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P OF CLOSED
SYSTEM WITH THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE
AIM:
To determine the refrigerating effect, C.O.P of a closed system with thermostatic expansion
valve.
SYSTEM COMPONENTS:
COMPRESSSOR
CONDENSOR
DRIER AND FILTER
CHILLER AND FREEZER (EVAPORATOR)
HIGH PRESSURE AND LOW PRESSURE CUT-OUTS
AUTOMATIC EXPANSION VALVE
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fill in the chiller tank (evaporator tank) with a measured quantity of clean water.
Ensure that the thermostat is ON.
Switch on the main supply.
Keep the thermostatic expansion valve as the expansion device.
Check the capillary tube is kept in fully closed condition.
Run the system and note down the following.
T 1 = Temperature of water.
T 2 = Temperature after expansion.
T 3 = Temperature after evaporation.
T 4= Temperature after compression.
T 5 = Temperature after condensation.
S. NO
Reading
/units
Description
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tw 1
Tw 2
kg
C
10
t2
sec
6.
(GREEN-after
Bar
7.
(RED-after
Bar
8.
(BLUE-after
Bar
9.
Bar
11.
C
bar
Tw 1
Tw 2
= 5C)
T2
T 2T 1
C pw
Tw 1
Tw 2
= 5C)
N X 3600
t 2 X EMC
KW
Where,
N = No of flickering of energy meter light. (10 flickering).
EMC= Energy meter constant (3200 lmp/Kw hr)
t2
= Time taken for 10 flickering of energy meter.
4. ACTUAL COP =
5. THEORETICAL COP =
Where
Theoretical refrigerating effect = (
Compressor work
h1 , h2 ,h4
=(
h1h4
h2h1
) in KJ/Kg of refrigerant
) in KJ/Kg of refrigerant
are the enthalpies taken from the p h chart of the corresponding refrigerant.
Relative COP =
ACTUAL COP
THEORETICAL COP
ACTUAL COP
CARNOT COP
RESULT:
The test was conducted on the given refrigerator using thermostatic expansion valve as an
expansion device and the performance of the system as follows.
1. Actual refrigerating effect =
2. Actual COP
=
3. Theoretical COP
=
4. Relative COP
=
5. Efficiency of the cycle
=
U TUBE MANOMETER
WINDOW TYPE AIR CONDITIONER
PROCEDURE:
7. Check the wiring connections of the given window air conditioner.
8. Find out DBT (dry bulb temperature) and WBT (wet bulb temperature) of ambient
air using sling psychrometer.
9. Measure the diameter of the orifice plate.
10. First switch ON the main switch and keep the knob in fan. After 30 seconds switch
ON the compressor.
11. Run the system for 10 minutes and then find out the DBT and WBT of conditioned
air.
12. Find out the velocity of air by using u tube manometer connected to the duct.
13. Note the time taken for 10 flickering of energy meter to calculate the input energy.
14. By using psychrometric chart, find out the heat and moisture removed from the
conditioned air.
15. Calculate the cop of the given air conditioner.
NOTE:
Ensure the wet bulb temperature wick is always immersed in water and if necessary add
water to the wick.
Check all the valves in the pipe lines are in open condition.
Refrigerant pressures from the pressure gauges and temperature from the thermocouples
can be used to study the vapour pressure at various points in the refrigerant cycle and
prepare a enthalpy pressure diagram
T 1 = Temperature after expansion.
T 2 = Temperature after evaporation.
T 3 = Temperature after compression.
T 4= Temperature after condensation.
Warning:
When the compressor turns off (by the thermostat) or is switched off manually, do
not turn on the power immediately. Allow a few minutes for the pressure in the compressor inlet to
equalize. The time delay provided in the voltage stabilizer is for this purpose only. Immediate
starting will cause undue load on the compressor and may even lead to burst out.
OBSERVATION:
d
= dia of orifice.
cd
= (50 mm)
= 0.62
= area of orifice
m2
3
= 1.963 X 10
T DB 1
T wB1
T DB 2
T wB2
CALCULATIONS:
1) AIR FLOW RATE :
h
( 1h 2) m of water.
c d X a X 2 gH m3 /sec
h1h 2
X w
1000
a
w =1000 kg /m3 ,
3) Mass flow rate of air
ma
a=Density of air
3
= 1.16 kg /m
= 1.16 X Q kg sec
T DB 1T wB1
)
T DB 2T wB2
)
T DB 1T wB1
)
h1
h2
w1
T DB 2T wB2
w2
)
=
ma
X(
N X 3600
t X EMC
h1h2
kw
KW
Refrigeration effect
Input energy
RESULT:
The test was conducted on the given air conditioner and the following were determined.
