISEYS BAY
Tectonic setting:
Anorogenic plutonic suite emplaced in the
collisional boundary between Archean Nain and
Paleoproterozoic Churchill Province.

Host rock:
1,334 Ga Voiseys Bay Troctolite complex
Trocolitc gabbroic and gabbronorite intrusions of
the Nesoproterozoic Nain Plutonic Suite (NPS)
(1 35-1 29Ga)
(1.35-1.29Ga)

Commodities: Ni, Cu, Co.

Regional Geology-Voiseys Bay

Regional
Geology
gy
In the boundary
between Churchill
and Nain
Provinces
In
I gabbrobb
anorthosite that
cuts Nain gneiss

Eckstrand
c st a d a
and
d
Hulbert, 2005,
(after Naldrett, 1997)

Voiseys
y Bay
y NW-SE
vertical section

Bacon and Cochrane (2003)

Mineralized Zones

Eckstrand and
Hulbert 2005,
Hulbert,
2005
(after Li and Naldrett, 1999)

Mineralized Zones

Eckstrand and
Hulbert, 2005
(after Li et al., 2001)

Ore Types
Massive sulphide ore
(45 cm wide)
Leopard-textured
sulphide ore
(45 cm wide)

Disseminated
sulphide ore
(45 cm wide)

Voiseyss Bay regional crossVoisey

cross
section

Ryan et al., 1996

Geological Evolution
1860Ma

1794-1740 Ma

1350-1290 Ma

Voiseys
y Bay:
y conceptual
p
model

What was needed to form a Voiseys Bay

Ni magmatic sulfide deposit?
1) Source of Ni: mafic magma

(trocolitic gabbro
gabbro, gabbro norite)

2) Conduit for the magma: major structures

(boundary between Archean Nain and
Paleoproterozoic Churchill Province)
3) Source of S: country rocks with S
(Tasiuyak gneiss: derived from metamorphism
of sediments)
4) Formation of immiscible sulfide melt:
accumulation
acc m lation of s
sulfides
lfides at the base of the
intrusion (trap)

Rift and continental flood

basalt

T p of
Types
f NiNi-Cu
C sulphide
lphid deposits
d p it
Astrobleme- associated in mafic intrusion ((Ni:Cu~ 1))
-- Sudbury: world largest Ni producing camp
Rift- and continental flood basalt and intrusions
((various
a ous Ni:Cu
Cu ratios)
at os)
Norilsk and Jinchuan: 2nd an 3rd world producers
Komatiitic volcanic flows and intrusions (Ni:Cu >
10);
Alexo Mine, Ontario; Thompson Nickel belt,
Manitoba; Kambalda and Agnew, Australia)
Third most important type in the world
Gabbro-Anorthosite intrusions (Ni:Cu ~2-3)

Voiseys Bay, Labrador

Rift and continental flood basalt

Norilsk and Talnakh

Tectonic setting:
Continental rift
Permo-Triassic Siberian Flood Basalt
Province
Ore is hosted in hypabyssal intrusions
(248 Ma)

Norilsk
Noril
sk
and
Talnakh
Important Features:

Fault
F
lt
Flood basalts
Sediments

Eckstrand, 1996

Cross-section Talnakh camp

Norilsl and Talnakh:

Three types of mineralization:
1 Di
1.
Disseminated
i
d Ore
O
2. Massive Ore
3. Copper Ore

Distribution of Talnakh ore

Eckstrand and
Hulbert 2007
Hulbert,

Massive Ore
Sh
Sheet-like
lik bodies,
b di may also
l intrude
i
d the
h underlying
d l i
metassedimentary rock footwall.
Form bodies as large as 1.5 km long , several hundred
kilometres wide, and several tens of meters thick

Succession of sulphides:
pyrhhotite
hh tit (FeS
(F S1-x),
) petlandite
tl dit [(FeNi)
[(F Ni)9S8] andd chalcopyrite
h l
it
(CuFeS2) chalcopyrite--cubanite (CuFe2S3),
mooihoekite (Cu9Fe9S16), and talnakhite [Cu9(Fe,Ni)8S16]

Copper Ore

(a)
( ) disseminated veinlets that form a halo around
the periphery of massive ore and
(b) breccia ores with copper sulfide matrix in the
roofs of some intrusions. PGE contents are higher
in the copper ores.

Norilsk model ((Naldrett, 1997))

Engineering Issues
Mining Ni-Cu sulfide
Processing of Ni
Ni-Cu
Cu sulfide
Environmental remediation

Guidelines for Exploration

p
(general)
(g
)
Regional scale
Mafic
M fi and
d ultramafic
lt
fi magmatic
ti rocks
k
Komatiite (Archean-Proterozoic)
Others (various ages)
S contaminants: sedimentary rocks
Camp
mp scale
Selection of intrusions and flow
Depletion in Ni
Distinct S isotope signature (contamination)
Deposit scale
Massive sulphides at the base of the flow or intrusion

The comparison of the S isotope

data from major magmatic NiCu
sulfide deposits (Fig. 13) shows
that NeboBabel has the
narrowest range of S isotope
values and that they are
consistent with S being entirely
mantlederived.Incontrast,allthe
other deposits show evidence for
at least some addition of crustal S
(Fig.13).Ourfindingsindicatethat
increasing Si was the primary
cause of sulfide saturation and
furthermore, although clearly
favorable in the ore genesis of
most other magmatic NiCuPGE
deposits (cf. Naldrett, 2004),
crustal S addition did not play a
role at the NeboBabel deposit.
Consequently,crustalS addition is
notaubiquitoussulfideore
,
genesismodel.

Zeat et al.,2009 Economic

Geology,v.104,pp.521538.
Histograms of 34S data from
magmatic NiCuPGE deposits.
References: Norilsk: Grineko
(1985), Li et al. (2003);Duluth:
Ripley (1981), Ripley and Al
Jassar (1987);Uitkomst:Lietal.
(2002); Voiseys Bay: Ripley et
al. (1999); Jinchuan: Ripley et
al.(2005)

FIG. 12. Mantlenormalized plots for average disseminated and

massive sulfides from (a) NorilskTalnakh, (b) VoiseysBay, (c) Cape
Smith, (d) Pechenga, (e) Perseverance, and (f) Sudbury. Data sources
in Table 1, and mantle normalization values in Table 5. Note that
gabbronoritehostedsulfideshavesteeperpatternsthankomatiitic or
picritichostedsulfides.Notealsothatingeneraldisseminatedsulfides
(dashed lines) contain more PGE than massive sulfides and that the
massive sulfide s(solid lines) generally have flatter patterns than
,
disseminatedsulfides.

FIG. 14. Mantlenormalized plots of different types of sulfides. The

massive and matrix sulfides from (a) NorilskTalnalk, (b) Cape Smith,
(c) Sudbury, and (d) Pechenga show variations in composition. Those
withPd/Irratio >disseminated ores (dashed lines) are enriched in Cu,
Au, and Pt. Those with Pd/Ir ratio <disseminated ores (solid line) are
enriched in Os, Ir, Ru, and Rh. Sulfides found in veins (dashed lines
with triangles) tend to resemble Curich sulfides illustrated in (a) and
(b).Brecciasulfidesfrom PerseveranceandPechenga(dashedlinesin
(e)and(f)),resembletheaveragemassive sulfides.

FIG. 15. Model of changes in (a) metal

concentrations and (b) metal ratios in the magma
versus the degree of partial melting, assuming the
,
PGEconcentrationsarecontrolledbyacombination
ofmonosulfidesolidsolution(mss)andPGEalloys.

FIG. 17. Model of changesin metal concentrations in

asilicatemeltduringcrystalfractionation.Twocurves
are shown for Ni, one assuming no sulfide extraction
(D = 4), and one assuming that olivine and sulfides
have been extracted from the melt in approximately
cotectic proportions (D = 6). Note the addition of
sulfide extraction does not change the Ni content in
the melt significantly. Two possible curves are shown
for PGE, one assuming the DPGE/sul is 10,000 (bulk D
=100),andoneassumingDPGE/sul=40,000(bulkD=
400).Asmallamountofsulfideextractiondramatically
lowersthePGEcontentofthemelt.

FIG. 19. Model of metal enrichment (CS/CL) during

sulfidecollectionvs.theRfactor(theratioofsilicateto
sulfide liquid). Curves shown for a range of partition
coefficients

Cu/Pdvs.CuforNorilsk.Circles=silicaterockswithintheintrusions,crosses=lavasabovetheintrusions,
triangles = disseminated and matrix ores. The solid lines represent tie lines between thesilicate liquid
composition(representedbythelavas)andsulfidesformedinequilibriumwiththelavasatRfactorsof100,
1,000, and 10,000. The solid dots represent the composition of a rock that contains a mixture of 1, 10, or
100 percent sulfides. Most of the Norilsk sulfides plot in the vicinity of R factors of 1,000 to 10,000. The
, lines represent models of the silicate liquid composition as sulfide liquid is removed in cotectic
dashed
proportions.Manyofthesilicaterocksoverlyingthesulfideoresplotinthisdepletedfield.

FIG.22.Ratioplots of (a)Ni/Cuvs.Pd/Ir,and (b)

Ni/Pd vs. Cu/Ir(modified after S.J. Barnes et al.,
1988) for common rock types. a. The
Perseverance sulfides hosted in komatiites
(circles) plot in the komatiite field, Voiseys Bay
sulfides (squares) plot in the high Mg basalt
field, the Norilsk disseminated and massive
sulfides (triangles) plot in the flood basalt field.
The Norilsk Curich sulfides (inverted triangle
open) and veins (+) plot in the vein field. In
general, massive sulfides (solid symbols) have
higher Ni/Cu ratios and lower Pd/Ir ratios than
the disseminated sulfides, due to mss
accumulation. Curich sulfides have higher Pd/Ir
andlowerNi/Curatios,duetomssremoval.
b. The effect of sulfide segregation is visible.
Sulfides in equilibrium with magmas that have
previously segregated sulfides (such as the
VoiseysBaysulfides;squares)havehigherNi/Pd
and Cu/Ir ratios than the primary magmas. In
contrast, sulfides such as from Norilsk formed
athighRfactorsandhavesimilarNi/PdandCu/Ir
ratiostothoseofprimarymagmas.