1. COP of air conditioner =
2. Capacity of window air conditioner =
Kw
Guarded-hot plate method is generally used to conduct such an experiment. Figure 1 illustrates
this method. In this method, electrically heated thermal guards are placed adjacent to the exposed
surface of the source H1, specimen S, and sink Ho, These thermal guard plate are independently
maintained at the same temperature as the
Adjacent surface, to ensure ideally no heat leakage occurring from source, specimen or the sink
boundaries. The enclose drawings given actual dimensions of various components of the
apparatus.
DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
Enclosed drawing and various specifications associated with all the components. The test
specifications associated with all the components. The test section assemblies consisting of the
asbestos specimen, heaters as well as thermocouples are shown separately 9 thermocouples are
available to measure temperatures of heaters, the two specimens and the water inlet and outlet. It
should be noted that (T3-T4) gives the temperature gradient across the top asbestos sheet and
(T5-T6) gives the corresponding Quantity for the bottom specimen. Provision is also made to
measure the cooling water flow rate. The whole assembly is enclosed in an insulating layer of
mineral wool to prevent radiation and connective losses to the maximum extent possible.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Supply a small quantity of energy to the source H (the main heater MH). Now adjust the input
to the guard heaters such that the temperatures are same as that of the main heater. Allow water
through the cooling circuit slowly. Allow 20-30 minutes for the temperatures to stabilize, note
down all the temperatures, V, I, the water flow rate (cm3/min). Repeat the experiment at
different at temperature values by adjusting appropriately the input conditions.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Material; Asbestos sheet (commercial grade)
Specimen dia, d = 150 mm or 0.15m
Specimen thickness, L =12mm (2 pieces, one at the top and one at the bottom)
The panels consist of voltmeter, ammeter, and temperature indicator (all digital). Dimmer
controls, volt and ammeter selector (common) switch, thermocouples selector switch and
schematic diagram.
a) Connect the three pin top to 230v, 50 Hz, 5amps power supply socket, dimmers in OFF
position.
b) Keep the voltmeter and ammeter selector switch in 1 position. Turn the dimmer one in
clockwise and adjust the power input to main heater to any desired value by looking at the
voltmeter and ammeter
c) Allow the unit to stabilize (anywhere from 20-30 minutes.)
d) Note down the temperature indicated by the digital temperature indicator by turning the
thermocouples selector switch clockwise step by step (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
e) Repeat the experiment for different power inputs to the heater.
f) Tabulate all the readings and calculate for different conditions.
g) After the experiment is over turn all the dimmer knobs anti clockwise direction, bring back
the voltmeter, ammeter and thermocouple selector
Switches to their original position, disconnect the three pin plug top from top the mains.
CAUTION: The equipment should be operated between 60 and 100 V.
S.No
WATT
S
VI
T3
T4
T5
MODEL CALCUATIONS:
Insulating material : Asbestos sheet (commercial grade)
Specimen dia
: 150mm =0.15 m
Area of specimen
Specimen thickness
: L=12mm = 0.012m
A) SET OF READINGS
V = 80Volts
I = 0.75 Amps
T6
CONDUCTIVIT
Y
K
q = 0.86 * 80 * 0.75
= 51.6 Watt
T = { (T3-T4) + (T5-T6)} 2
= {(193-56) + (178-53)} 2
= (137 +125) 2
= 131 Deg. C.
L = 0.012 m
A = 0.0176 m2
RESULT:
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SPECIMEN:
K
q L
--------A T
51.6 X 0.012
---------------------0.0176X131
= 0.268 W/m2 K
4. PARALLEL AND COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
AIM:
To determine LMTD, the effectiveness and the overall heat transfer coefficient for
parallel and counter flow heat exchanger.
APPARATUS:
Heat exchanger, supply of hot and cold water
THEROY:
Heat exchanger is a device in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another,
common examples of heat exchanger are:
i)
Condensers and boilers in steam plant.
ii)
Intercoolers and pre-heaters
iii)
Automobile radiators
iv)
Regenerators.
CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS:
I.
II.
i)
Parallel flow heat exchanger: Her both hot and cold fluids flow in the same
direction.
ii)
Counter flow, heat exchanger: Here the hot and cold fluids flow in opposite
direction.