FIG. 16. Cartoon outlining the

processes that lead to the
formation of a Ni sulfide ore
deposit. a. The mantle melts to
release Ni from olivine and PGE
from sulfides. b. Magma is
transferred to the crust along crust
penetrating faults. c. Sulfur isadded
to the magma from sediments to
bring about saturation of a sulfide
liquid. d. The sulfide droplets
assimilatechalcophilemetals.e.The
droplets are transported by the
magma until the magma flow slows
such that they collect at the baseof
the intrusion or flow. f. The sulfide
liquid
undergoes
crystal
fractionation to produce an mss
cumulate and a Curich liquid that
can be injected into the footwall. g.
In some cases there may be a new
injection of magma and the Cu
sulfide liquid may be entrained and
moved to a new site collection site.
h. Deformation concentrates in the
incompetent sulfides, resulting in
sulfides being displaced from their
parentbody,possiblyasbreccias

Fig. 3: Sketch showing how the

accumulation,
slumping
and
reinjection of dense crystalsulfide
mush can explain some features of
magmaticsulfidedeposits.

MagmaticNiCusulfidedepositsformwhenimmisciblesulfideliquidseparatesfromamafic
or ultramafic magma. The trigger is commonly assimilation of wall rocks, which adds sulfur
and/ordecreasessulfidesolubility.Whenthesegregatedsulfide interactswithlargevolumes
of magma, it scavenges chalcophile elements (Ni, Cu and PGE) to produce hightenor ores.
Such processes should operate in most or all magmatic systems, but ore deposits are found
only in restricted parts of certain magmatic provinces. The restricted distribution might be
explained by the cratonmargin model, according to which deposits form when a mantle
plumeascendsattheslopingcontactofcratoniclithosphere.Thehypothesisthatoremetals
are derived from metasomatically enriched portions of the subcontinental lithospheric
mantle (SCLM) receives little support when the compositions of orebearing magmas and
samples from the SCLM are examined. A better understanding of the controls on ore
formation will come from modelling of flowage of mixtures of silicate and sulfide liquid and
solidphases(crystalsandrockfragments)inthe complex magmatic conduits that constitute
containtheoredeposits.
,

Fig1.Temperaturedistributionsin
plumes rising at the boundary of
an Archean craton, as at the
margin of the Archean craton
where
the
NorilskTalnakh
deposits are localized. The top
four diagrams show that the
plume flows laterally towards to
the thinner lithosphere, then
upwards: as it ascends it partial
melts and magma formation is
thereby focussed near the craton
margin. The lower diagram shows
a plume ascending beneath
thinner lithosphere beneath the
West Siberian Basin where the
plume produces highdegree
melts dispersed over a wide area.
Diagrams from S. Sobolev
(unpublished) using techniques
describedbySobolevetal.(2012)

FIG. 10. A new model for the

formationofNiCuPGEsulfideores
in the Kharaelakh intrusion. The
sulfide liquid, segregated in a deep
staging chamber from the Nd12
magmas, was upgraded by the
Morongovsky magma (a), and then
dissolved by a new, Sunsaturated
magma from the mantle to form a
PGEenriched magma (b). Reaction
of the PGEenriched magma with
anhydritebearingevaporitecountry
rocks at a higher level produced
immiscible sulfide liquids with high
PGEtenorsaswellaselevated34S
values. The sulfide liquids became
lodged in the hydraulic traps of the
plumbingsystematKharaelakh
to form the deposit (c). Li, C., Ripley,

E.M.,and Naldrett,A.J.,(2009).Anew genetic

model for the giant NiCuPGEsulfide deposits
associated with the Siberian flood basalts:
Economic Geology,104,291 301.

General References for Magmatic Ni-Cu sulphide deposits

Barnes, S-J and Maier, W.D (1999). The Fractionation of Ni, Cu and the Noble Metals in Silicate and Sulphide
Liquids. In Keas, R.R., Lesher, M.C., Lightfoot, P.C., Farrow, C.E.G. (1999). Dynamic Processes in
Magmatic Ore Deposits and Their Applications to Mineral Exploration. GAC- Short Course Notes, v. 13, p.
69 106
69-106
Barnes, S-J, Hill, RET , Perring C.S. and Dowling, S.E. Komatiite Flow Fields and Associated Ni-Suphide
Mineralization with Examples form the Yilgarn, Block, Western Australia. In Keas, R.R., Lesher, M.C.,
Lightfoot, P.C., Farrow, C.E.G. (1999). Dynamic Processes in Magmatic Ore Deposits and Their
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References- complementary

See also
S
l th
the references
f
in
i the
th first
fi t partt off the
th Ni-Cu
Ni C sulphide
l hid deposits
d
it file.
fil
Ryan, B., Wardle, R., Gower, C., and Nunn, G. (1985). Nickel-Copper-Sulphide
Mineralization in Labrador: The Voisey Bay Discovery and its Exploration Implication:
Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador, Current Research , report 95-1