Cross flow heat exchangers: Here the two fluids cross one another.
iii)
LMTD =
( T h oT co ) (T h iT ci )
(T h oT co )/(T hi T ci )
Where
T hi
T ho
T ci
T co
( T h iT ci )(T h oT ci )
(T hi T co )/(T h o T ci )
= overall heat transfer coefficient based on outer surface area of tubes, W/m-K
Ao
EFFECTIVENESS:
Effectiveness of a heat exchanger is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer rate to the
theoretical maximum possible heat transfer rate.
Q
Q max
Effectiveness: =
And
T h iT h o
T h iT ci
if
mh c p h
T co T ci
T h iT ci
if
mc c pc < mh c p h
<
mc c pc
Where,
mh
mh
And
kg/s
c ph
And
c pc
di
Outer diameter
do
= 9.5 mm
= 12.5 mm
Inner diameter = 25 mm
Outer diameter = 33 mm
3) Length of the heat exchanger = 1 m
PROCEDURE:
1) Start the flow of the hot water side.
2) Start the flow on cold water through the annulus and run the exchanger as flow unit.
3) Put on the geyser. Adjust the flow rate of hot water side say 500 ml/minute
4) Keep the flow rate same till the steady state conditions are reached.
5) Note down the temperature on hot and cold water sides. Also measure the flow rate.
6) Repeat the experiment for different flow rates as well as for parallel flow.
OBSERVATION TABLES:
PARELLEL FLOW
Sl.
No
Cold water
mc
flow rate
Kg/s
Kg/s
COUNTER FLOW
Sl.
No
Cold water
mc
flow rate
Kg/s
Kg/s
EQUATIONS USED:
1) Heat transfer from hot water
Qh
= m h c p h (T h iT h o ) watts
mh
c ph
= mc c pc (T co T ci ) watts
3) Q =
Q h+Q c
2
c pc
Watts
2 1
(2 /1 )
4) LMTD =
mc
T hiT ci
and
T hoT co
T hoT ci
and
T hiT co
5) Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside surface area of inner tube
Uo
Q
= A o LMTD
AO
Where
dO
W/m K
dO
m2
if
mh c p h
T co T ci
T h iT ci
if
mc c pc < mh c p h
And
<
mc c pc
This is applicable both for Parallel and counter flow heat exchanger.
RESULT:
EFFECTIVENESS USING NUMBER OF TRANSFER UNITS (NTU) METHOD.
U o Ao
NTU =
c min
Note: If
And if
c ph
c pc
<
<
c pc
c ph
then
then
c ph
c pc
<
<
c min
c min
,
,
c pc
c ph
<
<
c max
c max
T s 4T a4
T t 4 T a 4
plates the plates are mounted on asbestos cement sheet and kept in a enclosure to provide
undisturbed natural convection conditions. Three thermocouples are mounted on each plate to
measure the temperature. One thermocouples is in the chamber to measure the ambient
temperature or chamber air temperature.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Diameter of plates = 150 mm.
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the two heaters to the electric mains.
2) Operate the dimmer stat and give the power input to both the plates.
3) Adjust the same heat input to both the plates say 50V using toggle switch for heater 1&2
4) When the steady state is reached note down the temperature T1 to T6 by rotating the
temperature selection switch.
5) Note down the air temperature in the chamber T7 = Ta
6) Repeat the experiment for different heat input.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Heater input
Voltmeter
Reading
Ammeter
Reading
Watts
V
Volts
I
Amps
VI
Temperature
of gray
Surface oC
Temperature
of black
surface oC
T1
T4
T2
T3
SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS:
1) Temperature of the test surface (gray body)
Tt
T 1 +T 2 +T 3
3
+ 273 K
T 4 +T 5 +T 6
3
+ 273 K
T5
T6
Ambient
Temperature
T7 = Ta oC
Ta
T7
+ 273 K
T s T a
4
4
T t T a
RESULT:
Emissivity of test plate (gray body) =
6. HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH LAGGED PIPE
AIM:
To plot the radial temperature distribution in the composite cylinder and to
determine the thermal conductivity of the pipe insulation.
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus consists of three concentric pipe mounted on suitable stands. The
inside pipe consists of the heater. Between the first two cylinders the insulating material with
which lagging is to be done is asbestos and in between second and third pipe is wooden dust. The
thermocouples are attached to the surface of cylinders to measure the temperature. The input to
the heater is varied through a dimmer stat and measure on a voltmeter, Ammeter. The
Experiment can be conducted at various values of input and calculations can be made
accordingly.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Location of thermocouples 1, 2, 3 at a radius =25 mm (INNER)
Location of thermocouples 4, 5, 6 at a radius = 50mm
Location of thermocouples 7, 8, 9 at a radius = 75mm (OUTER)
Length of the pipe = 500 mm
Insulating material= Glass wool
Thermal conductivity (glass wool) K2 = 0.04 W/m K.
LIMITS AND PRECAUTIONS:
1 Keep dimmer stat to zero position before start.
2 Increase voltage gradually.
3 Keep the assembly undisturbed while testing.
4 Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1 Starts the supply of heater and by varying dimmer stat adjusts the input for desired values
by using voltmeter and ammeter.
2 Take reading of all the 6 thermocouples when the steady state is reached.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Reading
Reading
V
I
Volts
Amps
Heat
Input
Vi
Watts
Thermocouples reading oC
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
Mean temperature
T 1 +T 2 +T 3
3
T 7 +T 8+ T 9
To =
3
Ti =
C`
C
Q=
2 l(T i T o)
r2
/K
r1
Where,
Ti , To
r1
Watts
r2
Q=
2 l K eff (T i T o)
r
2
r1
r2
r1
2 l(T i T o)
Q
Keff =
W/mK
GRAPH:
Using the above equation find the temperature for various values of r with the composite
cylinder and tabulate theoretical and measured temperature. Then plot the temperature profile.
RESULT:
Thermal conductivity of the pipe insulation =
: Copper
Copper Bowl
Digital temperature indicator
Thermocouples used
Stop Watch
Overhead Tank
Water Jacket
Mass of specimen, m
: 200mm
: 0 -199.9 C
: 3 nos. on hemisphere
: Digital type
: SS, approx. 12 liter capacity
: 230 mm, SS
: 5 gm
PROCEDURE:
1. Remove the test disc before starting the experiment.
2. Heat the water in the SS container to its boiling point.
3. Allow the boiling water into the container kept at the bottom containing copper
hemisphere until it is full. Allow sufficient time to attain thermal equilibrium which is
indicated by the four thermocouples provided on the hemisphere.
4. Insert the test disc fixed on the ebonite rod sleeve completely inside and lock it. Start the
stop clock simultaneously.
5. Note down the temperature of the test disc at an interval of about 15 sec for about 15 to
20 minutes.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Let Td = Temperature of the disc before inserting into the plate in K
Temperature of the
Thermocouple
Copper hemisphere C
T1
T2
T3
Temperature time response of test disc:
Time t sec
Temperature T5 C
CALCULATIONS:
1. Plot the graph of temperature of the disc v/s time to obtain the slope (dT/dt) of the line,
which passes through/nearer to all points.
2. Average temperature of the hemisphere
Tavg = (T1 + T2 + T3) + 273.15 K
3
3. Td = Temperature of the disc before inserting to test chamber K
(ambient)
=
Ad (T4avg T4d)
RESULT:
The value of Stefan Boltzman constant for radiation heat transfer =
AIM:
To find out heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate from vertical cylinder in natural
convection.
THEORY:
Natural convection heat transfer takes place by movement of fluid particles
within to
solid surface caused by density difference between the fluid particles on account of difference in
temperature. Hence there is no external agency facing fluid over the surface. It has been
observed that the fluid adjacent to the surface gets heated, resulting in thermal expansion of the
fluid and reduction in its density. Subsequently a buoyancy force acts on the fluid causing it to
flow up the surface. Here the flow velocity is developed due to difference in temperature
between fluid particles.
The following empirical correlations may be used to find out the heat transfer coefficient
for vertical cylinder in natural convection.
5
Nu = 0.53 (Gr. Pr) for Gr.Pr<10
5
8
Nu = 0.56 (Gr.Pr) for 10< Gr. Pr <10
1/3
12
Pr = Prandtl number = cp
k
= Volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion
For ideal gases = 1
Tf
Where Tf is the absolute film temperature at which the properties are taken.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Specimen
Heater
Thermocouples used
: 8nos.
Ammeter
Voltmeter
V
Volts
I
Amps
VI
watts
Thermocouple readings C
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
chamber
CALCULATIONS:
1. Ts = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5 + T6 + T7
+ 273 K
7
Ta = Surrounding ambient temperature = T8 =
+ 273 K
W/mK
L
9. Heat transfer rate by convection
Qc = h A (Ts Ta)
Qc = h d L (Ts Ta)
watt
watt
RESULT:
Heat transfer coefficient
Heat transfer rate
=
=
Nu = Nusselt number = hd
K
Re = Reynolds Number = Vd
Pr = Prandtl Number = cp
k
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of a blower to supply air. The air from the blower passes through a
flow passage, heater and then to the test section. Air flow is measured by an orifice meter placed
near the test section. A heater placed around the tube heats the air, heat input is controlled by a
dimmerstat. Temperature of the air at inlet and at outlet is measured using thermocouples. The
surface temperature of the tube wall is measured at different sections using thermocouples
embedded in the walls. Test section is enclosed in a asbestos rope where the circulation of rope is
avoid the heat loss to out side.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Start the blower after keeping the valve open, at desired rate.
Put on the heater and adjust the voltage to a desired value and maintain it as constant
Allow the system to stabilize and reach a steady state.
Note down all the temperatures T1 to T7, voltmeter and ammeter readings, and manometer
readings.
5. Repeat the experiment for different heat input and flow rates.
SPECIFICATIONS :
Specimen
: Copper Tube
Heater
Ammeter
: Digital type,0-20amps, AC
Voltmeter
: 7 nos.
Centrifugal Blower
Manometer
Orifice diameter, do
: 25mm
G. I pipe diameter, dp
: 45 mm
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl.
No
Tube surface
Temperature C
Heater input
Voltmeter
reading V
volts
Ammeter
reading I
amps
VI
watts
Diff. in
Manometer
reading hm
mm
SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS:
1. Mass density of air a =
Where,
P
RTR
kg/m
J/kg K
Air temp. C
Inlet Outle T2
T1 t
T7
T3
T4
T5
T6
Vo = Cd
2gha
m/s
1- (do/dp)4
4) Velocity of air in the tube
Vo (do/4)
Va =
Vo do
m/s
=
(ds/4)
ds
5
6. Mean temperature of air
T = T1 + T7 + 273.15
2
Properties of air are taken at Tm = Ts + T
2
At temperature Tm, kinematic viscosity , Prandtl number Pr and thermal conductivity k are
taken from properties of air table
6. Reynolds Number Re = Va x ds
h x ds
k
W/m-K
ds
10. Rate of heat transfer
Q = h A (T Ts)
Q = h ds ls (T Ts) watt
RESULT:
The convective heat transfer coefficient
The rate of heat transfer
=
=
AIM: To determine the value of heat transfer co-efficient under forced condition and to find
a) Theoretical values of temperatures along the length of fin
b) Effectiveness and efficiency of the Pin-Fin for insulated and boundary condition
THEORY:
The heat transfer from a heated surface to the ambient surrounding is given by the relation, q
= h A T. In this relation hc is the convective heat transfer coefficient, T is the temperature
difference & A is the area of heat transfer. To increase q, h may be increased or surface area
may by increased. In some cases it is not possible to increase the value of heat transfer
coefficient & the temperature difference T & thus the only alternative is to increase the
surface area of heat transfer. The surface area is increased by attaching extra material in the
form of rod (circular or rectangular) on the surface where we have to increase the heat
transfer rate. "This extra material attached is called the extended surface or fin."
The fins may be attached on a plane surface, and then they are called plane surface fins. If the
fins are attached on the cylindrical surface, they are called circumferential fins. The cross
section of the fin may be circular, rectangular, triangular or parabolic.
Temperature distribution along the length of the fin is
T-T
=
cosh [m(L-x)]
=
To-T
cosh (mL)
KA
tanh mL
Effectiveness of a fin is defined as the ratio of the heat transfer with fin to the heat transfer from
the surface without fins.
For end insulated condition
h PKA tan h mL
= 0
-------------------------h A 0
PK
The efficiency of a fin is defined as the ratio of the actual heat transferred by the fin to the
maximum heat transferred by the fin if the entire fin area were at base temperature.
h PKA tan h mL
f = 0
h PL0
tan h mL
f =
mL
SPECIFICATIONS:
Length of the fin, L
= 150mm
= 12mm
= 25 mm
= 150 mm
= 1000 kg/m3
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the equipment to electric power supply.
2. Keep the thermocouple selector switch to zero position.
3. Turn the Variac (dimmerstat) clockwise and adjust the power input to the heater to the
desired value and switch on the blower.
4. Set the airflow rate to any desired value by adjusting the difference in mercury levels in the
manometer and allow the unit to stabilize.
5. Note down the temperatures, T1 to T6 from the thermocouple selector switch.
6. Note down the difference in level of the manometer and repeat the experiment for different
power inputs to the heater.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl.
No.
Heat Input
Temperatures, 0C
Pressure drop, h
mm of water,
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
CALCULATIONS:
d0
=
Velocity of Orifice
2gh (m a)
Vo = Cd
1
x
(1-)
V0 x (d0)/4
Va =
WxB
where, dp = diameter of pipe
d0 = diameter of orifice
W = Width of the duct
B = Breath of the duct
+ 273.15
5
T = T6 = Ambient temperature =
+ 273.15
Tm = Mean temperature = Ts + T
2
Properties of air at _____0C
=
, Pr = , K =
Va df
Re = ----------
Re = Reynolds number
Pr = Prandtl number
Nu = Nusselt number
1/3
Nu = C Re Pr
For
Re = 0.4 to 4.0
Re = 4 to 40
Re = 40 to 4000
Re = 4000 to 40,000
Re = 40,000 to 400,000
Nu k
h=
df
Thermal conductivity of fin material, K = 110.7 W/mK
hP
m =
-------KA
T- T
Cosh m (L-x)
------ = -----------------To-T
Cosh mL
Distance
Temperature from
x, m
Experiment C
Effectiveness of fin
Temperature C
from calculation
PK
hA
fficiency of fin
= __tanh mL__
mL
RESULT:
x tanh mL
x1 = 0.045
T1 =
x2 = 0.075
T2 =
x3 = 0.105
T3 =
x4 = 0.135
T4 =
OBSERVATIONS:
Diameter of disks= 150 mm.
Thickness of Asbestos= 12 mm.
Thickness of Wood disk= 12 mm.
Thickness of Mild steel= 12 mm.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.no
Q=
VI
Mean readings;
T1
TA
TB
TC
TD
T2
T3
T 1 +T 5
2
T 2 +T 6
2
T 3 +T 7
2
T 4 +T 8
2
T4
T5
T6
T7
CALCULATIONS:
Read the Heat supplied Q = V x I Watts (In S. I. Units) For calculating the
thermalconductivity of composite walls, it is assumed that due to large diameter of
the plates,heat flowing through central portion is unidirectional i. e. axial flow.
Thus forcalculation, central half diameter area where unidirectional flow is
assumed isconsidered. Accordingly, thermocouples are fixed at close to center of
the plates.
T8
Now Q=
VXI
2
A=
d 2
4
T A +T D
Q
C/w.
W/mK.
12.
AIM:
To determine the thermal conductivity of insulating powder.
APPARATUS:
Standard equipment for the determination of thermal conductivity of
insulating powder.
The apparatus consists of two thin walled concentric copper spheres. The
inner sphere houses the heating coil. The insulating powder (in our case- Chalk
Powder) is packed between the two shells. The power supply to the heating coil is
adjustable. Fe-Constantan thermocouples are used to measures the temperatures.
Thermocouples 1 to 4 are embedded on the inner surface of the inner sphere and
thermocouples 5 to 8 are embedded on the outer shell.
THEORY:
It is advised that students should write the theory on the subject in their own
words under the guidance of the teacher.
INSULATION:
Covering the surface with another surface with another material of low
thermal conductivity in order to prevent excess heat transfer to the surrounding is
termed as Insulation. In order to insulate material, it is poor conductor of heat
andhence to cover the surface of heat. It is used where excess heat transfer is
prevented.Electrical conductors are almost always good conductor of heat viz.
Copper,Aluminum and Silver. & electrical conductors are good heat
insulators.Commonly known heat insulators are Glass, Wood, Window glass, Saw
dust,Chalk, Loosely packed or boards of sheet of asbestos.
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the dimmer-stat at minimum voltage position. Switch ON the
electric supply.
ro
=100 mm.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.no
Q=VI
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
CALCULATIONS:
Consider the transfer of heat by conduction through the wall of a hollow
sphere formed by the insulating powdered layer packed between two thin copper
spheres.
ri
Let,
= Radius of inner sphere in meters.
Where,
ro
Ti
To
Ti
To
T 1 +T 2 +T 3+T 4
4
T 5 +T 6+T 7 +T 8
4
T8
K=
Q( r or i)
4 r i X r o (T i T o )
w/mK.
RESULT:
The thermal conductivity of insulating powder is =
W/mK.